IiVolga zaseJamani: imbali, amagama, iintlu, iifoto, izithethe, izithethe, iimbali, ukuthunjwa

Ngeli-18 leminyaka, iqela elitsha laseVolga Germans lavela eRashiya. Kwakungabakolononti abaya empuma bafuna isabelo esingcono. Kwiphondo laseVolga badala iphondo lonke ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobomi nobomi. Inzala yalaba basemzini yaxoshwa e-Central Asia ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, abanye bahlala eKazakhstan, abanye babuyela esifundeni saseVolga, okwesithathu baya ezweni labo eliphambili.

Manifestos kaCatherine II

Kwiminyaka ka-1762-1763. Umphefumlo uCatherine Catherine II wasayina ii-manifestos ezimbini, ngenxa yokuba kuvele iVolga Germans. La maxwebhu avumela abantu bangaphandle ukuba bangene ebukumkanini, befumana iinzuzo kunye namalungelo. Ingqungquthela enkulu yamakholoni yavela eJamani. Abafikeleleko bekhishwe isikhashana kwiimpahla zerhafu. Kwadalwa irejista ekhethekileyo, eyabandakanya amazwe afumana isimo sokukhululeka sokuhlawulela. Ukuba iiVermga zaseJalimane zahlala kuzo, zazingenakho ukuhlawula irhafu iminyaka engama-30.

Ukongeza, iikholoni zafumana mboleko ngaphandle kwenzalo iminyaka elishumi. Imali ingasetyenziselwa ukwakha izindlu zakho ezintsha, ukuthenga imfuyo, ukutya okufunekayo phambi kokuvuna kokuqala, i-inventory yokusebenza kwezolimo, njl. Amakholoni ayehluke ngokucacileyo kwiindawo zokuhlala zesiRashiya eziqhelekileyo. Bakha ukuzinza kwangaphakathi kurhulumente. Amagosa karhulumente awakwazi ukuphazamisa ebomini bamakholoni abafikayo.

Ukusekwa kwamakholoni eJamani

Ukulungiselela ukunyuka kwamanye amazwe ukuya eRashiya, uCatherine Catherine (ngokwakhe isizwe saseJamani) wadala i-Ofisi yoLondolozo. Yayiqhutywa yintandokazi ye-Empress Grigory Orlov. I-Chancellery yenze inxaxheba kwezinye iikholeji.

Ama-Manifesto apapashwe kwiilwimi ezininzi zaseYurophu. Iphulo elixhalabisayo kakhulu liye lavela eJamani (yingakho i-Volga Germans ibonakala). Uninzi lwabaqolonti bafunyanwa eFrankfurt am Main nase-Ulm. Abo banqwenela ukufudukela eRussia bathunyelwa eLubeck, ukusuka apho baya eSt. Petersburg. Akunabo kuphela amagosa karhulumente, kodwa nabasomashishini abazimeleyo, ababaziwa ngokuba ngabafowuni, babebandakanyeka ekuqeshweni. La bantu baqeshwe kunye ne-Ofisi yoLondolozo kwaye bazenzela egameni layo. Abafaki-zicelo basungula iindawo ezintsha zokuhlala, abaqashiweyo abaqashiweyo, babulawula uluntu lwabo, kwaye bayeka inxalenye yabo kwingeniso yabo.

Ubomi obutsha

Ngama-1760. Ngemizamo ehlangeneyo, abafowuni kunye nelizwe baye bazama ukuhambisa abantu abangamawaka angama-30. Ekuqaleni amaJamani ahlala eSt. Petersburg nase-Oranienbaum. Apho bafunga ukunyaniseka kwisithsaba saseRashiya baza baba yiinkampu zomoya. Bonke aba bakolononti bathuthela kwiphondo laseVolga, apho kwakhiwa khona iphondo laseSaratov. Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yokuhlala yokuhlala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bonke babetha amagama aseRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, amaJamani ahlala eyaziwa.

Abasemagunyeni bazama ukuzama iikoloni ukwenzela ukuphuhlisa ezolimo zaseRashiya. Urhulumente wayefuna ukujonga indlela amafama aseNtshona aqhele ngayo. IVolga baseJalimane beza nabo kwilizwe labo elitsha i-scythe, i-thresher yokhuni, umlimi kunye nezinye izixhobo ezaziwa ngabantu baseRussia. Abafokazi baqala ukukhulela iifatata, ezingaziwa kwingingqi yeVolga. Baye bahlakulela i-cannabis, i-flax, icuba kunye nezinye izityalo. Abantu baseRashiya bokuqala babengazi kakuhle okanye bengacacanga ngabantu abangaziwa. Namhlanje, abaphandi baqhubeka befunda iimbali ezenzekayo malunga neJalimane yaseVolga kunye nolwalamano lwabo nabamelwane.

Ukuchuma

Ixesha libonise ukuba ukuzama kukaCatherine II kwakuphumelele kakhulu. Iifama eziphambili kunye eziphumelelayo kwidolophana yaseRashiya kwakuyiindawo zokuhlala kuzo iVolga Germans. Imbali yamakoloni abo ngumzekelo wokuchuma okuzinzile. Ukukhula kwentlalo ngenxa yokulima okusebenzayo kwavumela iVolga Germans ukuba izuze iicandelo labo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iindlwana zamanzi zavela kwiindawo zokuhlala , ezaba zixhobo zokuvelisa umgubo. Icandelo le-oyile linokuphuhliswa, ukwenza izixhobo zezolimo kunye neboya. Ngaphantsi kweAlexandria II kwiphondo laseSaratov kwakukho i-tanneries engaphezu kwekhulu, ezenziwe yi-Volga eJamani.

Ibali lempumelelo yabo liyamangalisa. Ukubonakala kweenkolonti kwanikezela ukuphuhliswa kweevenkile. Isiko sawo sasinguSarepta, esasikhona kwimida yanamhlanje yeVolgograd. Amashishini ekwenzeni izikhwama kunye neendwangu ezisetyenziselwa intsimbi ephezulu yaseYurophu esuka eSaxony naseSilesia, kunye nelikalika e-Italy.

Inkolo

Ubunikazi bezithethe kunye neenkcubeko zaseJalimane zaseVolga zazingenjalo. Bavela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ngexesha apho kwakungabikho iJamani ehlangeneyo, kwaye kwiphondo ngalinye kwakukho imiyalelo eyahlukileyo. Inxulumene nenkolo. Iintlu zeJalimane zaseVolga ziboniswa yi-Ofisi ye-Guardianship ebonisa ukuba phakathi kwabo kwakungamaLuthere, amaKatolika, amaMennonites, amaBaptisti kunye nabameli bezinye iindawo zokuvuma kunye namaqela.

Ngokwe-manifesto, iikholoni zazakhela iicawa kuphela kwiindawo apho abantu abangewona baseRashiya babebaninzi kakhulu. AmaJamani, ahlala kwiidolophu ezinkulu, ayengenalo ilungelo ekuqaleni. Kwaye kwavunyelwa ukuba zisakaze iimfundiso zamaLuthere kunye namaKatolika. Ngamanye amagama, kumgaqo wenkolo, abalawuli baseRashiya banikezela iikholoni njengenkululeko eninzi engenakonakalisa iimfuno zeCawa yamaOthodoki. Kuyinto enomdla ukuba ngexesha elinye, abahlali babeza kubhaptiza amaSulumane ngokwemiqathango yabo, kwaye benze i-serfs kuzo.

Izithethe ezininzi kunye neengcamango zaseJalimane zaseVolga zazidibene nenkolo. Amaholide, babhiyozela ikhalenda yamaLuthere. Ukongezelela, iikholoni zazilondoloze amasiko wesizwe. Phakathi kwabo nguMthendeleko wokuvunwa, oya kugubha eJamani ngokwawo.

Ngaphansi kwamandla aseSoviet

Ukuguqulwa kwe-1917 kwatshintsha ubomi babo bonke abemi bobukhosi baseRashiya baseYurophu. IiVolga zaseJalimane zazingekho. Iifoto zeenkoloni zabo ekupheleni kwexesha lama-tsarist zibonisa ukuba inzala yabantu abavela eYurophu behlala kwindawo ehlala kuyo nabamelwane. Bagcina ulwimi lwabo, amasiko kunye nokwazi. Iminyaka emininzi umbuzo wesizwe awuzange ulungiswe. Kodwa ngokuza kwamandla eBolsheviks, amaJamani afumana ithuba lokuzimela ngokwabo eRussia yaseSoviet.

Iminqweno yenzalo yabakholoni ukuba baphile kwisifundo sabo sombutho idibene nokuqonda eMoscow. Ngowe-1918, ngokwesi sigqibo seBhunga lamaKhomishana akwaBantu, iindawo ezizimeleyo zamaJamani ezikwindawo yaseVolga, ezathiwa ngo-1924 i-Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Inkulu yalo yayiyiPokrovsk, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Engels.

Ukuqokelela

Umsebenzi kunye namasiko e-Volga eJamani awamvumela ukuba enze enye yezona ngxowankulu zaseRashiya zephondo. Ukubethelwa kwimihlali yabo kwakuyizimbandezelo kunye neengxaki zokulwa neminyaka yemfazwe. Kwiminyaka ye-1920, kwakukho ukubuyiswa okuthe ngqo, okwathatha inqanaba elikhulu ngexesha le-NEP.

Nangona kunjalo, ngowe-1930 umkhankaso wokuhlambalaza waqala kulo lonke i-Soviet Union. Ukuqokelela kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwepropati yabucala kukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi kakhulu. Iifama ezichanekileyo nezivelisayo zonakalisiwe. Abalimi, abanikazi bamashishini amancinci kunye nabanye abahlali beeriphablikhi ezizimeleyo baphathwe. Ngelo xesha amaJamani ahlaselwa ngokulingana kunye nabo bonke abanye abalimi beSoviet Union, abaye baqhutyelwa kwiifama ezihlangeneyo kwaye bebanjwe ubomi babo obuqhelekileyo.

Ukulamba kweeminyaka engama-30

Ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwezibophelelo zezoqoqosho kwiRiphabhuliki yamaJamani e-Volga esifundeni, njengakwiindawo ezininzi zase-USSR, kwaqala indlala. Abemi bazama ukugcina imeko yabo ngokuhlukileyo. Abanye abahlali baya kwimiboniso, apho bacela izikhulu zaseSoviet ukuba zinike inkxaso ekunikezeni ukutya. Abanye abalimi, ekugqibeleni badidekile kwiBolsheviks, benza ukuhlaselwa kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla, apho kugcinwa khona ukutya okusanhlamvu okukhethiweyo. Olunye uhlobo loqhankqalazo lwengqalelo ukungahoywa komsebenzi kwiifama ezihlangeneyo.

Ngokuchasene neengcinga ezinjalo, iinkonzo zecala zaqala ukufuna "abaxhamli" kunye "nabavukeli", ngokubhekiselele kuwo amanqanaba amaninzi. Ehlotyeni ka-1932, indlala yayisele ijikeleza isixeko. Abahlali abathandekayo baqhelisela ukuphangwa kwamasimi kunye nokuvuna okungahlawulelwayo. Le meko yazinza kuphela ngo-1934, xa amawaka abantu abulawa yindlala kwi-republic.

Ukufuduswa

Nangona inzala yabakholoni yabhekana neengxaki ezininzi kwiminyaka yokuqala yeSoviet, zazingumntu oqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ngqiqo, amaJamani e-Volga esifundeni ngelo xesha awazange ahluke isabelo esivela kwisizwe esiqhelekileyo saseRashiya sase-USSR. Nangona kunjalo, iMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic yagqityula abahlali baseRiphabhliki kubo bonke abemi baseSoviet Union.

Ngo-Agasti 1941, kuthatyathwa isigqibo, ngokubakho ukuxoshwa kwabaseJalimane baseVolga. Baye bathunyelwa eCentral Asia, besaba intsebenziswano kunye ne-Wehrmacht. AmaJamani ase-Volga esifundeni ayengeyena yedwa abantu ababesinda kwiindawo zokuhlala. Kwakunjalo isithuba esilindele amaChechens, i-Kalmyks, i- Tatars Crimea.

Ukupheliswa kweRiphablikhi

Ngaphandle kokuthunjwa, iRiphablikhi ye-Autonomous of Germans esifundeni seVolga yapheliswa. Icandelo le-NKVD lafakwa kwinxalenye ye-USSR. Abahlali bafumana umyalelo ngaphakathi kweeyure ezingama-24 ukuqokelela izinto ezimbalwa ezivunyelwe kunye nokulungiselela ukuhlala kabusha. Ingqikithi, malunga ne-440waka abantu baxoshwa.

Ngelo xesha, abantu ababopheleleka kwinkonzo yempi basuswa ngaphambili baze bathunyelwe emva. Amadoda nabasetyhini bawela kwimibutho yabasebenzi. Bakha amashishini amashishini, asebenza kwimigodi kunye nokungena.

Ubomi e-Central Asia naseSiberia

Uninzi lwabathunjwa bahlala eKazakhstan. Emva kwemfazwe, abazange bavunyelwe ukuba babuyele kwingingqi yeVolga babuyisele i-republic. Phantse i-1% yabemi baseKazakhstan namhlanje bazijonga ngokuba ngamaJamani.

Kude ngo-1956 abafudusi babehlala kwindawo ezizodwa. Ngenyanga nganye kwafuneka bahambele i-ofisi yomlawuli kwaye bafake uphawu kumaphephancwadi akhethekileyo. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabahlali abahlala eSiberia, bazifumana kwiNgingqi ye-Omsk, i-Altai Territory kunye nee-Urals.

Ixesha langoku

Emva kokuwa kwamandla omakhomanisi iVolga Germans ekugqibeleni yafumana inkululeko yokuhamba. Ekupheleni kwama-80. Ixesha elidala kuphela likhumbula ubomi kwiRiponomous Republic. Ngoko ke, bambalwa kakhulu ababuyela kwingingqi yeVolga (ikakhulukazi kwiNgels kwi-Saratov). Uninzi lwabaxhasi kunye neenzala zabo bahlala eKazakhstan.

Uninzi lwamaJamani luya kwilizwe labo eliphambili. Emva kokubumbana eJamani, bamkela intsha entsha yomthetho ngokubuyela kwabo basekhaya, inguqulo yokuqala eyabonakala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Olu xwebhu luchaze iimeko eziyimfuneko ukufumana ngokukhawuleza ubumi. Ezi mfuno nazo zihambelana namaJamani aseVolga. Amagama kunye nolwimi lwawo lwawo lwahlala lufanayo, olwenza lula ukudibanisa nobomi obutsha.

Ngokomthetho, yonke inzala yabakholoni beVolga yamkela ubemi. Abanye babo babekade befana ne-Soviet, kodwa bafuna ukuya kwintshona. Emva kokuba izikhulu zaseJamani zenze nzima ukufumana ubumi bobukhosi ngo-1990, abaninzi baseJamani baseJalimane bahlala kwingingqi yaseKaliningrad. Lo mmandla wawuyi-East Prussia kwaye yayiyinxalenye yeJamani. Namhlanje eRussia kukho abantu abangama-500 abantu baseJamani, i-178 000 inzala ye-Volga colonists ihlala eKazakhstan.