ISigqeba soLuntu kwiGrike lasendulo: inkcazo, indawo, igunya

Inkulungwane BC. E. Ingene imbali yeGrisi yamandulo phantsi kwegama elithi "igolide". Eli lixesha lolawulo lwentando yesininzi - amandla abantu, baqaphela ngokubamba iindibano ezidumile. Kwakuye kubo imithetho eyamkelweyo, abalawuli babonyulwa kwaye uvavanyo lwabemi beRiphabhuliki lwenziwa. Iifom efana nazo zaqhutywa kuzo zonke iindawo zakudala. AmaJamani ayenomxholo, eRashiya yasendulo - i-veche, iTurkey-kurultai, eRoma yaseRoma-iikomishoni. Yayiyini igama lebandla labantu baseGrisi lasendulo kwaye yintoni eyona nto ibalulekileyo?

Abathathi-nxaxheba

Yonke yaqala ngokubambisana kohlanga, apho kwimizi-dolophu yajika yaba yintlanganiso yabemi eyazisombulula iingxaki ezisisiseko zobomi. Isiqalo sawo sibuyela kwikhulu le-6 BC. E. Amaqonga aqokelelwa ngamaxesha angama-10 ngonyaka, kwaye kamva waba rhoqo, kwaye kwenzeka okungenani kathathu ngenyanga. Ngubani owamenywa kwiNdibano Yabantu kwiGrike lasendulo? Amalungelo ezopolitiko ayengabantu kuphela. Imiqathango emibini: kufuneka babe ngabemi bakhululekile, kubandakanywa kwiintlobo ezikhethekileyo, kwaye baneminyaka engaphezu kwe-20 ubudala. Ama-Slaves, meteki (abafuduki), abafazi kunye nabantwana abavunyelwe.

Ukubalwa kweembali-zembali zilandelayo: be-450,000 abemi base-Attica, ekuphakameni kwexesha labo, abahlali abangama-35 kuphela babeneemalungelo oluntu. AmaGrike asendulo awazange agcine i-quor, kodwa abahlali abangaphantsi kwe-6,000 babefuneka benze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo.

Impumelelo enkulu yedemokhrasi yinto yokungabikho kwemfanelo yepropati. Ngaphezu koko, ekupheleni "kwexesha legolide", amalungu ebandla labantu abakhokhelwa imali encinci. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba abalimi, abathengisi abancinci nabagcisa bakwazi ukuyeka umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Kwinqanaba eliphambili kwakunokwenzeka ukuhlangana nabantu abanobuhle kunye nabacebileyo kwi-gimatii enobugcisa kunye nabasweleyo abahluphekayo kwi-chlamys, bezivale iihappy kunye nabasebenzi ngezandla zabo.

Indawo yokubuthana koluntu kwiGrisi yamandulo

Kukho iindawo ezintathu apho kubakho iintlanganiso ezibalulekileyo eAthene:

• Umthamo we-Hillside wePnyx, kufuphi ne-Acropolis;
• Indawo yemarike, okanye i-agora;
• IPiraeus, indawo encinci yasechwep yase-Greece yamandulo.

Indawo yokudibanisa ihlaziywe ukusuka kumacala onke ngentambo ebomvu. Amakhoboka aqineleyo, ahlomile ngamathambo kunye nezibetho, enza njengamapolisa. Abahloli abakhethekileyo bajonga ingeniso ye-cordon kwaye bajonga uluhlu. Abangaphandle, ngemiyalelo yabo, baxoshwa ngamakhoboka. Amabhentshini asekwe entabeni yePnyks, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo abantu babehleli phantsi emhlabathini, apho basela khona baze badle emini, kuba ibandla labantu base-Ancient Greece laqala ekuseni, kwaye laphela ngokuqala kokuhlwa. Ngokwesiko, isenzo sokubingelela oothixo senziwa. Ababingeleli babethwala phakathi kwee-piglets ezifile, ezilandelwa ngumthandazo owazisa ukuqala kweforamu.

Imiba ephambili

Ngosuku ngalunye i-epistat yonyulwa. Nguye owayenguSihlalo wentlanganiso, ogcinayo izitshixo kwi-treasury kunye nesitywina, ekhokelela ukumkelwa kwee-ambassadors. Kwakungenakunyulelwa ukuba kutyunjwe kwesi sibini kabini. Ukususela ngo-510 BC. E. Ubunkokheli bamazixeko kwithuba phakathi kweentlanganiso zenze "iinqununu ezingamakhulu amahlanu". Igunya elilawulayo lonyulwa ngamashishini. Ukususela kwizithili eziyi-10 - Phil, kukho uluhlu lwabantu abangama-50. Yiyiphi eminye imibuzo ebandleni labantu baseGrisi lasendulo?

Phakathi kwamagunya akhe aphezulu kwakukho okulandelayo:

• Ukwamukelwa kwemithetho. Naliphi na ummi onokwenza isiphakamiso, kodwa kwakuyinyathelo elinoxanduva. Ukuba kwinqanaba lokuqwalaselwa kwalo "kwiBhunga leMinyaka elithandathu" kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iphikisana nomthetho owamkelwe ngaphambili, umbhali unokuhlawulwa.
• Izigqibo malunga nemibandela ebalulekileyo enxulumene nemisebenzi yempi, ukusayinwa kwezivumelwano kunye nokupheliswa kwemibano. Ezi ngxaki zaxutyushwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ekuqhubeni.
• Imibuzo ye-ostracism - ukuxoshwa iminyaka engama-10 yabantu bengozi kwiRiphabhliki yase-Athene.
• Ukujongana neengxamiseko ezibandakanya iintlawulo zamagosa. Kule meko, isigqibo sokugqibela sasisoloko sinkundla.

Inkcazo

INdibano Yabantu KwiGrike lasendulo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-ecclesia. Igunya lesigqeba lisebenza njengengcaciso malunga nendlela igama elinikeziweyo liguqulelwa ngayo ulwimi lwesiGrike. Le "sibheno", "ibandla", kwaye ngokwenene, - igunya eliphambili likarhulumente wenkululeko. Ngethuba lalo xesha, iinkokeli zafuneka ziphendule zibe zithethi zangempela, kuba zijongene nomsebenzi wokukholisa nokukhokela abemi base-Athene. Inkosi yangempela yokuthetha i-Pericles. Kwathethwa ngaye: kuba ngumchasi kumabini omabini, wayeya kuba nako ukunceda abaphulaphuli ukuba bayiphumelele. Ngeentsuku zakhe wahlawulelwa ezinye iindawo, ukuze abantu abahluphekileyo banganyulwa kukarhulumente ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ngumthombo wabo wemali engenayo.

KwiiRiphabhliki ze-oligarchic eziza kutshintsha indawo, yayiyiphi indibano eyaziwayo kwiGrisi lasendulo? Incazelo inika impendulo yokuba yayisinye sezixhobo zamandla. Nangona akukho nxalenye yayo ilungu eliphezulu. Amalungelo entlanganiso ayekhatyelwa kumabhunga nakwiikholeji, apho iqela elikhokelayo ludlalwa ngabemi abalulekayo nabacebileyo. Inkululeko yedemokhrasi iphelile ngokuphela kwe "golden age".