Ukungqinelana kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya phantsi koCatherine 2: imbali

Ngo-1475 lonke inxweme kunye neentaba zeCrimea zahlanganiswa kuRhulumente wase-Ottoman. Ngenxa yokuba yonke ipeninula yayingowesiCrimean Khanate, eyaba yiminyaka emithathu emva kwayo, iingxelo zembali zoLwandle oluMnyama njenge "Turkish lake yangaphakathi", oko kwakukuphela kweenkulungwane ezintathu ezizayo, zichanekile. Kule nkalo, ukuhanjiswa kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya phantsi koCatherine 2 kwadibanisa iimfuno ezixinzelelekayo zomgaqo-nkqubo waseRussia wangaphandle.

Kubalulekile, echazwe ngobomi

Emva kokuwa kweGood Horde, iRussia ibhekene nokukhawuleza ngokukhethekileyo umsebenzi wokubuyisela ukufikelela kuLwandle oluMnyama, olwakunjalo ngexesha le-Kievan Rus kwaye livalelwe kuyo ngokusekwa kwejoka laseTatar-Mongol. Ukwenza oku kwakuyimfuneko ngokuyinhloko kwizinto eziphathekayo kwezoqoqosho, kuba kuLwandle oluMnyama kwakukho iindlela zokurhweba ezibalulekileyo kumazwe aseMeditera.

Ukongezelela, kwakudingeka ukuba unqumle iCrimean Khanate, intsimi eya kuthiwa iqhutywe iminyaka emininzi, injongo yayo yayikubamba amakhoboka kunye nokuthengisa kwabo eConstantinople. Ngokwenzululwazi, kwiminyaka engama-300 engaphambi kokusungulwa kweCrimea ukuya eRussia phantsi koCatherine, ubuncinane ubuncinane abantu abayizigidi ezi-3 bathunyelwa kwiimakethe zaseTurkey.

Inzame yokuqala yokulungisa ingxaki yeCrimea

Imizamo yokuqonda iCrimea yenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwanele ukukhumbula iimkhankaso zikaPetros I ngo-1696-1698. Nangona bephelile ngokuthinjwa kwinqaba yaseAzov, kodwa abazange basombulule ingxaki yoLwandle lweNnyama. Ngolawulo luka-Anna Ioannovna, amabutho aseRashiya aphindwe kabini kwi-peninsula: ngo-1735 ngaphantsi komyalelo we-B.H. Minich, kunye neminyaka emine kamva - uMphathiswa uMarshal P.P. Lassi. Nangona kunjalo, zombini amaxesha baphoqeleka ukuba baphumelele ngenxa yokungabikho kokubonelela kunye nokuqhawuka kwezifo zesifo kwizifo.

Ubungqina bokwenene bokubanjwa kweCrimea kubonakala kuphela emva kokubunjwa kweNovorossia kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18, eyayiquka indawo ebalulekileyo yoLwandle oluMntla weNxweme oluMnyama, elixhaswe eRashiya ngexesha leemfazwe zaseRussia-Turkish. Kuyavunywa ukuba le nto yayiqala kwimbali yokuxhaswa kweCrimea ukuya eRussia nguCatherine II.Usebenzisa iNovorossiia njengentsimbi yokuqhubela phambili i-offensives, umkhosi we-general-anshef V.M. UDolgoruky ngo-1771 wakwazi ukuphula ukuxhatshazwa kwabasemagunyeni baseCrimea kwaye bafumana indawo kwimida yawo.

ICrimetic Khanate

Nangona kunjalo, ukuhanjiswa kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya phantsi koCatherine 2, ngokuchazwe ngokufutshane apha ngezantsi, kwadlulelwa esinye isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu, ekufuneka kubekho imeko yezopolitiko kunye nemikhosi yelo xesha. Isiphumo sokunqoba kweengalo zaseRashiya kwimfazwe neTurkey yayisayinwe ngo-1772 yeCravenary Treaty, eyabhengeza iCrimea iKhanate emele phantsi kwe-Russia.

Imfazwe yaseRashiya-eTurkey eyagqitywa kwiminyaka emibini kamva yawuphelisa umbuso wase-Ottoman kwi-peninsula yaza yavulela iRussia ithuba elide elinde kulwandle oluMnyama. Nangona kunjalo, impumelelo ephunyeziweyo yayingama-half-measures kwaye ayinakuqwalaselwa njengesisombululo sokugqibela kwingxaki yeCrimea.

Ingxabano yezopolitiko kunye nempi kunye neTurkey

Njengoko kubonakala kwizenzo ezilandelayo zikaCatherine II, ekufumene ukuzimela kweCrimean Khanate evela kuBukhosi base-Ottoman, akazange ashiye ingcamango yokujoyina izinto zakhe. Le nto yayinomdla waseRashiya, ekubeni i-peninsula yayibaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho nakwizempi kulo lonke ilizwe. Nangona kunjalo, iTurkey yayinomdla kakhulu ekubuyiseleni umgaqo wayo eCrimea. Zomibini iinkalo eziphikisanayo zenza imizamo enzima yokufezekisa injongo efunwayo, kwaye ngenxa yalesi sizathu umzabalazo phakathi kobukhosi base-Ottoman neRashiya ngelo xesha awazange buthathaka.

NgoNovemba 1776 iQumrhu likaLieutenant General A. A. Prozorovsky wangena eCrimea waza wathatha isikhundla sokuzimela ePerekop. Icandelo phantsi komyalelo we-AV Suvorov fikile eMoscow esuka eMoscow ngokukhawuleza. Bonke bazama ukuphula ukuxhatshazwa kwemikhosi yaseCrimea Khan Davlet Girey kwaye bamphoqa ukuba aphephe eBakschisaray aze abalekele eConstantinople. Endaweni yakhe yanyulwa umlawuli omtsha uShahin-Girey, owaba ngowokugqibela kwimbali yaseCrimean khan.

I-Tatar khan, ecinga ngendlela yaseYurophu

Unyulo lwale ndoda luququzelele kakhulu ukuxhaswa kweCrimea ukuya eRussia phantsi koCherm. 2. Ngokungafani nabaphambili bakhe, wayeyindoda engqondweni yeYurophu. Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe eVenice naseTel Thessaloniki, uShahin-Giray wayeneelwimi ezininzi zangaphandle, akazange angene kumasiko aseTatar.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuzama ukuguqula inkqubo yezobukhosi kunye nezolawulo lweKhanate kwindlela yaseYurophu kwakhokelela ekunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni kunye nokuqhubisana okuvulekileyo, okukuphela kokuxhaswa ngoncedo lweebhononti zaseRashiya. Inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwisigqibo sokuxabana yadlala ngokutyunjwa kwe-AV Suvorov njengomlawuli webutho lonke laseCrimea.

Abavela kwiCrimea

Ukwahlula yonke intsimi ye-peninsula kwiindawo ezine zendawo kunye nokubeka iinqununu ezinkulu kwiinqaba ezithinjiweyo, wabulala abaseTurkey kunye nabalandeli babo kwiindawo eziphezulu zendawo yokugcina ithuba lokuphila kwimpilo yangaphakathi eCrimea. Oku kwakuyinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufikeleleni kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya phantsi koCatherine II.

Umntu wokuqala wabemi base peninsula phantsi kwentonga ye-Impress yaseRussia, abameli beqela lakhe lamaKristu, i-Georgians, iArmenian kunye namaGrike, bathuthela baza bafudukela kwiindawo ezintsha. Banikezwe umhlaba ongenasiphelo emlonyeni weDanube kunye nxweme lolwandle lwaseAzov. Ngethuba lonyaka-ka-1778, inkulungwane ezingama-31 abantu bashiya eCrimea, nto leyo eyabangela umonakalo obonakalayo kwi-treasury ye-khan, kuba aba bantu beyona nxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho.

Ingxelo yePrince GA Potemkin

Ngowe-1781, iTurks yavusa abanye abantu, benganelisekanga kunye nemiyalelo eyenziwe nguShahin-Girey, kwaye kwakhona abavukeli bafanele baqinisekiswe ngamajoni aseRashiya, ngeli xesha ngaphantsi komyalelo weNkosana yaseSerene iGP Potyomkin.

Kwingxelo yakhe egameni eliphezulu, wabhala ukuba, ngokubonile kwakhe, uninzi lwabantu basekuhlaleni banomdla kakhulu ku-Shahin-Giray kwaye banqwenela ukuba phantsi kokhuselo lwaseRussia. Ngokuqinisekileyo, le ngxelo ithi iPotemkin yadlala indima ethile ekufakweni kweCrimea ukuya eRussia phantsi koCatherine.

Imemorandam eyagqiba isigqibo seCrimea

Ukuba ngubupolitika obukude kakhulu, i-Potemkin yayiqonda yonke imfuno yokubandakanya iCrimea kwiRashiya yaseRashiya, kuba mhlawumbi indawo yakhe ingaba sisiseko esilungeleyo sokushukunyiswa kwexesha elizayo kwinxalenye yobukhosi base-Ottoman. Ukongezelela, ixabiso lezoqoqosho kwezolimo zaseCrimea ezicebileyo zoqoqosho lwamaNxweme onke aseNyakatho yoLwandle oluMnyama zazicacile. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, oku kuza kugcwalisa ukwandiswa kweRashiya ukuya ngasemzantsi kwimida yawo yemvelo. Ikratshi lakhe luchazwe ngokucacileyo kwimemorandamu yathunyelwa kubo ngoDisemba 1782 ngeligama eliphezulu.

Emva kokuba sele ekwazi uxwebhu olufunyenweyo, i-empress kwisigidimi sayo sokubuyisa samnika intando yamandla amaninzi ukuphumeza le projekthi eyayiye yaza yamkelwa nguye. Ngaloo ndlela, ekungeneni kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya phantsi koCatherine II (unyaka ka-1783), indima ephambili yinto kaPrince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, apho anikwe igama elithi Tavrichesky (iTavria igama elidala laseCrimea).

Ukulungiselela umcimbi wembali

Umhla wokujoyina iCrimea ukuya eRashiya UCatherine 2 kufuneka athathwe ngo-8 (19) ngo-Apreli 1783, xa i-autocrat isayine i-manifesto efanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha, wayala ukuba ahlale eyimfihlo ade utshintsho lwe-peninsula kunye nabo bonke abemi balo kwintonga yaseRashiya iba ngumcimbi wenene.

Ngaloo xesha, utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwaluqhutyelwe ngobomi bezopolitiko kwiCrimean Khanate. Ngamahloni abantu baseShaenen-Girey baphoqeleka ukuba bayeke kwigunya lomlawuli ophakamileyo, kwaye indawo yakhe yayingenamntu. Oku kunceda i-Potemkin ngokusebenzisa i-agents yakhe ukukholisa i-elite esilawulayo ye-khanate yeenzuzo zokutshintshwa kweso sikhuseli saseRashiya.

Ukulandela oku, amanyathelo okukhawuleza athatyathwa ukulungisa ichweba kwicala elisentshona-ntshona ye-peninsula ukulungiselela i-squadron ezayo ye-Black Sea Fleet. Ngomnyaka kamva, kwakubekwa umzi oqingqiweyo, ogama elibizwa ngokuba yi-Empress Sevastopol.

Isidima sokuthembeka kwiRashiya

Ekugqibeleni, ngoJuni 28 (ngoJulayi 9), ngo-1783, ibonakaliso ephakamileyo kakhulu yabhengezwa. Ngoko ngokokuqala ngqa (phantsi koCatherine II) ukuxhaswa kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya yaba yinto eyenziwe. Abantu abaninzi bayazi malunga neziganeko zanamhlanje, xa le ntsimi sele idlule eRussia, ngoko asiyi kubahlala kuyo. Ngelo xesha, ngaloo mini inkosana enkulu ePotemkin, emi phezulu kwintonga yaseAk-Kaya, yathatha isifungo sesifundo esitsha sobukhosi bakhe bobukhosi. Owokuqala ukuba afunge phezulu koluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nabantu bendawo yokomoya, nangemva kwabo - bonke abahlali. Kuze kube ngoku, umqulu wembali usaphila ─ I-Manifesto ekuxhaseni kweCrimea ukuya eRashiya phantsi koCatherine 2, enefoto ifakwe kwinqaku.