Ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir. I-Bashkir iphakamisa i-1705-1711: ibangela, iziphumo

Ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir ka-1705-1711 kwashiya uphawu oluphawulekayo kwimbali yaseRashiya. Eli xesha alixubene kakhulu. Ngokuchasene nemva yeMfazwe yaseMntla kunye nokuguqulwa kwePeter Omkhulu, izibambiso ngamanye amaxesha ziveliswa ngaba-mbali-mlando njengeengxaki ezingaphakathi ezingabalulekanga.

Endaweni yesalathiso

Abagqugquzeli abavusa i-Bashkir ekuvukeleni baphoswa ekugqibeleni. Abathathi-nxaxheba kule mi ganeko abakhankanyiwe kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, ngokuphambene, umzekelo, ukusuka ekuvukeni kwabantu basePugachev. Okwangoku, imbali yezizwe ezaba yinxalenye yolawulo lwaseRashiya ibe yimbali yayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imida yokuhlala, ulwimi kunye namasiko aseBashkirs ngexesha elidlulileyo lahluke ukusuka namhlanje. Ngaphambi kokuchazela ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir yokuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, makhe sibuyele kwimbali yabantu.

Ulwazi lwendawo

Okhokho baseBashkirs babhekisela kwimibhalo yabo uPtolemy noHerodotus. Kukholelwa ukuba intsimi yabo yintsimi yinqanaba le-Urals Southern. Imithombo ye-Arabhu yekhulu le-9 inqinela ngoku. Ngokuka-Ibn Fadlan, i-Bashkirs-iTurks ehlala kwiintlambo ezisemzantsi ye-Urals-inommandla omkhulu kwi-Volga, abamelwane babo basempuma-mpuma yiPechenegs, entshonalanga yiBulgars, eningizimu-Oguzes.

USharif Idrisi, i-geographer yekhulu leshumi elinesibini, wabika ukuba i-Bashkirs ihleli kufuphi nemithombo ye-Kama kunye nee-Urals. Wathetha ngeendawo ezinkulu zokuhlala ezibizwa ngokuba yiNemhan, esecaleni eliphezulu lomlambo iLika (mhlawumbi i-Yaik okanye i-Urals). AmaBhashkirs enza ubhedu obhedu, ukuxutywa kwe-fox kunye noboya be-beaver, ukusetyenziswa kwamatye anqabileyo. Esixekweni saseGurkhane, kwingxenyana esenyakatho yomlambo i- Agidel, iBhashkirs yenza iingubo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.

Imvelaphi yabantu

Imithombo ebhaliweyo ibonisa ukuba i-Bashkirs yayidla ixesha elide lihlala kwii-Urals zaseMzantsi. Kwangexesha elide babengabantu abaninzi kakhulu kule ndawo. Ngelo xesha i-Bashkirs yafika kwii-Urals zaseMzantsi, indlela abahlali bayo basebenze ngayo, ulwimi lwalwakhiwa, oluthile lungaziwa. Inyaniso kukuba bekunjalo kwinqanaba elincinane lophuhliso abazange bashiye imifanekiso ecacileyo. Ngelo xesha, la mazwe ayehlala ngabantu abaninzi base-Uganda, abanesakhono sokusetyenziswa kwezitye kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa. Ngokuhlala kwabo bafaka ubungqina bemimangcwaba yokungcwaba kunye nezinye izinto ezifunyanwa ngophando.

Ingcamango ecacileyo okanye engacacileyo yeBashkir izizwe zavela kuphela ngekhulu le-16 le-17. Ekuqaleni, la maqela ahlukeneyo. Emva koko, la maqela enza iimeko ezahlukileyo kwiinkcubeko. Ngokomnye uguqulelo, i-Bashkirs yafika kwii-Urals zaseMzantsi ezivela kwii-lowlands zase-Urals, kwelinye - iqela lezizwe zaseFinnno-Ugric, ezazithoba kwi-turkizatsii. Inqaku lesithathu nelona lichanekileyo kukuba i-Bashkirs yintsimi yeentlanga ezihlaselekileyo eziye zafudukela kwindlela yokuphila ehleliweyo. Utshintsho oluthile endleleni yokuphila kubangele ukutshabalaliswa kwamasiko athile kunye nokutshintshwa kwabo ngabanye. Ngethuba lokuzaliswa kwemihlambi yeenkomo kwatshintshilelwa ukuba ludlwengulwe, lwenzeka kwithuba le-17 ukuya kwele-19 leminyaka. Ngelo xesha, ama-Urals aseMzantsi ayenziwa ngokutsha ngamaRashiya. Ngako oko, izithethe zenkcubeko zeBashkirs zatshintshwa nguRashiya okanye iFinnno-Ugric. I-Bashkirs yayizingela kunye nezolimo. Ezinye zeenkcubeko zenkcubeko zalahleka. Ukoloni lwabantu lwadlulayo ngobumnene, baninzi bahlala bengama-ordic. Amahemuhemu kuphela malunga nobudlova obubuKrestu bamaBashkirs abuvusa ukunganeliseki.

Uluhlu lweelwimi

Ulwimi lwesiBashkir lusegumbini le-Volga-Kypchak, eliyinxalenye yeqela laseKypchak, isebe laseTurkic leqela laseAltai leelwimi. Kukho iintetho ezintathu: ezantsi, empuma, empuma-ntshona. Ngamaxesha amandulo amaBashkirs asebenzisa i-Turkic letteric letter, ngexesha lokubunjwa kwe-Islam - i-alfabhethi yesi-Arabhu. Kuye kwenziwa inzame yokuguqulela ulwimi ngolwimi lwesiLatini, ngeli xesha kwi-alfabhethi yesiBashkir iileta ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu zaseRashiya kunye neyesithoba ezongezelelweyo ezichaza izandi ezithile.

Inkolo

Ngokuya kuma-Arabhu asendulo, iinkolelo zobuhedeni zazinjalo ngokweBashkirs. Izizwe za mandulo zathandaza oothixo abalishumi elinambini, amaqhawe ayazibona ezilwanyana zasendle. Kucacile ukuba inkolo yamandulo yayifana ne-shamanism. Ixesha lokuchazwa kwezizwana zee-Urals ngabalwazi-mlando base-Arabhu zihambelana nokuqala kokwamkelwa kwama-Islam ngamaBashkirs. Ukukhusela i-Bashkirs ilungelo lokwenza umSilamsi lukhokelela ekuvukeleni kwamanzi, okuphazamisayo.

Ukungena eRashiya

Ngekhulu le-13 nele-14 i-Bashkirs yayiyingxenye ye-Golden Horde. Emva kokuwa kwayo, uhlanga lwahlula ngokwemihlaba. Amasentshonalanga nenyakatho-ntshona eBashkirs ayephantsi kolawulo lweKazan Khanate. Inani labantu abaphakathi kwendawo ephakathi, esezantsi nantsi-mpuma yeBashkiriya yayingaphantsi kolawulo lukaNogai Horde. Inxalenye yeTrans-Ural yayingumKhanate waseSiberia. Ngethuba lolawulo luka-Ivan loyikrakra, amaBashkirs abo bonke abafana bajika bathabatha ummi waseMoscow.

Iimimiselo zokwamkelwa zazingqunyelwanga ngokutsha kweBashkir. Kwathi emva kokuthunjwa kweKazan. Ukungena kwakukuzithandela, okuye kwaququzelelwa ukuguqulwa kweTranserar ku-Bashkirs. U-Ivan oyikekayo waya kwii-Bashkirs ngokungenakuze azibonele, enika ilungelo lokuzikhethela ilizwe, elondoloze i-Islam kunye no-self-government.

Imbali yoVukayo

Inzame yokuqhubela phambili ukuphula i-manifesto yavusa ukunganeliseki ngokubanzi kwiindawo zaseBashkortostan. Emva kokuba iRomanovs ithathe iitrone, amazwe aseBashkir asasazwa ngokusesikweni kubanikazi bezindlu, ngaloo ndlela bephule ilungelo lomhlaba lokuba bafumane umhlaba. Ukuvukela kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1645. Emva koko ukuvukela kweBashkir kwenzeka ukususela ngo-1662 ukuya ku-1664, ukususela ngo-1681 ukuya ku-1684, ukususela ngo-1704 ukuya ku-1711 (1725). Inkulumo ende kakhulu ehambayo inxulumene nomzamo wokutshatyalaliswa kwamaSilamsi. Zonke iimvukelo zaseBashkir zazisa inkathazo enkulu kwilizwe laseRashiya kwaye zilukhuni ukuphuhliswa kwamazwe amatsha. Urhulumente we-tsarist wabuye waqinisekisa ilungelo lobulungiswa kwaye wanika amalungelo eBashkirs amalungelo okuxolelana.

Ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir ka-1705-1711

Ngokwezinye iinguqulelo, ukuvukela kwavelisa amahemuhemu malunga nokuvinjelwa kwenkolo yamaSilamsi, kwelinye - ukutshatyalaliswa kwamazwe omhlaba kunye neerhafu ezikhulayo. Ngo-Agasti 1704, abaqokeleli berhafu uDokhov, uZhikharev noSergeev bafika eBashkiria. Bhengeze umthetho omtsha welizwe. Kwaye kwaziswa malunga nokubeka intela kwi-mosque, i-mullah kunye neendawo zonqulo. I-mosque kufuneka yakhiwe ngokomzekelo wecawa yama-Orthodox, amangcwaba ahlelwe ecaleni kwecawa, iirekhodi zokufa kwabafundisi kunye nokubhaliswa kwemitshato, kwaye iqhutywe phambi kobabingeleli bamaOthodoki. Zonke ezi zinto zenziwa njengamalungiselelo enqatshelwe inkolo yamaSilamsi.

Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseMntla, iimfuno zafuneka, kwaye i-Bashkirs yafuna amawaka angama-200 amawaka kunye namajoni angama-4 000. Ngokonke, umyalelo, oziswa ngabaqokeleli berhafu, uqulethe irhafu entsha. Ngokukodwa, irhafu yombala yelanga yaziswa. Ubukhosi baseBashkir bachasene kwaye bafuna ukufumana ubulungu kwiBukhosi base-Ottoman. Iingxabano zokuqala zenzeke phantsi kolawulo luka-Aldar no-Kuzyuk.

Ngama-1708, i-Bashkirs yayifake iSamara, iSaratov, i-Astrakhan, iIvatka, iTobolsk kunye neKazan. Ukuvuswa kwaphela kuphela, kodwa ngo-1711 kuphela ekugqibeleni. I-State "abafikelele" - abaqokeleli berhafu uDohov, uSergeev noZhikharev - bathotywa kwaye bahlawuliswa ngenxa yokuqokelela irhafu engekho mthethweni. Ngako oko, izizathu zokuvukela iBashkir ka-1705-1711 zapheliswa. Nangona kukho uxolo olusisiseko, ngowama-1725 kuphela amaBashkirs athembisa kwakhona ukunyaniseka kumlawuli waseRashiya. Iziphumo zovuko lwaseBashkir zadimazeka. Abantu abaninzi baseRashiya kunye neBashkirs babulawa, bengeneliseki.

Umnqweno wabantu wokuzikhethela awuzange uphumelele emva kokuvunyelwa koorhulumente we-tsarist, kodwa ukuvukela okusha akuzange kuthathe ixesha elide. Zonke iintlankqalazo zazingcatshiswa ngaphandle kweminye, kwaye abacebisi bahlwaywa ngonya.

Amanyathelo okuVuka

Cinga indlela ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir kuphuhliswe ngayo. Itafile engezantsi ibonisa izigaba kunye neziganeko.

Ukutshatyalaliswa

Izizathu zokutshatyalaliswa kweBashkir ukuvukela zininzi. Ukungafani kweqela lohlanga kunye nendlela yalo yokuphila ngokusondeza ngokubambisana kwenzelwe ukufumana inzuzo yamaqela kaTsar kunye nawo. Ukubamba kunye nokutshabalalisa iinqununu ezincinci zamafarashi, ukuzikhusela kwiindawo zaseRussia zazinzima kakhulu. Ngaloo ndlela, abavukeli, bengenayo i-centralization eqinile, benza ngokuzimela. Iinjongo zamaqela ngabanye - ukusuka ekuphanga okungekho nto ukuya ekudaleni urhulumente ozimeleyo. AmaBhashkirs ayengaxhobi kakuhle, ayengenazo iinqaba, ayengayi kubakhokelela. Ukunqoba kwabo bachazwa ngunyango lwabantu basekuhlaleni, ukuphakama okugqithiseleyo kumanani kunye nenkohlakalo. Izizathu zokutshatyalaliswa kwesigxina seBashkir nazo zilele ukungakwazi ukuxoxisana, umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuzibandakanya kunye nokuphambuka kwezopolitiko zabashukumisayo.

Ukugqibela Ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir

Isilingo esilandelayo ngamaBashkirs ukuphakamisa imbambano yayigxina kakhulu. Izizathu zokuvukela iBashkir zifana nezo zangaphambili. Ukuhanjiswa kweendawo zomhlaba kwii-servicemen kukhokelela ekuvukeleni kwabantu bomthonyama. Ngexesha lokuvukela iBashkir, umlawuli wakhe wakhethwa - i-sultan-kettlebell. Ngombulelo kwi-Bashkirs "inyanisekileyo" eRashiya, ukuvukela umbuso kwacinywa. Ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir ka-1735-1740 kwatsho ubomi bomntu wesine eBashkir.

Ngo-1755 -1756, ukusetyenziswa kweziqhamo zokusinqoba, uMbuso waseRashiya wagqiba ukuguqula iBashkirs ibe ngumKristu. Utshukumo olutsha luvukela. Abavukeli babengenalo ubunye, phantsi kokuhlaselwa kwemikhosi yaseRashiya, abaninzi babo baya kwi-steppes yaseKazakh. U-Elizabeth II wabamba iVolga Tatars, kwaye abavukeli baphinde bahlulwa.

Ngo-1835-1840 malunga namahlebezi malunga nokutshintshwa kwezilwanyana zaseBashkir kwi-serfdom yabanini-mhlaba, kwavela ukuvukela kwabantu. Inxaxheba kulo kuphela ngabantu abayi-3000. Abasimili babengenakukwazi ukukhusela imikhosi efanelekileyo kwaye bahlulwa. Oku kugqiba ukuhlaselwa kweBashkir. I-Serfdom eRashiya iyahla, kwaye umhlaba welizwe awusayi kuthintela. Imveliso yezoshishino kunye nokukhutshwa kwezibonelelo ziphuhliswa, ezichaphazela kakuhle uqoqosho lo mmandla.