Makiavelli Nikkolo: bulumko, ezopolitiko, izimvo, iimbono

Umbhali Italian sobulumko Makiavelli Nikkolo yaba laseburhulumenteni ebalulekileyo Florence, abahlala isithuba sikaNobhala, linoxanduva lokugcina imithetho angaphandle. Kodwa aziwa ngakumbi iincwadi kwakhe, kwathiwa, simi phakathi apho phandle ama lezopolitiko "I uKhesare."

Biography of umbhali

Umbhali elizayo kunye nzulu ngezinto Makiavelli Nikkolo wazalwa kwimimandla Florence 1469. Uyise igqwetha. konke ukuba unyana wakhe wafumana imfundo engcono ngelo xesha Awayenzayo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kwakungekho ndawo engcono kunokuba Italy. Eyona ziyindlela engundoqo nolwazi Machiavelli waye ulwimi Latin apho wayefunda isixa esikhulu iincwadi. Iincwadi neeMbekiselo ukuba abe imisebenzi ababhali bamandulo: Iosifa Flaviya, Macrobius, uCicero Livy. Inkwenkwana asithandayo imbali. Kamva, le ezithandwa iyabonakaliswa umsebenzi wakhe. Iqhosha umbhali umsebenzi wamandulo Greek Plutarch, Polybius kunye Thucydides.

Makiavelli Nikkolo waqalisa inkonzo yakhe karhulumente ngexesha Italy wayephethwe iimfazwe phakathi kwizixeko ezininzi, izikumkani nasemazweni. A indawo ekhethekileyo awayephantsi Pope, abakwazisayo Ekuveleni XV kunye XVI eminyaka. Wayengenguye nje abangooBhishophu zonqulo, kodwa ndawana ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko. Italy ukuqhekeka kunye nokungabikho enobunye uhlanga-karhulumente wenza imizi izityebi losingasiqithi kudla ezinye amagunya emikhulu - France, oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma kusingise amandla koloni Spain. A tangle komdla Kwakunzima kakhulu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela nokupheliswa imifelandawonye kwezombangazwe. izenzakalo ezinkulu kwaye ebalulekileyo, bungqinelwa nguwo Makiavelli Nikkolo, kakhulu nempembelelo ubuchule bakhe kuphela, kodwa kwi kwimbonakalo.

iimbono zeentanda

Iimbono thaca kwiincwadi zakhe Machiavelli, nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimbono yoluntu-nkqubo. Umbhali waba ngowokuqala ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha kunye wachaza zonke iindlela yabalawuli. Kwincwadi ethi "The koMlawuli," watsho ngokungqalileyo ukuba imidla zopolitiko urhulumente kufuneka kuqala ngaphezu kwezinye iindibano kunye nezivumelwano. Ngenxa yale mbono, sazi ingqalelo umgxeki engumzekelo, ngubani na oya kuyeka nto ukufezekisa injongo yabo. State wenkohlakalo wawuchaza inkonzo kunenjongo enkulu elungileyo.

NoNiccolò Machiavelli, ogama bulumko wazalwa ngenxa yamava lobuqu ngobume kuluntu Italian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI, sithetha nje kuphela malunga iinzuzo iqhinga ethile. Kumaphepha iincwadi zakhe ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha isakhiwo karhulumente, oku kuyasebenza kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi njani. Sazi yaphakamisa olu luvo ipolitiki na inzululwazi, nto leyo eye imithetho yayo kunye nemithetho. NoNiccolò Machiavelli wayekholelwa ukuba umntu, ngokugqibeleleyo kakuhle isifundo, uyakwazi ukuchaza ikamva okanye lokugqiba ngesiphumo senkqubo (imfazwe, utshintsho, njalo njalo. D.).

Ukubaluleka izimvo Machiavelli kaThixo

umbhali sale le Renaissance wazisa izihloko ezininzi ezitsha intetho kwicala lezingluntu. mpikiswano kwakhe ingaba phantsi imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ebekwe umbuzo elibukhali ukuba bathi izikolo ezininzi bulumko kunye neemfundiso.

Ingxoxo indima yomntu yomphathi kwimbali okokuqala kuvele lulusiba noNiccolò Machiavelli. izimvo sazi bamsa kwisigqibo sokuba kukuqhekeka feudal (apho, umzekelo, wahlala Italy) uhlobo ibambela linyanga onke amaziko kwamandla esilimaza abahlali kwilizwe lakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, kwimeko ngokwahluka-clinical okanye ubuthathaka umlawuli kukhokelela iziphumo kubi phindene kalishumi. Ngexesha lakhe, Machiavelli wabona imizekelo ezaneleyo lwemizobo enjalo izilawuli Italian nasemazweni, apho amandla zinyikimile ukusuka ngapha nangapha ngathi pendulum. Amaxesha amaninzi ezi nokunyuka kwakhokelela ekubeni iimfazwe kunye nezinye iintlekele ukuba hit inzima xa bebonke zesiqhelo.

Ngoko ke, xa kukho idilesi ukuze umfundi wakhe umbhali kuncwina ukuba ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle urhulumente ngqwabalala embindini urhulumente. Kulo mzekelo inkqubo ngokwayo ihlawula nezithintelo ngumlawuli buthathaka okanye angakwazi.

Imbali "Nkosi"

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba othi "INkosana" yabhalwa njengesikhokelo classic ukusetyenziswa elungiselelwe abapolitiki Italian. Loo indlela yokubhala wenza le ncwadi ikhethekileyo ixesha lakhe. Yaba umsebenzi kakuhle ngendlela apho zonke izimvo ezaqhutywa ngohlobo theses, exhaswa ngabantu bokwenene-ihlabathi nokuqiqa enengqondo. "I koMlawuli," yapapashwa ngowe-1532, kwiminyaka emihlanu emva kokufa noNiccolò Machiavelli. Iimbono kowayesakuba ligosa sale hayi nangoko kunye noluntu ngokubanzi.

Le ncwadi iye yaba njengesingqiniso abezopolitiko ezininzi kunye Abalawuli kwiinkulungwane zilandelayo. Yenze isenzo yakhutshwa kude kube ngoku kwaye yenye yeentsika kwicala lezingluntu, elingcwele, amaziko oluntu kunye norhulumente. Owona izinto yokubhala incwadi amava ukuwa sale Republic, apho kufumaneke noNiccolò Machiavelli. Quotes evela ama zaye zabandakanywa kwi zezifundo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo bafundisa abakhonzi nembambano izilawuli ezahlukeneyo Italian.

amandla yofuzo

umsebenzi wakhe umbhali yahlulwe ngezahluko-26, nganye kuzo ibhekiswa ngomba othile wezopolitiko. ulwazi olunzulu imbali noNiccolò Machiavelli (ucaphulo ababhali bamandulo badla ifunyanwa kumaphepha) ukuba ubungqina intelekelelo yabo kumava ngexesha lamandulo. Ngokomzekelo, wayitshabalalisa yonke isahluko ukuya bayahlelwa ukumkani wamaPersi lukaDariyo, wayithimba Aleksandrom Makedonskim. Xa umbhali sakhe isincoko wabanika uvavanyo oko kwenzeka ukuwa sikarhulumente kwakhokelela iimpikiswano ezininzi kutheni lizwe ayihambelani nawuphikisa emva kokufa umphathi oselula.

Umbuzo malunga neentlobo karhulumente zamafa unomdla kakhulu noNiccolò Machiavelli. Politics, ngokwembono yakhe, kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi indlela apho itrone edlula owandulela ukuya ezihlangwini. Ukuba itrone udlule ngendlela eyiyo, urhulumente akayi ukusongela ziingxabano neentlekele. Ngelo xesha kule ncwadi kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ukubamba urhulumente okhohlakeleyo, umbhali ogama noNiccolò Machiavelli. Ngokufutshane, umlawuli ukuthuthela kwintsimi entsha afunyenweyo kakhulu ngqo iliso ekuhlaleni. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi kwesi sicwangciso yaba kokuwa kweConstantinople ngowe-1453, xa Turkish sultan bafudukela ikomkhulu lakhe kulo mzi, igama kuyo Istanbul.

wombuso Igcina

Umbhali wazama ukucacisa ngokweenkcukacha umfundi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugcina kwilizwe langaphandle kwikhompyutha. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ngokutsho ithisisi yombhali, kukho iindlela ezimbini - yombutho kunye noxolo. Kulo mzekelo, zivumelekile zombini ezo ndlela, yaye ngobuchule kufuneka zidityaniswe zelo ngaxeshanye kwaye zokoyikisa labemi. Machiavelli waba lweli ukusekwa amathanga ekufunyanweni komhlaba (malunga kwifomu, njengoko wenza amaGrike amandulo okanye republic Italian elwandle). Kulo sahluko, umbhali bazisa ulawulo segolide: * uKhesare kuyimfuneko ukuxhasa imilwelwe, ukuba buthathaka owomeleleyo ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano kweli lizwe. Ukungabikho iintshukumo olomeleleyo inkcaso inceda ukugcina ulawulo amandla ubundlobongela kweli lizwe, leyo yenye iimpawu eziphambili urhulumente ethembekileyo uzinzile.

Uchaza iindlela zokusombulula le ngxaki, noNiccolò Machiavelli. ifilosofi zombhali ezaqala yingqokelela ngamava akhe ulawulo e Florence kunye nolwazi zembali.

Indima ebuntwini kwimbali

Ekubeni Machiavelli ingqalelo olukhulu umba ngokubaluleka ngamnye kwimbali, naye wenza mzobo elifutshane zeempawu kumele ukuba sibe nokumkani olusebenzayo. Umbhali Italian wagxininisa ukunyoluka, bagxeke abalawuli onesisa tirhisa mali zabo ziphanzile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi autocrats kufuneka ukubhenela ukuphakamisa irhafu xa kuthe yemfazwe okanye enye imo yonxunguphalo kawonke, apho abantu ikudika kakhulu.

Machiavelli sigwetyelwe abalawuli ukuqina sikarhulumente. Wayekholelwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo kunceda uluntu bakuphepha nezidubedube okungeyomfuneko nezidubedube. Ukuba, umzekelo, umlawuli ngaphambi kwexesha ndiyohlwaya abantu sinotyekelo ukuvukela, yena ibulala abantu eziliqela ngaxeshanye ukulondoloza bonke zabemi igazi ezingeyomfuneko. Kule thesis ninzi umzekelo bulumko ngayo umbhali malunga ukubandezeleka kwabantu akukho kuthelekiswa komdla lonke eli lizwe.

Isidingo abalawuli ukuqina

Umbhali Florence wayedla ngokutsho ingcamango, ukuba imo yabantu ziyatshintsheka, yaye inkoliso yabantu ngeenxa - yinto ukuhlanganisana izidalwa buthathaka olubawayo. Ngoko ke, yena waqhubeka Machiavelli, kuyimfuneko ukubonisa intlonipho umlawuli phakathi kwizifundo zakhe. Oku kuzakugcina ingqeqesho kweli lizwe.

Ngokomzekelo wacaphula amava umphathi yamandulo edume ithawula. Yena usebenzisa ubudlova ukugcina ucwangco nomkhosi wakhe multi-uhlanga, kwiminyaka embalwa ukuya kulwa ekuthinjweni yamaRoma. Yaye kukho ubundlobongela, kuba nokubulawa kunye impindezelo ngokuchasene enetyala lokwaphula imithetho zifanelekile, kwaye akukho namnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yabo nako ukufumana nezifo. Machiavelli wayekholelwa ukuba umlawuli inkohlakalo bugwetyelwe kuphela ukuba akukho yokuphangwa open zabemi kunye nobundlobongela kwabasetyhini.

sazi ukufa

Emva kokubhala "uMlawuli" njengomntwana onengqondo famous kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe eyayinikelwe ekuyilweni "Imbali ka Florence", nto leyo ethe wabuyela uhlobo yakhe ayithandayo. Wafa ngo-1527. Nangona udumo Kubala lombhali, indawo yengcwaba kwakhe ayaziwa.