Amazwi asekuqaleni aseRashiya: imizekelo. Amagama aseRashiya angasebenzi

Kule nqaku siza kuqwalasela ezo ziqendu zesigama njengexesha elidlulileyo kunye namazwi aseRashiya. Ngokwemvelaphi, isigama lesiRashiya esisemgangathweni sisisigxina. Iqukethe iindidi eziliqela, ezahluke ngexesha elenzekayo.

Indo-Europeanism

Indala yamandulo yesiRashiya yi-Indo-Europeanms, oko kukuthi, amagama aguqulelwe kolwimi lwethu ukususela ngexesha lobunye be-Indo-Yurophu. Ngaphantsi kweengcamango zabaphandi, kwii-5-4 zee-BC BC kwakukho impucuko yase-Indo-Yurophu, apho iintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezihlala kwintsimi enkulu, zihlangene kunye. Ngokutsho kophando lwezinye izazinzulu, lo mmandla uluswe kwi-Yenisei ukuya kwi-Volga. Abanye bacetyisa ukuba kwakuyi-South-Russian okanye iBalkan-Danube yendawo. Ulwimi loluntu, njenge-Indo-Yurophu, lwaqalisa ulwimi lweYurophu, kunye nezinye iilwimi zase-Asia (umzekelo, iSanskrit, Bengali).

Amagama abuyela kwi-proto-lulwimi-base basekuhlaleni, achaza izilwanyana, izityalo, izityela kunye nezitye, iindlela zolawulo, izixhobo zabasebenzi, iintlobo zokubambisana nabanye - ezi ziyimvelaphi yamaRashiya. Umzekelo: i- salum, i-oki, ingcuka, i-goose, ubhedu, imvu, ubusi, ubhedu, unyana, unina, ubusuku, intombi, iqhwa, umlusi, intsha, amanzi, ukuthunga , njl.

Amagama aseSlavonic aqhelekileyo

Uluhlu olulandelayo lwamazwi aseRashiya amakhulu luquka i-obscheslavianskie, eyayizuzwa njengeSlavic (oko kukuthi, iProto-Slavic) isiRashiya. Babesebenza njengengomthombo kuphela ngolwimi lwethu, kodwa kuzo zonke ezinye iilwimi zaseSlavic. Esi siseko seelwimi sasikhona kumaxesha okuqala ngaphambili kwintsimi ye-Vistula, i-Bug kunye ne-Dnieper. Ezi ndawo zahlala zizizwe zasendulo zamaSlav. Ulwimi lwesiSlavonic oluqhelekileyo kwii-6-7 zeenkulungwane zexesha lethu lawa. Oku kwavula indlela eya kuphuhliso lweelwimi zaseSlavic, apho ulwimi lwaseRussia oludala lukhona. Kulula ukwahlula amagama angama-obschelavia kuwo, imvelaphi ebonakalayo yabonakala nanamhlanje. Iilwimi eziqhelekileyo zesiSlavic nazo ziRashiya. Amagama aseRashiya angamaBrama aquka i-Slavonic eqhelekileyo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo.

Zininzi zazo zibizo. Okokuqala, la magama asemacaleni, awamagama aseRussia ekuqaleni. Umzekelo: Umqala, intloko, intliziyo, intshebe, intsimi, isundu, ihlathi, intaba, i-maple, i-birch, inkomo, inkabi, igale, i-knife, iifoloki, ummelwane, u-seine, umkhonzi, indwendwe, umhlobo, u-spinner, umalusi, umbumbi.

Kukho neengcamango, kodwa zincinci kakhulu. Zizo: iza, ukholo, isono, ityala, uzuko, ulonwabo, ucinga, ubushushu.

Phakathi kwezinye iindawo zentetho zimelelwe kwisigama sesiSlavic kunye nesenzi: zive, zibone, zixoke, zikhule. Iziphumo: endala, incinci, inkohliso, isilumko. Izibalo: ezintathu, ezimbini, enye. Ukuthetha: wena, thina, wena. Izibhengezo zezivakalisi: phi, apho, njani. Amanye amagama aseburhulumenteni: ngo, ewe, kunye, kunye, kunye namanye amagama aseRashiya asekuhlaleni . Imizekelo ingaqhubeka.

Isigama esiqhelekileyo sesiSlavonic namhlanje sinamazwi angamawaka amabini, kodwa le mali esincinci isisiseko somshicileli wesiRashiya. Kuquka okuqhelekileyo, ukungathathi hlangothi ngamagama esitayela asetyenziswayo kwintetho ebhaliweyo nangomlomo.

Iintlobo zeSlavic zolimi lweSlavonic, ezazinomthombo wazo, ngokwahlukeneyo lwegrama kunye nolwimi olucacileyo, lwahlula kula maqela amathathu alandelayo: empuma, entshona nakumazantsi.

Sigama seMpuma Slavic

Uluhlu lwesithathu, oluseRashiya, ngamazwi e-Old Russian (East Slavic). Eli sele sele lixesha elizayo, apho imvelaphi yamagama amakhulu aseRussia nawo ayasebenza. Esi silwimi siphuhliswe ngesiseko soLwimi lwase-East Slavic, elinye lala maqela amathathu apho iilwimi zase-Old Slavonic zidibene. Ixesha lokubonakala kwalo li-7-9 i-AD. Abantu baseUkraine, baseRussia nabaseByelorussia benyukela kwimibutho yezizwe ezahlala eMpuma Yurophu. Yingakho amagama asele kwixesha lethu ngolwimi lwethu ayaziwa nakwezinye ezimbini: i-Belarusian kunye ne-Ukrainian, kodwa ayifumanekanga kwiilwimi zasemazantsi aseSlav nasentshona.

Omnye unokukwazi ukukhetha ezi zilandelayo kwisigama se-East Slavic. Ekubeni la magama asetshenziswe kulwimi ukususela ekuqaleni, abazange babolekwe, nabo bangamazwi aseRussia ekuqaleni. U mzekelo:

- amagama eentaka, izilwanyana: i- squirrel, inja, idaka, i-jackdaw, i-bullfinch ;

- amagama amathuluzi: i- blade, i-ax ;

- amagama asekhaya: ibhakethi, ibhokisi, i-ruble, i-casket;

- amagama omsebenzi wabantu: ukupheka, umchweli, umyili, umkhonto;

- amagama eendawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo: indawo yokuhlala, idolophana kunye namanye amaqela e-lexico-semantic.

Isigama lesiRashiya

Okulandelayo, okwesine, isalathiso esingahlukileyo sisigama lesiRashiya ngokwaso, esasungulwa emva kwekhulu le-14, oko kukuthi, ngexesha lokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kweel Belarusian, isi-Ukrainian kunye nesiRashiya. Bavele benalo ukulingana kwabo ngokwezinto ezithile okanye izinto ezintle.

Ngokuqinisekileyo amagama aseRussia angahlukaniswa ngesiseko esivela kwisigxina: iphepha, i-mason, uluntu, i-cloakroom, ukungenelela nabanye.

Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ekubunjweni kwesi sigama kunokuba ngamagama nezimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle eziye zadlula indlela yokwenza igama kwaye ziqhotyoshelweyo iziqulatho zesiRashiya, izibambiso ( ezingabandakanyekanga, inxaxheba, umbusi, ukugqugquzela, i-teapot, iglasi), kunye nokuba nesiseko esinzima , I-radio noode). Kwakhona ziquka amagama ahlukahlukeneyo anzima, ekhulwini lama-20 anongeziweyo kwiilwimi zethu: iphephandaba lodonga, ishishini lombumba, i-Moscow Art Theatre , njl.

Ngoku iilwimi zesiRashiya ziyaqhubeka zizaliswa ngokufakelwa kwezinto ezintsha, ezidalwe ngoncedo lwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo zolwimi lwethu ngenxa yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda amagama.

Amagama aseRashiya angasebenzi

Abo bayeka ukusebenzisa amagama ngokukhawuleza abangekho ngokukhawuleza. Baqondakala ngethuba elithile bathetha kuyo, bayaziwa kuthi ngemisebenzi yeengcamango. Nangona inkokheli yokuphila yobomi bemihla ngemihla, isidingo kubo asisekho. La magama anesigama esisisigxina sesigama kwaye sinikwa kwiincwadana ezichazayo ezicacileyo ezichaziweyo "ezingapheliyo."

Inkqubo yegama elichazayo

Ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo ye-archaization ihamba kancane. Phakathi kwamagama angasebenziyo, ngoko ke, kukho abo "abanamava" amaninzi (umzekelo, lo, ngoko, lo myalelo obomvu, intetho, umlingo, umntwana). Abanye abavela kwisigama esisebenzayo bayakhutshwa ngenxa yokuba bangamaxesha amandulo aseRashiya ekuphuhlisweni kwawo. Ngamanye amaxesha amagama aphelelwe ixesha ngexesha elifutshane, elivela kwaye linyamalale ngexesha elitsha. Ngokomzekelo, "shkrab" yayithetha "utitshala" kude kube ngama-1920. Kwakukho amagama anjengokuthi "u-rabkrin", "u-encadavist", ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza. Akusoloko unamagama atyunjelwayo afanayo kunye neetta ezichaziweyo kwiingcaciso-magama, kuba inkqubo ye-archaization iyakwazi ukuphunyezwa ngokungagqibekanga.

Iingxaki zeArchaization

Kukho izizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo zokugqitywa kwesigama. Bangakwazi ukufumana uhlamvu olude (olongezelelweyo lweelwimi) ukuba unqatshelwe ukusebenzisa amagama athile kunye nokuguqulwa kwentlalo. Kodwa ziyakwazi ukulungiswa ngemithetho yelwimi. Izaziso "ngakwesokudla", "ngakwesobunxele" (ngakwesokudla, ngakwesobunxele), umzekelo, ukususela kwisichazamazwi esisebenzayo sinyamalale ngenxa yokuba izibizo ezizivelisayo ("isandla sasekhohlo" - "shuitsa" kunye "isandla sokunene" - "isandla sokunene") satshintshiwe. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ubudlelwane benkqubo yeeyunithi ezahlukeneyo zenza indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "Shuitsa" laphuma ekusebenziseni, kwaye ngoko ke ukuhlanganiswa kwe-semantic yamagama ahlukeneyo ahlangene nale ngcambu yembali yahlukana. "I-Shulga", umzekelo, ngolwimi alugcinwanga ngentsingiselo "yokushiya" kwaye yahlala njengegama elibuyela kwisiteketiso. Ngoku ke eli gama lisetyenziswe. Ngokuphathelele ulwimi lwesiRashiya, iinkqubo ngaphakathi kuyo zingachazelwa ixesha elide. Konke oku kunomdla kakhulu. Sifutshane nje, ngomzekelo omnye, uchaza inkqubo eqhelekileyo.

Ezi zilandelayo zibini zatshatyalaliswa zatshatyalaliswa: ngakwesokudla, ngakwesokudla, ngakwesokunene; Iibhonkco ezifanayo ( ezantsi, ephakathi ). Kodwa igama elithi "isandla sokunene" ixesha elithile, nangona i-archaization yobudlelwane be-systemic edibene nayo, yabanjwa ngolwimi lwethu. Ngokomzekelo, kwixesha lakwaPushkin, eli gama lisetyenziselwa intetho yeengqungquthela, "i-syllable high". IsiRashiya singathethwa njengento eguqukayo rhoqo, ngoko ukuba i-lexicon isiphelile yinkqubo yendalo. Igama elithi "oshoe" lahlala nje njenge-echo ye-archaic, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphela kumxholo wesigxina ngexesha elinokwenzeka.

Ukubunjwa kwesigama esingaqeshwanga

Iilwimi ezidlulileyo ezivela kwimvelaphi yintsholongwane. Ukubunjwa kwalo kubandakanya amagama amakhulu aseRussia (imizekelo: i- semeo, leyo, ukuze bangakwazi ), kunye ne-Old Slavs ( inqeni, ibanga, i-softs ), ukuboleka kwiilwimi ezahlukileyo (ukuzithoba - ukuzithoba, ukuhamba-uhambo, "Abshid" - "ukuyeka emsebenzini").

Ukuvuselelwa kwamagama angasebenzi

Kukho na matyala xa amagama aseRashiya angapheliyo avuselelwa, abuyele kwisigama esisisigxina sesigama. Ngokomzekelo, ngesiRashiya namhlanje ezi zibizo zilandelayo zisetyenziswa: umphathiswa, isibonakaliso, igosa, ijoni, oye waqhawula emva koOktobha. Banikezela abanye: i- People's Commissar, iqalile, isolder Army Army . Ukususela ekuqulunqweni kwesigama esingaqhelekanga kuma-1920s, umzekelo, igama "inkokheli" lakhishwa, elibonwa njenge-archaism nakwixesha likaPushkin, kwaye lakhankanywa kwiincwadana ezichazileyo zeso sihlandlo esifanayo. Namhlanje uphinde uphinde uhlawule. Umbala we-archaism usandul 'ulahlekelwa ngamazwi afana neDuma, i-gymnasium, isebe, i-lyceum . Bavavanywa emva kowe-1917 njengeembali.

Imbali

Ukubuyela kwisitokethi esisebenzayo kwamanye amagama kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezizodwa. Le nto ihlala ivela ngenxa yezinto ezihlukeneyo. Kwimeko apho i-archaization ilawulwa yimithetho yeelwimi kwaye ibonakaliswa kwiinkcukacha ezixhasayo, iifayile eziphumo zibizwa ngokuba yimbali-mlando.

Phakathi kwabo, amagama eengcamango, iziganeko, kunye nezinto eziye zanyamalala ziyahlukahlukana: izixhobo zesikhephe, i-oprichnik, iphoyisa, i-gendarme, i-tutor, i-hussar, i-Bolshevik, i-Institutka, i-requisitioning, i-NEP, i-peasant, i-kulak, i-VKP (b) nabanye. Imbali, njengomthetho, ibonakala njengesiphumo sezizathu eziqhelekileyo: ukuphuhliswa kwemveliso, ukuguqulwa kwezentlalo, ukulungiswa kwempahla yansuku zonke, izixhobo, njl.

Namhlanje inkqubo yesikolo ibandakanya isihloko esithi "Amazwi aseRussia angabikhoyo kwaye aqhelekileyo" (iBakala 6). Nabani na umntu omele azi kakuhle ubuncinci malunga nolwimi lwabo lwendalo, imbali yophuhliso lwayo. Inqaku lethu libhalwa ukwenzela ukwandisa ulwazi lwabafundi malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo zesigama, apho idilesi enkulu yesiRashiya iqulunqwa khona.