Ingongoma ukunyibilika nesalfure. Kofakelo sulphur yokunyibilikisa

Isalfure - omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke ziqhelekileyo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Kaninzi kwenzeka ekwakhiweni kwezimbiwa eziqulathe isinyithi ngaphandle kwakhe. iinkqubo umdla kakhulu yenzeke xa ubushushu abilayo nencopho ukunyibilika nesalfure. Ezi nkqubo kunye nokuphelela enxulumene kwaye yenziwe kweli nqaku. Kodwa kuqala, siye sijonge imbali kokufunyanwa element.

indaba

Kule fomu lomthonyama, kwakunye kwi izimbiwa sulphur kuye kwaziwa ukususela mandulo. Kwimibhalo yesiGrike wachaza ukusebenza ityhefu ze iikhompawundi emzimbeni womntu. Sulphur dioxide zakhutshwa ngexesha ukutshiswa imichiza lwesi sakhi eneneni kuba ezibulalayo ngabantu. Ehlabathini 8 baqalisa ukusebenzisa sulphur e China lokwenza imixube pyrotechnic. Akumangalisi, kuba sohlala kweli lizwe, kukholelwa ukuba kwazo yasungulwa.

Nokuba abantu eYiputa yaMandulo kuye kwaziwa indlela kaJohn ekrwada nesalfure-equlethe esekelwe zezobhedu. Ngoko ke metal kufunxwa. Isalfure baseleyo ngohlobo igesi enetyhefu SO _2.

Nangona eyaziwa amaxesha ukususela mandulo, ukwazi oko kukuthi isalfure, ukuba kubulelwe umsebenzi sisazinzulu French Antuana Lavuaze. Yaba nguye abamisela ukuba ilungu, kunye nemveliso yokutsha wayo - oxides.

Nantsi Imbali emfutshane uthandana amadoda kunye nesiqalelo chemical. Emva koko, siya ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha iinkqubo esivulekayo izibilini umhlaba ekhokelela kuseko sulphur kwifomu apho ngoku.

Njengoko sulphur ibonakala?

Kukho imbono engachananga eqhelekileyo ukuba kaninzi lwesi sakhi ifumaneka nakozalelwe form (oko kukuthi, nyulu). Noko ke, oku akuyonyaniso. Isulfure amaninzi bafumana kunjengoko ukufakwa kwezinye ekrwada.

Okwangoku, kukho iithiyori ezininzi malunga ngemvelaphi eziqalelo ngohlobo olulo enyulu. Bacebise nshita ukuyilwa ores sulphur kunye nexesha apho intersperses. Okokuqala, theory syngenesis kubandakanya ukuyilwa sulphur kunye ores. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ezinye iintsholongwane ezihlala elwandle ziyatyeba, ukunciphisa sulfates ndikho emanzini, ukuya emanzini. Nevuthisayo ngexesha ke, waphakamisa apho ngamanye iintsholongwane oxidized ku nesalfure. Wawa ukuya emazantsi, ugalelwe udaka, yaye ke bobabini kwasekwa nsimbi.

Kakuhle eli ingcamango epigenetic - ukuba sulphur kwi ekrwada kwakheka ngaphakathi kwayo kakhulu. Kukho amasebe eziliqela. Siya kukuxelela kuphela malunga uhlobo yeyona ixhaphakileyo lo mbono. It iqulathe apha ntoni: amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ayahamba na beqokelela ores sulfate natyetyiswa ngabo. Emva koko, edlula kummandla oyile negesi, unako sulfate bancipha emanzini hydrocarbon ngenxa. Emanzini, unyuka usiya wayo oxidized yi ioksijini emoyeni ukuya isalfure, nto leyo lifakwa ematyeni, iikristali. Kutshanje lo mbono ufumene ubungqina ngakumbi nangakumbi, kodwa kusekho umbuzo evulekileyo malunga imichiza lezi zinguquko.

Ukususela inkqubo ngemvelaphi nesalfa nendalo ukuya zokuguqulwa yayo.

Allotropy and polymorphism

Isalfure, njengezinye izinto ezininzi lwezakhi, ikhona kwindalo ngeendlela eziliqela. Xa chemistry, zibizwa nokulungalungiswa allotropic. Kukho sulphur rhombic. Lokunyibilika ngayo ungaphantsi thile kunalowo ukuguqulwa yesibini: monoclinic (112 no 119 degrees Celsius). Kodwa ayashiyana isakhiwo iiseli unit. sulphur Rhombic esixineneyo ngakumbi ukumelana. Kusenokuba ngokutshisa kwi 95 degrees ukuba ibe imilo yesibini - monoclinic. Siye saxubusha element yethu analogue kwi lwezakhi. Polymorphism of isalfure, selenium kunye tellurium, izazinzulu ziye ngazo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Bona babe nolwalamano olusondeleyo kakhulu phakathi kwabo, yaye zonke iimpucuko bakha, efana kakhulu.

Kwaye ke siza kujonga iinkqubo ezenzekayo kwi ukunyibilika nesalfure. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqale, kufuneka ibe uhlobo lwediphu eyaziwa encinane kubume yikristale emkhusaneni e-worldwork theory kunye nesenzeko ezenzeka ngexesha kohlelo yenkqunto.

Yintoni crystal?

Njengoko waziwa, kwi kweziyobisi karhulumente sukube na ngohlobo iimolekyuli (okanye athom) ziya ngokungakhethiyo ihamba emajukujukwini. Le nto ilulwelo amasuntswana yayo zihlelwa kunye, kodwa ngaka eninzi inkululeko intshukumo. Xa urhulumente eqinileyo aggregate wahlukile kancinci. Apha, izinga ukuze kwandisa ukuba ixabiso layo eliphezulu, yaye athom zenza crystal ngekroba. Ngoko, kakade, loo oscillations zenzeke, kodwa babe namandla awo amancinane kakhulu kwaye alikwazi kubizwa ngokuba intshukumo free.

crystal nganye lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ziiseli ezinesiqalelo - Kuqhagamshelwano olunjalo serial-athom ukuba phindwa kuwo ivolyum compound lwesampulu. Apha kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba iseli enjalo - akukho crystal emkhusaneni, uze zicwangciswe le atom kwi amanani ethile umqulu kunokuba kwiindawo zawo. Nganye yikristale, bahlukile, kodwa lungohlulwa lube iintlobo eziphambili (iinkqubo crystal) ngokuxhomekeke geometry: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, tetragonal, ezinamacala, cubic.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokufutshane uhlobo ngalunye iigridi, ngenxa yokuba ukwabelana zenyathi ezimbalwa kakhulu. Kwaye siza kuqala noko nokuba bohluka phakathi kwabo. Okokuqala, oko lulwahlulo ubude emacaleni, yaye okwesibini, i-engile ephakathi kwabo.

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo crystal triclinic, siphantsi zonke, yinto nothango iyevakala (parallelogram) Ashukume ngabo onke amacala nee-engile are lingana. Enye ummeli ebizwa ngokuba syngonies anyuswe - monoclinic. Kukho ezimbombeni zaso ezimbini yeseli degrees 90, kwaye macala onke ubude ezahlukeneyo. Uhlobo elilandelayo enxulumene udidi ephantsi, - inkqubo orthorhombic. Oku kungoku nje inamacala namaqela amathathu ukungalingani kunye namanye, kodwa zonke iimbombo le mifanekiso degrees 90.

Masishukume kwi kudidi eliphakathi. Ke lokuqala ilungu layo - kwenkqubo tetragonal. Apha isifaniso ayikho nzima mabaqashele ukuba zonke eliyi mzobo, yena ulingana degrees 90, kwakunye ezimbini kumacala amathathu iyalingana. Ummeli elandelayo - rhombohedral (trigonal) inkqubo njengekristale. Loo nto inika umdla zonke kancinane ngakumbi. Olu hlobo luchazwe emacaleni ezintathu ncam kunye neekona ezintathu, leyo ilingana phakathi kwabo, kodwa tye.

Le ndlela yokugqibela yi udidi ephakathi - inkqubo ezinamacala amahlanu. Xa njengengcaciso zintsonkotha ngakumbi. Le ngobuwena isekelwe macala ezintathu, ezimbini kuzo bayalingana yaye zenza i engile degrees 120, kwaye elesithathu-moya aa Incopho na kubo. Ukuba uthatha iseli ezintathu-nkqubo ezinamacala uwafake omnye komnye, sifumana itankana noseko amathandathu (nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba unalo igama ezinjalo, kuba "hexa" in Latin lithetha "ezintandathu").

Kodwa eluchochoyini zonke iinkqubo crystal kokuba ulingano kuwo onke amacala - cubic. Yena ke leyo kwelona nqanaba liphezulu kuphela. Apha ungenza nje bana phandle ingachazwa ngayo. Zonke iikona kwaye macala ulingana omnye komnye yaye wakhe ityhubhu.

Ngoko wagqiba uhlahlelo thiyori maqela eziphambili iinkqubo ngumkhenkce, ngoku ke ndithetha ngakumbi isakhiwo iintlobo ngeentlobo isalfure, kunye nezakhiwo ezilandelayo koku.

Indlela emayenziwe ngayo sulphur

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, nesulfure na iinguqulelo ezimbini: monoclinic kunye orthorhombic. Emva kokuba ulwahlulo kunye nethiyori ngokuqinisekileyo kwacaca ukuba ahluke njani. Kodwa yonke into kukuba, ngokuxhomekeke lobushushu lwesakhiwo emkhusaneni ungahluka. Bonke ke inkqubo utshintshwano wenzeka xa ubushushu sulphur yokunyibilikisa sifikelelwe. Emva koko ke crystal emkhusaneni ibhuqiwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye athom zibe ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ukuhambahamba esithubeni.

Kodwa emva isakhiwo kunye neempawu into efana nesalfure. Iimpawu imichiza luxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sabo. Umzekelo, sulphur kwi iimpawu kumandla isakhiwo yikristale unalo impahla ayinto. amasuntswana alo akayi desensitised ngamanzi, yaye unamathele kuye amaqamza abarhuqele kumphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, i-sulphur kunjalo ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise xa emanzini. Oku kubandakanya ezinye iindlela olwahlula element kumxube ilk yakhe. Kwaye ke siza kujonga iindlela ezisisiseko kuveliswe le ezimbaxa.

gesi

Isalfure yalala izimbiwa ezahlukeneyo, yaye ngenxa yoko kubunzulu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuxhomekeka oku, khetha iindlela ezahlukileyo zokulima. Ukuba ubunzulu sincinci kwaye akukho awo irhasi ngaphantsi komhlaba ethintela imveliso, umbandela geni yi indlela evulekileyo: maleko ezicocekileyo zamatye kunye nokufumana esikrwada equlathe isalfure, thumela yona ngokurisayikilisha. Kodwa ukuba ezi zinto zombini azenzeki kwaye kukho ingozi, ngoko usebenzise indlela downhole. Njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuba indawo ukunyibilika nesalfure kuye kwaphunyezwa. Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa ufakelo ekhethekileyo. Izixhobo ukunyibilika block sulphur ngale ndlela kukho unxibelelwano. Kodwa inkqubo -Slightly kamva.

Ngokubanzi, i nezokukhupha sulphur nangayiphi na indlela kukho ingozi ephezulu yityhefu, ngenxa yokuba kaninzi kunye ilale emanzini kunye sulphur dioxide, nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu abantu.

Ukuze siqonde ngcono oko ezilungileyo nezingalunganga lo okanye loo ndlela, jonga ezinye iindlela zokulungisa kakuhle esikrwada nesalfure-equlethe.

gesi

Apha kwakhona, kukho iindlela ezininzi isekelwe ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo iimpawu nesalfure. Phakathi kwazo kukho thermal, utsalo, Steam, kunye nama centrifugal.

Inkoliso yabo kuvavanywa - thermal. Bona isekelwe kwinto yokuba lobushushu yokunyibilika kunye nesalfure nokubilisa ngaphantsi koko ekrwada apho kuyo "exineke". Ingxaki nje kukuba eninzi umbane usetyenzisiwe. Ukugcina lobushushu ngaphambili kwafuneka ukuba angawutshisi nesalfure. Nangona elula le ndlela kuphumelele, kwaye ukulahlekelwa ungaba kuze kwirekhodi 45 ekhulwini.

Nathi kwisebe yophuhliso yezembali, ngoko uqhubeke ukuya indlela zomphunga-manzi. Ngokungafaniyo thermal ezi ndlela nangoku ezisetyenziswa mveliso ezininzi. Okuphoxayo kukuba, ukuba zisekelwe kuyo le ndawo - ngokungafaniyo abilayo kunye zavuleka nesulfure amanani ngokulandelelana umngane iintsimbi. Umahluko kuphela indlela ebanjwe. yonke le nkqubo iya ku autoclaves - kufakelo ezizodwa. Kukho eyondliwe sulphuric ekrwada natyetyiswa eziqulathe ukuya kwi-80% ye-element zaveliswa. Emva koko, waya esisodwa phantsi koxinzelelo zenyuse umphunga eshushu. Iqina ku degrees 130 Celsius, i-sulphur inyibilikiswa kwaye lisuswe kwinkqubo. Kakade ke, kuhlala ebizwa ngokuba imisila - amasuntswana sulphur edada emanzini kuyilwa ngenxa amafu lo mphunga wamanzi. Bona kususwa kwaye kwakhona ukuba, kule nkqubo, njengoko nayo nokubakho kakhulu kuthi into oyifunayo.

Enye yezona ndlela kakhulu kule mihla - icentrifuge. Hi ndlela leyi, waba eRashiya. Ngamafutshane, eli yeyokuba baphele ngumxube sulphur kunye neeminerali, okuhambisana singena ibe icentrifuge kwaye basonta ngesantya esiphezulu. Okuninzi rock enzima ngenxa amandla centrifugal uyabaleka iziko, nesalfure ngokwayo ihlala ngaphezulu. Okulandelayo, ezi zoleko yahlukanisiwe nje enye kwenye.

Kukho enye indlela, nto leyo nayo lisasetyenziswa kwimveliso. It iqulathe esekungcoleni kwezimbiwa sulphur ngokusebenzisa izihluzi ezizodwa.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela kuphela iindlela utsalo thermal ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ingumbandela obalulekileyo kuthi.

Inkqubo kwawe

Study of transfer ubushushu kwi ukunyibilika nesalfure - umbuzo obalulekileyo, kuba yenye yeendlela ezininzi ngokungamoshi nezokukhupha nesiqalelo. Sinako oludibanisa parameters kwenkqubo ngexesha ubushushu, kwaye kufuneka ukuba ukubala udityaniso nesemgangathweni. Kungenxa yoko le nto isifundo wenziwe kobushushu kunye nohlahlelo iimpawu inkqubo sulphur yokunyibilikisa. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi izicwangciso kule nkqubo. Boiler for sulphur yokunyibilika - omnye wabo. Ukulungiswa element efunekayo usebenzisa le mveliso - indlela umncedi. Noko ke, namhlanje kukho unit okukhethekile - unit for block yokunyibilikisa nesalfure. It ngempumelelo isetyenziswe ukuvelisa ukufumana sulphur msulwa eziphakamileyo imali enkulu.

Ngenjongo ngentla ngo-1890 kwemoto ufakelo, nto leyo evumela ukunyibilikisa sulphur kubunzulu kunye ukumpompa kumphezulu isebenzisa umbhobho. isakhiwo yayo ilula kwaye kakuhle uyasebenza: ngemibhobho emibini na omnye komnye. Yi ityhubhu engaphandle ujikeleza esibaselwe ukuya degrees 120 (indawo sulphur yokunyibilika) ngambini. Isiphelo ityhubhu yangaphakathi ufumana ukuze imali ebekiweyo kwento efunekayo kuthi. amanzi shushu, nesulfure uqala ukunyibilika kwaye uye phandle. Yinto elula ngokwaneleyo. Xa version mihla fakelo iqulethe enye ityhubhu: oko ngaphakathi umbhobho isalfure, kwaye phezu kwayo, umoya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zinyibilikile ukuvuka ngokukhawuleza.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi, yaye akukho namnye kubo kufikelelwa lobushushu sulphur yokunyibilikisa. Uvikivwa emhlabeni electrode ezimbini baza babandulula sithethe. Ekubeni nesalfure - a Heating eqhelekileyo, oko akuthethi ukuqhuba umbane kwaye iqalisa ukuba shushu. Ngaloo linyibilike kwaye isebenzisa umbhobho, njengoko kwinkqubo yokuqala sokumpompa phandle. Ukuba ufuna ukuthumela sulphur ukuya sulphuric acid, ngoko ephakamayo ngaphantsi komhlaba, kunye neziphumo irhasi ephumele ngaphandle. dookislyayut aso sulphur oxide (VI), yaye emva koko unyityilikiswa emanzini ukufumana imveliso yokugqibela.

Siye sahlolisisa ukunyibilika isalfure, isityalo ukunyibilika isalfure kunye neendlela zokuvelisa yayo. Ngoku lixesha lokuba ukufumana isizathu sokuba kufuneka iindlela ephucukileyo enjalo. Enyanisweni, uhlalutyo inkqubo inkqubo ephuphumayo yokunyibilikisa isalfure ulawulo lobushushu kufuneka zicocwe kakuhle kwaye usebenzise ngempumelelo imveliso utsalo lokugqibela. Emva nesalfure - omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke gqitha ukuba badlale indima ephambili kwiindawo ezininzi ebomini bethu.

isicelo

Lutho ukuthetha, apho kuyimfuneko iikhompawundi nesalfure. Lula ukuxelela apho azisebenzi. Isalfure na nayiphi irabha kunye zerabha neemveliso, kwi igesi ukuba babezalusa endlwini (apho kuyimfuneko ukuchonga iindawo ezivuzayo xa kuthe leyo). Le mizekelo ngemihla kunye elula. Enyanisweni, izicelo nesalfure abaninzi. Dwelisa zonke nje ngqiqweni. Kodwa ukuba sithe ukwenza oku, kuvela ukuba nesalfure - omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke kakhulu kuluntu.

isiphelo

Kweli nqaku, wafunda indlela ubushushu yokunyibilika yoviwo nesalfure ngaphezu element ibaluleke kangaka kuthi. Ukuba unomdla kule nkqubo kwaye isifundo wayo, mhlawumbi wafunda into entsha. Umzekelo, kusenokuba ingakumbi enyibilikisa nesalfure. Xa kunjalo, akukho mda bafezeke, yaye akukho bani kuthi uya akayi kuthintela iinkqubo ulwazi esivulekayo kolu shishino. Uvumelekile ukuba aqhubeke uphuhliso nezo zobugcisa iinkqubo zemveliso, utsalo kunye nokuqhutywa sulphur kunye nezinye izinto eziqulathwe kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.