Inhlanganisela yeFraseological: imizekelo

I-Phraseology yinto yesibetho sawo wonke umntu ofunda ulwimi lwangaphandle, kuba xa ejongene nabo, umntu kaninzi akakwazi ukuqonda oko kusemgangathweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuze kuqondwe intsingiselo yento ethile, umntu makasebenzise isichazizwi samanyathelo aseburhulumenteni, ekude kusekhona. Nangona kunjalo, kukho indlela yokuphuma - unokuhlakulela ikhono lokubona iinqununu zamagama, ngoko kuya kuba lula ukuqonda intsingiselo yabo. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yale nto kufuneka ufune ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zazo kunye nendlela ezahlukileyo ngayo. Ingqwalasela ngokukodwa kulo mbandela kufuneka inikelelwe kwiincwadana zegama-magama, kuba (ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukileyo zokuhlelwa kwazo) zidala iingxaki ezininzi. Ngoko, yintoni na, zeziphi iimpawu zabo ezahlukileyo kwaye zeziphi izichazi-magama onokuzifumanisa?

I-Phraseology kunye nesifundo sesifundo sayo

Inzululwazi ye-phraseology, ekhethekileyo ekufundeni ukuhlanganiswa okuzinzileyo, kuncinci. Kwiilwimi zesiRashiya, yaqala ukubonakala njengecandelo elithile kwinqanaba leshumi elinesibhozo, nangona ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ngenxa kaMikhail Lomonosov.

Abadumileyo abaphandi babo beelwimi uVictor Vinogradov noNikolai Shansky, nangesiNgesi - A. McKay, W. Weinreich noL. P. Smith. Ngendlela, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba izilimi zengesiNgesi, ngokuchasene neengcali zeSlavic, zihlawule ingqalelo kwiiyunithi zamagama, kwaye isitoko sabo kululwimi luphantsi kweRashiya, isi-Ukrainian okanye iPoland.

Isihloko esiyinhloko, ekufundeni ukuba lolu qeqesho lugxininisa ingqwalasela, kubhekiswa kwintetho yesigidimi okanye ibinzana. Yintoni na? Oku kukudibanisa amagama amaninzi, azinzileyo kwisakhiwo kunye nokubunjwa (akuqulunqwa ngokutsha rhoqo, kodwa asetshenziswe kwifomu esele ilungile). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, xa kuhlaziywa ngokuqulunqwa kwegama-magama, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni nobude bamagama alo, kubonakala ngathi lilungu elinye lesivakalisi.

Ukuguquka kwegama lokubhala ngolwimi ngalunye luyinto eyingqayizivele, enxulumene nembali kunye nenkcubeko. Ayikwazi ukuguqulelwa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa intsingiselo yayo. Ngoko ke, xa uguqulela, okuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswe amagama athetha ngolunye ulwimi.

Umzekelo, inxalenye eyaziwayo yesiNgesi: "Gcina iminwe yakho kwi-pulse", okoqobo ithetha ukuba "gcina iminwe yakho kwi-pulse," kodwa kunengqiqo "ukugcina izinto ezihamba phambili." Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni isiRashiya akukho nekhulu leepesenti elilinganayo, lithatyathwa yinto efanayo efanayo: "Gcina isandla sakho kwi-pulse."

Ngamanye amaxesha, ngenxa yokuvalwa kwamanye amazwe, amazwi afanayo anamazwi abonakalayo kwiilwimi zawo, kwaye akukho nto ingxaki ekuguquleleni. Ngaloo ndlela, inkulumo yaseRussia "ukubetha iibhakethi" (ukuhlala emva) inomzalwana wayo wamawele ngo-Ukrainian - "i-bytyk'stiesties".

Amaxesha amaninzi afanayo athetha ngexesha elifanayo ngeelwimi eziliqela ngenxa yesiganeko esibalulekileyo, umzekelo, njengamaKristu. Ngaphandle kokuba ngamahlelo ahlukeneyo angamaKristu, igama elithi "i-alpha kunye ne-omega" elisetyenziswe eBhayibhileni lisetyenziswe kwisiNgesi, isiFrentshi, iSpanish, isiJamani, iSlovak, isiRashiya nesiPolish kwaye isetshenziselwa ukubhekisela "ukususela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni" (ngokupheleleyo, ngokupheleleyo).

Iintlobo zeempembelelo zegama

Kukwahlula kwegama elithi, ukufika ngoku, iilwimi azizange zifike ngombono omnye. Abanye bangezelele izanelo kubo ("Awukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwelanga, awukwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kokomnandi"), izahluko ("UThixo akayi kunika - ingulube ayiyi kuyidla") kunye nezitampu zolwimi ("ukuxhaswa ngokutsha", "indawo yokusebenza"). Kodwa ngoxa bekuncinci.

Ngeli xesha, eyaziwayo kwiilwimi zaseMpumalanga zaseSlavic zikwahlula iilwimi zikaViktor Vinogradov, owasasaza zonke iintetho ezizinzileyo kwiindidi eziphambili:

• Fraseological fusion.
• Ubunye beFraseological.
• Iincwadana zeFraseological.

Iilwimi ezininzi zihambelanisa ukuhlanganiswa kunye nobunye kunye negama elithi "idiom" (ngendlela, leli gama lusekelwe kwisibizo esithi "idiot") echazwe ngokucacileyo igama elithi nounology. Oku kubangelwa kukuba ngezinye iimeko kunzima ukudweba umgca phakathi kwabo. Eli gama lifanelekile ukukhunjulwa, kuba ngokususela kwisiNgesi, ukuhlanganiswa, ubumbano, idibeneyo iguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo ngoncedo lwayo - iimpawu.

Umbuzo wegama elithi phraseological

Umlingani waseVinogradova uNikolay Shansky wagxininisa ukuba kukho uhlobo lwesine - amazwi. Enyanisweni, wahlula idibaniso zeVinogradov kwiibakala ezimbini: ukudibanisa kunye nokuthetha.

Nangona udidi lweShansky kwaye lukhokelela ekudibaniseni ngokusasazwa kweemeko ezizinzile, kodwa kukuvumela ukuba uqwalasele ngakumbi le ngxaki yeelwimi.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwefusion boxological, ubumbano obunobumba, inhlanganisela yegama

Okokuqala, kuyafaneleka ukuba siqonde ukuba ezi nqanaba ezizinzileyo zahlula ezi ntlobo ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lokuzimela kwezoxanduva lwazo.

Iingqinululo, ezingenakulinganiswa, intsingiselo engayifani nentsingiselo yamacandelo awo, abizwa ngokuba yi-fusionological fusion. Umzekelo: "phucula i-lasas" (khokela ingxoxo engcolileyo), ukumbathisa intliziyo yomntu kwisandla somntu (ngokoqobo kuthetha "ukuthwala intliziyo kwisandla"). Ngendlela, ukudibanisa kufana nokufanekisa, ngokuqhelekileyo kuvela kwintetho yomntu, ngokukodwa ukuthetha okungekho nto okanye kwiincwadi zakudala.

Ubunye beFraseological luhlobo oluzimeleyo, ngokubhekiselele kumacandelo alo. Ngokungafani nokuhlanganiswa, i-semantics yabo ibangelwa intsingiselo yamacandelo abo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, baquka i-puns. Ngokomzekelo: "encinci nakude" (abantu benza into kakuhle, nangona bangenayo idatha engaphandle), okanye i-phraseology yesi-Ukrainian: "katyuzi ngokufanelekileyo" (umenzi wobugwenxa ufumane isohlwayo esifana nesichaso sakhe). Ngendlela, zombini imizekelo ibonisa into ekhethekileyo yobumbano: i-consonance egqityiweyo. Mhlawumbi yeso sizathu sokuba uViktor Vinogradov abe neengcamango kunye neziprofeto kubo, nangona ziphikisana ngamazwi amaninzi ngeelwimi.

Uhlobo lwesithathu: inhlanganisela yamazwi ekhethekileyo yamazwi. Ziyabonakala ngokungafaniyo kwezi zimbini zingentla. Inyani kukuba ukubaluleka kwamacandelo abo kuchaphazela ngqo intsingiselo yerhafu yonke. Umzekelo: "utywala obunzima", "pha kamisa umba."

Inhlanganisela ye-Phraseological ngesiRashiya (njengesi-Ukrainian kunye nesiNgesi) inepropati ekhethekileyo: izakhi zazo zingathatyathwa ngentsingiselo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa intsingiselo: "ukuchukumisa inhlonipho" - "ukuchukumisa inqhayiya", "ukubethezela" - "ukubethelela". Njengomzekelo ovela kwiilwimi zaseBrithani eziziqhenyayo, i-idiom kukubonisa amazinyo, enokuthi ulungelelanise nawuphi na umntu: ukubonakalisa wam (wakho, wakhe, wakhe, wethu) amazinyo.

Iinkcazo ze-Phraseological kunye nokudibanisa: iimpawu ezahlukileyo

Ukwahlula kukaViktor Vinogradov, apho iifom enye yokuhlalutya (inhlanganisela yegama elithi) yahluke ngokubunjwa, yancinwa ngokunyanisekileyo nguNikola Shanskii. Ukuhlukanisa iimpawu kunye nokudibanisa kwakulula (ngenxa yokungafani kwabo kwisakhiwo). Kodwa intsha entsha ye-Shansky - ibinzana ("iingcuka eziyesabayo - kwiintlanga ezingenakuhamba") kwakunzima ukuhlula kwiintlobo.

Kodwa, ukuba ukhangela umbuzo, unokubona ukwahlula okucacileyo, okuxhomekeka kwixabiso lentlangano. Ngoko, amagama anamazwi akhululekileyo, epheleleyo enee-semantics ezizimeleyo ("akuyiyo yonke igolide - yiyiphi i-glitters"). Nangona kunjalo, kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo kunye nezivakalisi, zihluke ngokuba zizintlu ezizinzileyo ezingahlelwe ngokubhekiselele kwintsha, kodwa zisetyenzisiwe kwifom elungiselelwe, njengetemplate: "I-raseradish radish is sweet" (i-Ukrainian version "i-radish does not malted").

Inhlanganisela ye-Phraseological ("inika intloko ekunqobeni") isoloko inamagama ambalwa eneentsingiselo ezingenakuguquka ekubunjweni kwayo, ngelixa zonke izicatshulwa zezi binzana zizimeleyo ngokuzimeleyo ("Umntu uvakala ngokuziphakamisa"). Ngendlela, oku kuyingqayizivele eyenza ezinye iilwimi zithandabuze ukuba yiyiphi ibinzana kwiibinzana.

Uluphi udibaniso lwamagama alukho ukuguqulela amagama

Imigaqo ye-Phraseological, ukusuka kwinqanaba lembono, yinto eyingqayizivele: ngakwelinye icala, banayo yonke imiqondiso yegama lokuhlanganiswa, kodwa basondele kwiipropati zabo ngamazwi. Ukwazi le miba, unokufunda ngokulula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa okubhaliweyo kweelwimi, ubunye, i-splices okanye amagama avela kumagama aqhelekileyo.

• Iiyunithi ze-Phraseological, njengeziqendu, ziqulethwe ngamanqaku amaninzi adibaniseneyo, kodwa ngokuthe rhoqo isincoko sabo asikwazi ukugqithisa isantya seentsingiselo zabo. Umzekelo: "balahlekelwa intloko" (yeka ukucinga ngokucokisekileyo) kwaye "ulahlekelwe isikhwama sakho." Amagama abumba i-phraseology aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa ngendlela engokomfanekiso.
• Xa isetyenziswe kwintetho ethethiweyo nangobhaliweyo, ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwegama kwakha ngokutsha rhoqo. Kodwa u manyano kunye nokuxuba kuhlaziywa rhoqo kwifomu egqityiweyo (ebenza ukuba bahambelane neentetho zeenkcazo). Ukuhlanganiswa kwamagama kunye nesibinzana esichazwe ngolu hlobo kumbuzo ngezinye idideko. Umzekelo: "xhoma intloko yakho" (ibuhlungu), nangona i-phraseology, kodwa enye yezinto zayo ziyakwazi ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kwiibinzana eziqhelekileyo: "xhoma ingubo yakho" kwaye "unciphise intloko yakho."
• Inkcazo ye-Phraseological (ngenxa yengqibelelo yentsingiselo yamacandelo ayo) kwiimeko ezininzi zinokuthi zitshintshwe ngokukhuselekileyo kunye negama-igama, elingenakwenziwa ngegama. Umzekelo: inkulumo ethi "umkhonzi uMelpomene" ingatshintshwa ngokulula kwigama elilula "umculi" okanye "umdlali".
• Iifraseologisms azenzi njengezihloko. Ngokomzekelo, i-hydronym "uLwandle Olufileyo" kunye neengqungquthela zegama elithi "ixesha elifileyo" (ixesha elingathandekiyo), "ukulala ngokulinganayo" (ukulala engasetyenzisiweyo).

Ukwahlulelwa kwamacandelo ezinqabileyo ngokuvela

Ukuqwalasela imvelaphi yokuhlanganiswa kwamagama, amagama, ubunye kunye nokuxuba, zinokuhlulwa ngamaqela amaninzi.

• Iintetho ezivela entetho yabantu: "zifike ezinyaweni zakho", "ngaphandle kwenkosi entloko" (isisiphukuphuku), "ngaphandle konyaka ngeveki" (ixesha elifutshane kakhulu).
• Ii-clichés zobuchwephesha, ezathi ziguquke zibe ngamacandelo okubhaliweyo: "omnyama nomhlophe," "uthele amanzi kumatshini," "kwizantya ze-cosmic speed".
• Yaba yimfundiso yecawa yeembali ezidumileyo zembali okanye amaqhawe angabhaliweyo, abalingiswa befilimu: "Into ephambili kukuba i-suit ihleli" ("ii Wizards"), "Sidinga abantu abaninzi" (uMnu. Zhvanetsky), ndiphupha (uMartin Luther King).
• Ukudibanisa amagama aseburhulumenteni, ebolekwe kwezinye iilwimi, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kokuguqulelwa. Umzekelo: o i-tempora, o ores (malunga namaxesha, malunga namasiko), i-carpe diem (ubambe umzuzu), i-tempus vulnera sanat (ixesha liphilisa amanxeba).
• Iingcaphuno ezivela eBhayibhileni: "ukuphosa ubuhlalu" (ukuxelela / ukubonisa into kubantu abaphulaphuliyo / ababukeli), "ulinde ukufika kweyesibini" (ulinde into ethile ixesha elide kwaye mhlawumbi lingenanto), "unyana ongekhohlisayo", "imana yezulu".
• Iincwadi ezivela kwiincwadi zakudala: "i-aple yokungahambelani" (umxholo ophathelene nokuphikisana), "izipho zamaDanaites" (ububi obubangelwa yimaski yezinto ezilungileyo), "ukukhangela kweMedusa" (into eyenza unqabile endaweni, njengelitye).

Ezinye izigaba: uguqulelo lukaPeter Dudik

• Ukongeza kwiVinogradov naseShansky, ezinye iilwimi zazama ukuhlula i-phraseology, ekhokelwa yimigaqo yawo. Ngoko, iilwimi zamaDudik zikhethile ezi-ezine kodwa zintlanu zeengqungquthela zegama:
• Iimpawu ezingabonakaliyo: "ukuba ube ngumlenze omfutshane" (kufuphi nomntu owaziyo).
• Ubunye be-Phraseological kunye ne-semantics ekhululekile yezinto ezizimeleyo: "Thambisa intamo yakho" (ujezise umntu).
• Iinkcazo ze-Phraseological, ezipheleleyo ngamazwi azimeleyo, kwixabiso elipheleleyo elingenakukhethwa igama. Kubo, iDudik ngokubhekiselele kubhekisela izaga kunye neengcamango: "Ingulube ye-goose ayiyena umhlobo."
• Inhlanganisela ye-Phraseological ibinzana elisusela kwiingcamango zesigama: "igazi le-blue", "i-falcon iso".
• Idibaniso yegama leFraseological. Eyona nto ibonakalisa ukungabikho kobuhlobo kunye nobunye bokuhlanganiswa kwamacandelo: "enkulu tsatsa."

Ukwahlulelwa ngu-Igor Melchuk

Ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi ngasentla, ukuhlelwa kwee-unitological units zeMelchuk kuyafaneleka. Ngokwalo, zininzi iintlobo zabelwe, ezahlula zibe ziindidi ezine.

• I-Degree: igqibe, i-semifrazen, i-quasi-free.
• Indima yezinto ezinzulu zokubumba ekubunjweni kwegama elithi: i-semantic ne-pragmatems.
• Yiyiphi iyunithi yolwimi: i-lexeme, ibinzana, ibinzana elithethayo.
• Icandelo lomqondiso weelwimi oye wafumana ibinzana: isalathisi sokwenziwa komsebenzi, intsingiselo kwaye ibonakalise.

Ukwahlula kukaBoris Larin

Olu lwimi lusetyenzisela ukuhlanganiswa okuzinzile kwamagama ngokwemiqathango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukusuka kwiibakala eziqhelekileyo ukuya kwiiyunithi zegama:

• Imirhumo yehlanganisi yegama (i-analog yokudibanisa kunye namagama): "Ixesha le-velvet".
• Abo balahlekelwa yintsimi yabo ebalulekileyo, kodwa bangafumana ukufanelana nokuzimela: "Gcina ilitye esifubeni sakho".
• Idioms ngokupheleleyo ayinayo i-independence semantic yabo, kwaye ilahlekile ukudibanisa nencazelo yazo yokuqala kunye negalelo yegrama (efana ne-fusion and unity): "ngaphandle kwemisonto eluhlaza" (kakubi).

Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yokudibanisa amagama

Ngezantsi zimbalwa eziqhelekileyo ezaziwa kakuhle.

• "Ukuze ungabi lula" (ukuziva ungakhululekile).
• "Amehlo amdaka" (ehlazo).
• "Ukulwa" (ukunqoba umntu).
• "Umcimbi obuhlungu" (ingxaki efuna ukucingisisa).

Nangona i-classification yeVinogradov ne-Shansky ayisetyenzisiweyo kwiimpawu zelwimi lwesiNgesi, umntu unokukhetha imigaqo ezinzileyo ezinokuthi zibekwe njengezidibaniso zegama.
U mzekelo:

• Umhlobo waseBosom - isifuba sesifuba (umhlobo wesifuba - isifuba somntu).
• Umsebenzi weSisyfean (abasebenzi baseSisyphean).
• Imfazwe eqingqiweyo-imfazwe enobukrakra.

Izichazizwi zeFraseological

Inani elikhulu phraseological iiyunithi ukuhlela ngenxa yokuba akukho nalunye kuzo akuthethi ukunika siqinisekiso ngokupheleleyo akukho mpazamo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba yintoni Dictionary unako ukufumana icebiso, ukuba unako ngokuchanileyo angamisela uhlobo phraseologism. Zonke izichazi elolu hlobo yahlulwe lunye kwaye yeelwimi ezininzi. Ezantsi siye waguqulela iincwadi edume olu hlobo, apho unako ukufumana imizekelo amabinzana amisiweyo, aziwayo kakhulu ngolwimi Russian.

• Olunye: "Uqeqesho ebukwini" E. Bystrova; "Ukutshisa isenzi - Dictionary intsomi phraseology" V. Kuzmich; "Isichazi-magama Phraseological of Language Russian" Fedoseev; "Magama Phraseological ulwimi Russian zoncwadi" I. Fedoseyev and "Big sandule-ebukwini" M. Michelson.
• Iilwimi ezininzi: "ebukwini IsiNgesi-Russian" (amashumi amabini amawaka amabinzana iseti) A. Kunin, "Enkulu Polish-Russian, ebukwini Russian-Polish" Yu Lukshina kunye Random House Russian-IsiNgesi Dictionary of Izaci namaqhalo Sofia Lubensk.

Mhlawumbi ukuqaphela ukuba ngamanye amaxesha kunzima nangoko ukwahlula uhlobo fanele a iqhalo othile, esi sihloko ukuze kubonakale kakhulu inzima. Noko ke, akunjalo uMtyholi njengoko ipeyintiweyo. Eyona ndlela iphambili ukuphuhlisa ukukwazi ukufumana udibaniso ekunene amagama phraseological iiyunithi phraseological phakathi kwabanye - ukusebenzisa rhoqo. Kwaye kwimeko iilwimi zasemzini - ukufunda imvelaphi zezi amabinza ukuwakhumbula. Oku kunceda nje kuphela ukufumana kwiimeko kunzima kwixesha elizayo, kodwa kuya kwenza kube yayiyinzwakazi encamisileyo nezengqikelelo.