Ziziphi unyaka kunxulumano Kiev and Novgorod? Ukudibanisa Kiev kunye Novgorod (short)

Ukudibanisa Kiev ne Novgorod, kwenzeka 882, loo nto ithathwa ukuba umhla lokusekwa karhulumente Russian. Oku kufanele kubhekwa umsunguli ka Prince Oleg, ebizwa kube i "zesiprofeto", oko kukuthi prescient elizayo. Waba yokuqala umqokeleli amazwe Russian. Smart, Yomelela, imboni, ngokufanelekileyo ziqukwe kuluhlu iinjengele 100 inkulu ehlabathini.

Lo mthombo wenkcazelo

Ngomhla siyimbali kwimbali karhulumente Russian ngowam ngonyaka 882. I-Union of Kiev kunye Novgorod, ezinkulu ngexesha uphuhliso lwamaziko lorhwebo ezimbini izizwe East Slavic eziphawula isiqalo enkulu impucuko yoqobo kunye banenkcubeko eyahluke mpela. Lo mthombo uphambili iziganeko zembali yamandulo Russian i "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" (i-PVL). Le ingxelo yokuqala. Libizwa ngokuba "umlando abangekaphuhli" okanye "Nestor Chronicle," apho kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba umbhali yomthombo, izazinzulu ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba indela Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor (malunga 1056 - 1114), kukho hagiography enkulu (wezakwalizwi esifunda wemiphefumlo yabenceba) kunye recorder .

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Kulo umlando kwexesha echazwe kwimbali yelizwe Russian ukususela kumaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile ukuya 1117. Ngokutsho IDP, umbutho wabasebenzi kwenzeka e Kiev ne Novgorod ngo-882, elikhokelwa edume Prince Oleg. Kwaoko ke kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya ukuba mbali mihla umngeni yonke into Russia yamandulo. Kodwa kukho into ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi eyamkelekileyo ulwazi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Oleg wayesisalamane Rurik, okanye mandithi umzalwana umfazi wakhe - Efanidy. Emva kokufa Ryurika Oleg yaba umgcini umntwana, Igor, nokuba uvuthwe - ngumlawuli Novgorod. izazinzulu ezininzi alatha yokuba, Novgorod, njengoko enjalo, akazange kubakho ngaloo mihla ngawo. Waye esikhulu mall enqatyisiweyo Ladoga kwi Volkhov River, yaziwa kulo lonke empuma iBaltic. Rurik yokuhlala imi Novgorod yangoku.

I combiner lokuqala amazwe Russian

Apho ke kuloo nqaba ngenkulungwane X Detinets yakhiwa apha, idibanisa kunye zokuhlala emithathu. Kodwa PVL Beka 862 njengoko kumhla ukukhankanywa yokuqala Novgorod, yaye ngowe-1150 kuyo yabhiyozelwa isiseko Russian ngo-2009 Inguqulelo ithandwayo ithi ukuba umzi, ukuba wacelwa ukuba alawule kwafika abemmi Scandinavians apha, imithetho apha, wazala Unyana Rurik kaThixo, eyafa ngo 879. Ngubani weza amandla Voevoda Oleg nangoko ukubefaka abalindi nokomelezwa imida ekhoyo. Ke, kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, waqala ukoyisa yokuhlanganisa kumazwe Russian. yezopolitiko krele kakhulu kwaye kude-obanzi, oze wazimela phantsi kobunkokheli amazwe edibeneyo Novgorod naseKiev, asisoloko wenza kuphela force - Iqhinga kwegazi subordinated yena naseKiev, yaye kamva eConstantinople, ityala kunye nabarhwebi East Slavic sicengo emantla liphakamile.

imfuno engxamisekileyo

Thatha elawula phantse kulo lonke eli lizwe kunye nendlela iimpahla - ke isicombululo efunekayo nengqiqo. Kanye ngamandla, umthetheli nangoko bagqiba ukoyisa ilizwe elele ecaleni kwendlela yorhwebo 'ukusuka Vikings ukuya namaGrike. " Ngokucacileyo, le manyano Oleg of Novgorod kunye Kiev akhawulwe ixesha elide, mhlawumbi ezi zicwangciso ukufwaisha Rurik. Okanye mhlawumbi oko kude kangaka Oleg, ngokuba yenye yemithombo engundoqo kokufumana imali wokulondoloza imali uhulumeni urhwebo. A impahla emhlabeni umendo iirhafu eziphezulu iirhafu. Emva ukuya wasezantsi, enempi 2-eliwaka, Oleg woyisa izizwe Slavic abahlala kweenxweme Dnieper, Pripyat, Bug, Dniester kunye Sozh. Baba drevlyans northerners radzimichy. Phambi Rurik united phantsi kolawulo lwakhe zonke izizwe Finno-Ugric (ukuba baphathwa Tschudi, Mary, Ves), Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichy, okt emantla Mpuma Slavic, leyo kuthiwa yezinye izizwe Slavia. Ngenxa yoko, inani lokuqala Oleg wayeza ukwandisa imida yelizwe Russian. Nokuqinisa. Yonke endleleni Wawakha loo mzi, inqaba.

nembuyiselo

Ukudibanisa Kiev and Novgorod yayiyilwe yi Oleg bunenjongo omnye - wayefuna ukohlwaya usurpers Dir kunye Askold, wangcatshwa ngomnye kumabali Rurik. Ukuya kuloyiso eConstantinople, ekuliwa akhuselweyo Kiev zange ayamkele into yokuba igunya Rurik. Abekho usapho njengenkosana, yaye wabanika ilungelo lokufuna ukuba Oleg ukwaliwa kwawo igunya. Besondela kuwo umzi, zephephandaba kunye sezopolitiko balumke Oleg wayengafuni amdaka achitheke igazi amajoni zabo, ebanyanzela ukuba iziko kakuhle enqatyisiweyo, ibekwe entabeni ephakamileyo, nto leyo enza inqaba soyiswe. Oleg sengathi Varangian merchant. Amajoni walala phezu emazantsi ehlasela, phezu kwabo zigqunywe iingxowa kwempahla. Le ke abanini umzi, Askold kunye Dir, weza pier ukukhetha ezona nebiziswa ngabathengisi, ukuqokelela irhafu ukuba imvume ukuqhubeka kwi Dnieper River ukuya elwandle. Bona zafakwa wabulawa, wangcwatyelwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

uzowenza krele

Ke ngoko lo umanyano of Kiev kunye Novgorod phantsi enye indoda - Prince Oleg, ngubani ngoko nangoko benza ukomeleza isixeko oyiswe. Ukuba baya kungena kuwo umzi, ngokutsho legend, ebizwa Kiev i "unina izixeko Russian." Oleg wayefuna ukwenza le dolophu ikomkhulu nokuxhasa indawo yakhe apha. Kakade ke, Kiev akazange ayeke. Kodwa ke Oleg wenza ngobulumko kakhulu. Ezinye izizwe (drevlyans zikhankanywe ngasentla, northerners radzimichy) wajoyina eRashiya, sibakhulule yokunika imbeko eqolo i Khazar Khanate. Territory subject Oleg waba igunya namandla, nto leyo aphawula ukuqala ukubunjwa lombutho Kiev ne Novgorod. Unyaka isithethe nyaka 882 uthathwa ekuqaleni karhulumente Russian.

"Ngaba ukuziphindezela kuba ngongenangqiqo Khazars"

Enye into enkulu Oleg kukuba kuqala wambetha ngesibetho onamandla umhlaseli - i Khazar Khanate, ukugrogrisa ngeenxa zonke. Xa esiprofeto Oleg wayesiya "ukuziphindezela ngqiqweni Khazars", ngecala kwakukho Pechenegs, yaye kwicala eentshaba - i Magyars, owathi, ephethe iilahleko ezinkulu, kwanyanzeleka ukuba abaleke ukuze Karpaty. umkhosi Russian waba gidi.

Kwaye ke ekuqaleni konke oku oko kwenzeka kunyaka 882 manyano of Kiev kunye Novgorod. Zahamba kakuhle ukuba inzuzo ngenxa yokuba Kiev inqanaba impucuko ngaphezulu kancinci - kukho yezandla aphuhliswe ngokunzima, imisebenzi, umsebenzi ofanayo, kunye nenkcubeko. karhulumente ehlanganisiwe enziwe isilo kwizinga kwenkunzi yexesha elizayo. amandla entsha enkulu kamva igama Rus. Oleg and Igor abakhula ukukholelwa kumandla komkhosi wakhe.

"Ikhaka lakho kumasango baseConstantinople"

Oleg waye umlo yesithathu ekuyekeni ukuhlawula irhafu eConstantinople kunye nesiphelo kuluncedo kakhulu ukuba izivumelwano ezintsha karhulumente kunye namaGrike. Abarhwebi musa ahlawule imirhumo eqolo ngakumbi. Mhlawumbi kwaba kuphela kuba Oleg wesiprofeto kumanyana phantsi kolawulo lwakhe amabini Russian Centre State - Kiev ne Novgorod.

Ukongeza, Kiev yaba kwesango ukuya baseByzantium uBukhosi, ngelo xesha yaba liziko inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko, kunye axhome kakhulu umgangatho impucuko welizwe zonke eYurophu. Ukusayinwa zezivumelwano uxolo kuloo ilizwe, Kakade ke, ezandleni Russia. Sung AS Pushkin, umthetheli omkhulu Oleg ebethelelwe ikhaka emasangweni eConstantinople (eConstantinople), loo mzi oyiswe. Loo impumelelo, akazange ange yenziwe, uye asenze Union of Kiev kunye Novgorod. Unyaka lo mnyhadala mkhulu uya kuphila ngonaphakade encwadini yeembali kwimbali Russian. Ixesha lokusekwa karhulumente yamandulo Russian lu dityanisiwe amagama Oleg Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav. Kievan Rus kwi kwincopho ngexesha layo awuthimba intsimi, ezimbalwa ukuya ngasentshona kunye ziimbaxa ye Dniester Vistula omlambo iVolga kwi empumalanga, i Taman Peninsula emzantsi kunye efikelela kuyo Northern Dvina River ukuya emntla. Ukudalwa karhulumente enkulu kangaka eMpuma Yurophu kwaba yeemanyano Novgorod naseKiev xa Oleg.

nokusombulula iingxaki Complex

Kakade ke, kuphela kuthinjwe Kiev ingaba owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo. Urhulumente omtsha yaba neNgonyama ekuqaleni bondage, leyo umi intloko yomphathi yedwa, kanzulu ezandleni zakhe zonke amandla. Namali egcwele irhafu ngenxa ikakhulu iirhafu kwizizwana oyiswe. Ukungeniswa izizwe ezingabamelwane lunika isisombululo ezininzi iingxaki - sehlile kuphangwa, ukwanda ngeniso ebuncwaneni, abarhwebi kwempahla emsebenzini-free, nayo nelenyuse amandla lizwe ekugqibeleni. Isisombululo kule ngxaki phezu emagxeni siqinile kuphela, nto leyo aphawula ukuqala wokuzalwa kweManyano Novgorod kunye Kiev. Umhla, xabiso lazo elo ke kunzima ukuba zazi, wadlala indima enkulu ukuyilwa lwelizwe lethu. Kwaba lelo xesha ke iimfazwe zamakhaya, kwaye ukuwa igunya ibe izilawuli ezincinane, kodwa urhulumente ukuba esele zikhona ngaphambili, wadla ubomi, bemanyene ebusweni yotshaba zimoyise kuzo zonke iimfazwe. Lo ngumongo Russia, oku sengqondo wayo, nto leyo isethi yengqondo, uvakalelo nenkcubeko. Waya kwinzala Varangian abalindi Oleg, yihla ngasentla eConstantinople waza wayoyisa.

ingcaciso emfutshane

Ukudibanisa Kiev and Novgorod zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane ezichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-879, Rurik amandla ocande ezandleni zakhe umkhathaleli kunye nonyana usana Igor umntakwabo-in. Voivod Oleg, ofumana izintso iminyaka emithathu ukomeleza ukuxhobisa ilizwe wemka emva kokuba umfi. Emva koko, nge okulwa baqeqeshwe kakuhle, amandla ezibe uNorman okulwa, yena waya ngasezantsi ukoyisa emhlabeni, ekukhethwa ukuba bonke, elele ecaleni kwendlela yorhwebo 'ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda ", yaye ngaloo ndlela lulekani abarhwebi kunye lizwe ekuhlawuleni ezimpawu eqolo impahla zangeniswa. Kiev, edulusele endleleni, ngathi eConstantinople waye vzimatelyami lerhafu ibalulekileyo.