Yak-1: inkcazelo, iinkcukacha, ngemidlalo ukuguqulwa

Yak-1 - a eSoviet ukulwa moya kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yaba alwayo isithuthi yokuqala, ezenzelwe kwi Yakovlev Design Bureau, kwaye kuthotho lokuqala moya imodeli, ezaba sisiseko moya umlweli yiSoviet kwesesibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. Makhe uqhelane kunye kwimbali Yak-1 kunye parameters zayo zobugcisa!

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Yak-1 moya baye baba yiSoviet Union ngo-1940. Kwiminyaka emine yemveliso yakhiwa iikopi phantse 9000 of ukulwa nokulungalungiswa ezimbalwa eyenzelwe. Ekuqaleni, imveliso inkampani zalungelelaniswa Friend ngexesha isakhelo, ekhokelela eziliqela iimpazamo kule ngesakhiwo moya. Noko ke, bendiza babemthanda gqitha walo mlweli. Wayebetha utshaba kunye iintsuku zokuqala Second World War. Lo moya hlukile ifuna ukulungiswa engephi, lula ukusebenza kunye namaziko asebenza kwizinga eliphezulu neempawu, sibonga ngalo yena qha ingxaki langutane Fighters German kunye Bf.109 Fw.190.

Ukongeza eSoviet pilot-ACE edume Pokryshkina Alexander Ivanovich, imodeli iinqwelo-Yak-1 lwaqalwa yi yabaqhubi abaziwayo ezifana Aleksey Alelyukhin, igqwirha kunye Ahmed Khan Sultan. Yiyo le inqwelomoya ukulwa miqondiso webutho, "Normandie-Niemen". Ukongeza, ukulwa walwa nje ibutho noyinkazana i-Red Army.

IMVELAPHI OF THE

Ngasekupheleni-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, mlweli fleet yiSoviet waqala ukuswela yokubuyekeza. ilizwe kufuneka ukulwa entsha wayeyindoda ubuncinane elilinganayo ukuxhathisa noogxa bamanye amazwe. Lo moya I-16 yaba "inkwenkwezi" phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-40, kwaye eSoviet Union - urhulumente wokuqala ukuba amkele i-high speed monoplane mbono. Kangangexesha elide I-16 wayeyinkokeli lokwenyaniso esibhakabhakeni iSpanish, ngoxa ngowe-1937, akukho ethunyelweyo moya omtsha German Bf.109. Kakade ke, la manqaku yokuqala Fighters zaseJamani zazingentle, kodwa baba maxesha resource enkulu, nto leyo ke aziwa yiSoviet sele iphelelwe. Ngaloo mihla, eyama waqala ukuphuhlisa ngesantya esikhulu, yaye moya, wadala kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, ngoku Yokuqinisekisa.

design

Umsebenzi ekudalweni ukulwa omtsha yiSoviet yaqala ngo-ofisi kuyilo ezininzi: Yakovlev kunye Lavochkin Polikarpov. Ngowe-1940, le yokugqibela bababamba KB kunye kuyilo Sekukancinane-moya, leyo kamva ngokuba MIG-1.

Ngelo xesha, iinkokheli yiSoviet Air Force wayesele ndaqonda ukuba inkcaso engundoqo emoyeni ye elizayo luya kuqhubeka ngokugabadelayo, ngoko abayili kwafuneka ukudala ukulwa ukuba kakuhle kuyabonakala ezinobude kwama 5,000 kweemitha. moya kwixesha elizayo ibikukuphuhlisa / h 600 km Isantya 11-12 km abe nophahla esebenzayo bahlasele km 600.

Ngelo xesha, enye yezona ngxaki kakhulu kushishino moya eSoviet baba iinjini, nangoncedo owawa kakhulu phambi kokuba imfazwe. Enye nzima yaba ukunqongophala duralumin. Imali esisiseko yale izinto waya ukuveliswa ekuhlaseleni, ngoko ke abayili umlweli attack moya kwafuneka ukuba Asebenzise ixesha labo yokusebenza ngamaplanga, iinkuni kunye ngelaphu.

Design Bureau Aleksandra Yakovleva wayethabathe kulwenziwo ukulwa emva ngoMeyi 1939. Ngaphambili, oko inxaxheba kwezemidlalo kunye moya noqeqesho. Sakha imoto entsha esekelwe phezu imodeli Sport I-7. iinzame Design kwenziwa kwi-mveliso № 115.

karma kwase ogama I-26. January 13, 1940 wenza ngomoya wakhe wokuqala. Ukulinga uMthetho umlweli entsha yanikwa umsebenzi ukuvavanya pilot Yu. I. Piontkovskomu. Lo moya yokuqala yaba yimpumelelo, kwaye eyesibini kwakhokelela kwengozi, ngenxa apho umqhubi wabulawa, yaye yimoto. Kwaba kamva watyhila ukuba unobangela wengozi waba siphene lokuvelisa. Nangona le ngozi, akukho namnye ayithandabuze into yokuba moya Yakovlev ufanelwe ingqalelo. Ngenxa yoko, kwanangaphambi kokuba iimvavanyo imeko mlweli yagqiba ukuba kwimveliso. Ngelo xesha, yena ogama Yak-1.

eyayilwa

Enye moya yiSoviet we II, leyo wathabatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano pre-imfazwe, isiphelo waba ngendlela enika umdla. Bonke bephela kwamkelwa kwaye ufake imveliso mass. Noko ke, le mfazwe uzinikele zonke izinto endaweni yayo.

Mig-1 uye wazibonakalisa kakuhle nomphakamo ongaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezintlanu. amadabi Main efanayo ngaphambili iSoviet-German engaphantsi kakhulu. Ukongeza, imoto izikhali kancinane. Kungekudala ethatyathwe kwemveliso, kunye moya ezakhiwa kwiCEMIS ukuziphendulela.

Indlela ezontathu LaGG waba mfutshane. Imoto yakhiwa ngokupheleleyo iinkuni, nto leyo iba nefuthe elibi kwi ubunzima yakhe. Iimpawu ze-moya sashiya kakhulu ukuba ezinqwenelekayo. Ekugqibeleni, inkokheli bayalelwa ukuba bayeke imveliso-moya kunye ukudlulisela amandla kukhululwa kaYakobi.

production

Ngelo xesha xa moya aqalisa ukuvelisa ezentengiso, ikhula eYurophu War. Ngenxa rush moya Abakhi "ekrwada", ngoko ngqo kwinkqubo yemveliso kuyilo baye benza uhlengahlengiso. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kwimizobo rhoqo utshintsho, ukudalwa izixhobo ezitsha, yaye kwezinye iimeko ngokupheleleyo kwakhona amacandelo igqityiwe kunye neendibano. Ngaba ezi nzame ziye ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eziphathelele kwinkqubo oyile kunye noyilo kwisisu semoto, nto leyo ebilayo ngexesha unyathela. I-kulungelelana omhle kwakhona kwakufuneka inkqubo air fighter, injini yayo kwezikhali.

Ekwindla yokuqala 1940 nebhetshi yokuqala ezontathu Yak-1 ligqithise, olu sapho lwaluquka ezili-10, nto leyo ngoko nangoko waya iimvavanyo emkhosini. Ngomhla we-7 Novemba kulo nyaka, abalwa ezintlanu wathabatha inxaxheba umbukiso, olwabanjwa ngomhla Red Square. Xa izityalo Okwa ti ukulungiselelwa swing moya ngokupheleleyo kunye imigqaliselo afunyenwe kwiimvavanyo. Xa zizonke, ukususela ngoJuni 1940 ukuya kuJanuwari 1941, 7000 utshintsho kwenziwa ngemizobo moya.

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ezi mveliso Soviet likwazile ukwenza iikopi kancinane ngaphezulu kwe ezine mlweli Yak-1, kodwa hayi zonke emkhosini. Kuphela inxalenye yabaqhubi moya eveliswe kahle izithili zomkhosi yasentshona. wokuqala Unyaka isiqingatha yemfazwe, indiza ngokuqinisekileyo mlweli best eSoviet. Engafani design elula, ixabiso eliphantsi, lula ukusebenza, parameters zentsebenzo kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla. Production lalonyukile ngo-1942, apho 3.5 amawaka moya zaye zaveliswa.

Production yagqitywa ehlotyeni ka-1944, kunye nokusebenza kwaqhubeka de ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Yak-1B

Ngehlobo lowe-1942 laphehlelelwa ukuveliswa ukuguqulwa fighter yokuqala, wafumana isalathisi "1B". Ukusuka kuguqulelo ezingundoqo, oko sele injini enamandla ngakumbi uphawu M-105PF. Kunye ukulwa powerplant entsha ekhawulezayo phantse ukuya ku-600 km / h kwaye kwenza ithuba kwimizuzwana-19. Ukongeza, iingalo moya zilamkele utshintsho. axhobe umlweli ezimbini zeesekethe 20 ezinga- kunaso ShVAK kunye-12.7 mm imipu machine UB.

Inguqulelo zaphuculwa-moya lwanikwa ithuba ukujongana ngokwaneleyo iinguqulelo ezintsha zala umlweli German Me-109. Xa imfazwe-moya tye utshaba eSoviet kunabanye, yaye nkqo - a uncitshiswe kancinane kuye. Ukongeza kwezi phuculo, moya wafumana lantern entsha, sibonelela ngombono ezilungileyo ngasemva ikhweyitha kunye negilasi ngaphambili vehicles.

Yak-1m

NgoNovemba 1942, Yakovlev ukuqala umsebenzi nokudalwa nomatshini uya kulwa nazo zonke iindidi mlilo German. Ukusuka ezi ngcamango, uyilo lokuqala Yak-1 yathotyelwa kwimeko uhlaziyo enkulu. nekopi yokuqala ye-Yak-1m yakhiwa ngo-15 Februwari 1943. Ukusuka imodeli yemveliso sasahluke ikakhulu nokuphungulwa scale (9.2 m) kunye indawo nephiko (14,83m). Esebenzisa uthotho lwamanyathelo noshowo (ukunciphisa inani lamatanki amafutha, ukunciphisa ummandla umsila, njl) ubunzima moya moya lancipha ukuya 230 kg. Ngaphezu koko, ngokudlulisa ezibandayo oyile, ukuphucula iindlela yangaphandle isicelo vodoradiatora imibhobho zeemoto ngamnye isilinda ngalinye injini, lo moya ukumelana ashukimisayo kunciphisa kakhulu, kwaye isantya nokwanda. Ngenxa iinguqu ezininzi kuyilo ukuya imodeli moya ngakumbi ngathi Yak-3 (-moya series elandelayo), kunokuba uguqulelo zalo ezisisiseko.

design

Yak-1 yakhiwa loqwalaselo eziqhelekileyo ashukimisayo yaye amelwe monoplane achazayo wesiqingatha-monocoque fuselage kunye nelungiselelo iphiko ophantsi. gear kokwehla retracts zesanda.

Sakhiwo engumxube, njengoko kunjalo izinto ngenkcenkce, iinkuni kunye ngeqhiya. Ibhola isakhelo fuselage sakhiwa Imibhobho ephakathi yentsimbi welding kunye kwiyuniti enye kwisakhelo motor. izinto yayo ezi-4 Spar kwii izakhelo elinesibini. Phakathi izakhelo ezimbini zokuqala ibekwe moya. Nazi ke ngamakhonkco anxibelelanisa le fuselage namaphiko. Isakhelo semithi yi welding, ukuya spars eliphezulu.

Umphambili inxalenye moya lowo alekwe duralumin, yaye umva - ngeqhiya. Xa isaphetha ukwesona ibekwe ukuba ukuguqulwa wokuqala icala "iigilizi" ihlanjululwe powertrain.

Ezomva ababelwa kwi fuselage, phezulu nasezantsi ziyaxhonywa fairing ukuphucula ashukimisayo iparameters yayo. Le fairing eliphezulu izidanga, iye yaba luphawu uphawu imbonakalo yangaphandle ye-Yak-1. Kwiinguqulelo koko kuyasetyenzwa yayo, ukuphucula ukubonakala pilot ikhweyitha diff.

amaphiko umlweli Trapezoid zazenziwe ngamaplanga. ifreyim Power iphiko yayiquka Spar ezimbini kunye iseti iimbambo kunye stringers.

amaphiko Bakelite alekwe ngamaplanga kunye ngelaphu. Nezakhelo ailerons, beziya, fairings izixhobo indiza kunye namakhaka amaphiko zazenziwe duralumin. Empennage-moya nayo isakhiwo mixed: le isiqu kunye somfanekiso eyenziwe ngomthi, bekwilift nokujikeleziswa - ukusuka duralumin.

Ndlwana yi Plexiglas lantern evaliweyo, umndilili apho ishenxiselwe yi Polozkov okhethekileyo eyadlulayo. esihlalweni pilot ngentombi 9-nawethu bronespinkoy. Esihlalweni waba sisitya ukuba iparashute. Ukulungiswa esandukubakho imifuziselo bebexhotyiswa kunye nenkqubo isibane ukubhobhoza likaxakeka ovumela pilot ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza umatshini ekulweni.

Umlweli waba Cyber ebikhona nezixhobo, leyo uxhomekeke imilenze amabini ivili enye nomsila. Kwisisu semoto yafakwa i ukunceda ioli-moya kunye neziqhoboshi air igubu. Kwisisu semoto lahlanzwa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo womoya. A niche apho ibekwe, ngexesha esemoyeni yavalwa ezibini. Ngaphandle kwisisu semoto ngokwesiqhelo kwi-moya angabekwa izixhobo elakhiwe ski.

izixhobo

Lo matshini wenziwa utyando kwi-injini M-105P kunye lungapholi ngamanzi. Kwiinguqulelo kamva, oko latshintshelwa a iinjini ezinamandla ngakumbi M-105Pa kunye M-105PF. Lo moya mayixhotyiswe elijikelezayo blade emithathu kwinowuthi variable. Ku tshame phambi ngokulula asuswayo ukupheka zihambe. zikarhulumente kulawulwa kweekhebhile. Ukuqala powerplant eveliswe yi umoya.

inkqubo kwamafutha yayiquka amatanki ezine, umthamo opheleleyo 408 iilitha. Bonke bephela babekwa emaphikweni emotweni. Kuba fuel ubonelelo iposelwe impompo yamafutha eliqhutywa yi-injini eziphambili. Le nkqubo amafutha itanki ilitha-37. Radiator sokwehlisa yafakwa kwitonela ekhethekileyo phantsi iyunithi amandla mbono.

Moya yafakwa i altimeter, isantya, isibonisi pressurization, nesalathisi ukujika, umenzi woluvo lobushushu njengesipholisi kunye clock ABP. Kwezixhobo zerediyo, umatshini mayixhotyiswe akwamkele "Baby," Gazi "Yokhozi" kunye radiopolukompasom.

izikhali

Njengoko i kwezikhali moya Aleksandra Yakovleva wafumana 20-ezinga- kunaso ShVAK kunye iperi 7.92-millimitha imipu umatshini ShKAS. Umpu lowo shelwe ukuwa motor. Yena atolwe shaft usikrobana jija isikhonkwane kunye gear emkhonweni. guns Machine babekwa ngaphezu injini, kwicala ngalinye fuselage. Ukuba nokwenzeka ngembumbulu iwile Screw sisusiwe ngokusebenzisa le synchronizer. Cannon kunye umatshini nemipu kufuneka agcwalisiwe zombini ngesandla kwaye ngokusebenzisa actuator womoya. Nezikhali gun iqulathe sigade, umonakalo, kwemijikelo tracer weentonga lihlaba kunye abalibona.

ukulwa operation

Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II-injini enye karma moya Yak-1 yaba mlweli intle Red Army. Ingxaki engundoqo enxulumene ukusebenza-moya - yayo kakuhle equlunqiweyo inxalenye abasebenzi. Le moto entsha bavela kwiindawo nje kwiinyanga ezimbalwa phambi kokuba kuqale ukusebenza. Bandisa kwanyanzeleka ukuba baphinde bafunde ngqo ngethuba amadabi.

Le ndiza lula ukusebenza kunye "lula" ukuba bendiza. Kuba abo wakwazi ukubhabha I-16, izitulo kwi-Yak-1, yaba sisiganeko ngokwenene. pilot test, emva kokuba moya wokuqala, babhala kwisigqibo sokuba matshini iyafumaneka ukuba umqhubi kunye neziqinisekiso ngezantsi avareji. Kodwa ke, yenye into ukukhulisela ukulwa emoyeni bayibeka emhlabeni, kwaye enye - ukuba alwe enye ababelwa ilungileyo Second World War, i-German bf-109. Umfuziselo lokuqala Yak-1 baba nzima kakhulu ngaphezu i moya utshaba kwaye injini enamandla kangako. Ngenxa yoko, baphulukana kumdlali welinye icala ngesantya kunye nezinga kokwenyuka. Ukongeza, le umlweli yokuqala Soviet yayineqela kwezifo "ebuntwaneni", ityala apho i ngobungxamo kwimveliso.

Ingxaki zobugcisa engundoqo ye-Yak-1:

1. Nobushushu amanzi kunye neeoyile, kunye injini ngamandla incopho. Ioli lichaphazela ngokusebenzisa amatywina ezimbi. Amafutha olitshizayo kuphela fuselage, kodwa angcolise ubungangamsha isigubungelo, lokuvala uphononongo lokulinga. Ukongeza, ngenxa naseolini ukuvuza motor ingaba shushu ngokugqithisileyo, ngoko umqhubi kwafuneka ukuba isantya aphole. Xa iimeko yokulwa, oko kunokukhokelela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
2. uphuhliso olungalinganiyo kwamatanki amafutha ezahlukeneyo.
3. Ukuvuza kwenkqubo ukuyilandela.
4. Jamming kunye ukungalungelelani iCartridge namabhanti umpu.
5. Samovyvorachivanie ngezikhonkwane ngenxa lokungcangcazela ngokugqithiseleyo.
6. De 1942, lo moya khange mayixhotyiswe uma u-ova.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mlweli salahlekelwa ngxaki zichazwe ngentla apha, kodwa nabaqhubi ezininzi kuba kwakufuneka ukuhlawula kunye nobomi babo. Ngokuphandle ethetha, i-Yak-1, uphononongo apho siba, yavuma kulo lonke izilwi imfazwe waseJamani, yaye inguqulelo kamva-moya ingagqitha bangi. Apha kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba sisiphumo air idabi kusoloko kuxhomekeke kungekhona iimpawu-moya, yaye izakhono labaqhubi kunye nokubalwa elaneleyo namandla. Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, nabaqhubi Soviet kwakukho iingxaki ezinkulu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha bafumane amava kunye baphumeza iziphiwo zabo ngokupheleleyo.

Xa ezinjalo iingxabano ezinkulu-isikali, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela into enye ngaphezulu - ukukwazi ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokulahlekelwa izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi kubaluleke ngaphezu imfezeko zobugcisa buciko. Kule nkalo, i-USSR waba ukuphakama iyonke. Kakhulu nenzuzo Kukho amakhulu labaqhubi kunye umlweli elula cheap ngaphandle Aces nedazini resource mbono.

Izinto eziluncedo ze-Yak-1 ekunokuthiwa followingManufacture:

1. I elula lwezizalwane nexabiso eliphantsi;
2. Ukuthobela noseko zobugcisa, ngelo xesha babume USSR.
3. Eyamkelekileyo zobugcisa kunye flight parameters.
4. Easy ukuba ukusebenza kunye nokufikelela pilot abaqeqeshwe inkqubo ekhawulezayo.
5. yotshintsho resource enkulu.
6. Elula maintainability.
7. kwingoma Wide, ukuvumela ukuba usebenzise zokuchopha yakhona.

parameters

iimpawu zobugcisa eziphambili FC-1:

1. Chopho - 10 m.
2. Height - 1.7 m.
3. Ubude - 8,48 m.
4. Wing Area - 17,15 m ^2.
5. Thatha-off ubunzima - 2700 kg.
6. Motor amandla - 1180 l. a.
7. santya siphezulu - 592 km / h.
8. uluhlu Practical - 850 m.
9. nophahla Practical - 10,000 m.
10. Khwela - 926 m / min.
11. Eli qela - 1 mntu.