Yintoni uhulumeni? Ingcaciso imfutshane, iimpawu kunye nengqiqo

Akunjalo lula ukunika impendulo kumbuzo woluphi uhlanga. Incazelo (emfutshane okanye eyandisiwe) yale ngcamango inokukhetha ezininzi. Inzululwazi kwimibhalo yabo ihluke ngokuthe ngqo kwenkcazo yale nqanaba, edlala enye yeyona ndlela ebalulekileyo ebomini yoluntu.

Ngokubanzi, inkcazo emfutshane yombono welizwe kukuququzelela uluntu olunomdla oqhelekileyo, onokuthi ube nensimu ekhethekileyo, inkqubo yolawulo kunye nolawulo olupheleleyo.

Uphi umgaqo "wesizwe" osetyenziswayo?

"State" njengegama elifuna inkcazo, lisetyenziswe kwiimeko ezininzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuku:

• Ubume bezentsebenziswano zomthetho, apho urhulumente ahlala esenza njengento emelekileyo kumntu weemibutho karhulumente;
• Ubume bezobudlelwane bezopolitiko apho umbuso uphantsi kweyona nto ebalulekileyo ekuqulunqeni umveleli wophuhliso loluntu phakathi kwamanqanaba angaphakathi naphandle;
• Udidi lweentlalontle zentlalontle, apho urhulumente anikwe kwakhona inani lemisebenzi ekukhuselweni koluntu kubemi.

Kutheni kungekho ncazelo enye yelizwe?

Naluphi na, yintoni imeko (inqaku elifutshane alikwazi ukuqulethe yonke into ebalulekileyo yale ngcamango), impendulo enganakunakwenzeka ayinakunikwa isayensi.
Akukho nanye, eyaziwayo kuwo onke amasebe ezenzululwazi yenkcazo yegama "likarhulumente". Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe awunamandla kulo mbandela.

I-UN ayinanto enxulumene neendlela ezicetywayo ngaphantsi, kuba kuphela ilizwe elithile liyakwazi ukuqaphela i-state okanye amabhunga ayo olawulo. I-UN ayikho amandla. Yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, enye yeyona ndawo echaphazelekayo nakwiindawo ezinkulu zehlabathi, ngaphandle kwephakheji elifanelekileyo lamagunya okuchonga kumgangatho wezomthetho ukuba yintoni imeko. Ingcamango emfutshane echaza loluhlu njengentlangano ephakamileyo yezopolitiko kuluntu, ekusebenziseni ukulawula, ukulawula nokukhusela izakhiwo zezoqoqosho nezentlalo, inika ingcamango ngokubanzi ukuba yimeko ekhoneni "loluntu" olukhokelayo. Incazelo enjalo icetywayo kwisichazi-magama esichazayo seSkvava ne-Ozhegova.

Iinkcazo zengcamango yombuso ngababhali abahlukeneyo

Ukuqonda ukuba inkcazo emfutshane ifana nengcamango yombuso, kuyimfuneko ukuphendukela kwimithombo yolwazi eyongezelelweyo. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente uyilungiselelo elikhethekileyo lokugcina umthetho kunye nomyalelo. E. Gellner ucinga urhulumente njengoluhlu lwamacandelo enenjongo yodwa ekukhuseleni ukungavumelani. Ukwahlula kwiindawo ezininzi zoluntu zeenkundla, izitho zamapolisa kwaye zikarhulumente ofanayo.

Njengomzekelo wenyaniso yokuba eli gama linentsingiselo eninzi, umntu unokukhumbula esinye isitatimende sikaL. Grinin malunga nokuba yintoni imeko. Incazelo imfutshane, okanye kunoko oko kuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: urhulumente liyunithi yesigxina yezobudlelwane bezopolitiko, emelwe ngamandla kunye nokulawulwa kwabantu, ababiza nje kuphela ukulawula. Ngaphezu koko, ngokubhaliweyo umbhali, ulawulo lwabantu lwenzeka ngaphandle kwayo iminqweno kunye nentando yakhe, ekubeni ebudeni bombuso kuya kubakho ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa.

Akunakwenzeka ukuphosakela kunye neengxelo "zephiko" zeLenin VI. - inkokeli yabantu baseSoviet ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Inkcazo yayo emfutshane ihambelana nombono welizwe, ukuba sicinga ngolu hlobo lokugqibela. Wayekholelwa ukuba urhulumente ngumshini owenzelwe ukunyanzelisa iklasi ephantsi, ukuncedisa eklasini eliphezulu ukugcina bonke abantu kwindawo yokuthobela. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo uLenin wabiza i-state ukuba yintlupheko.

Izwe kunye nombuso: ngaba kukho umehluko?

Imizekelo yokutolika kwalo mbono, ngokucacileyo, ayikwazi ukukhokelela kwingcaciso enye. Mhlawumbi, xa uqonda ezinye iinkalo zemvelaphi yombuso, iintlobo kunye nempawu zayo, kuya kubakho ukufumana impendulo yalo mbuzo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, "urhulumente" kunye "nelizwe" kubonakala njengemigangatho efanayo. Ngaba oku kulungile? Ingaba kukho ulwahlulo, kwaye unomdla? Ukuphendulela kule ndlela yokwenza ngentla, kunokwenzeka ukuba ugxininise into eyona siseko kunye nokubiza ukuba yintoni uhulumeni. Ingcaciso emfutshane iqinisekisa ukuba le nkqubo yezopolitiko eyenziwe kwintsimi ethile. Leli lizwe, kunoko, i-geographical, i nkcubeko, imbali, i-ethnographic concept.

Amazwi okuqala

Kubalulekile ukunyamekela umbuzo wokuba uvelaphi urhulumente, kwaye yintoni na urhulumente. Inkcazo emfutshane yembali yophuhliso loluntu ayinakukufumana. Iingcali zenzululwazi apha nazo azivumelani, ngoko ke akukho mntu unokubiza izizathu ezifanayo zokuvela kwendlela efana noburhulumente. Enyanisweni, ubukho beengcamango ezininzi ziqinisekisa ubungqina obukhulu obwenziwe ngababhali beembali kunye nabagwebi, kodwa akukho nanye yeenguqulelo zokunika ubungqina bokuba "okwenyaniso" sele iphumelele.

Ngokungaqinisekanga kwaye singenakucaciseka singakwazi ukuthetha kuphela malunga neendawo zokuqala ezavela. I-Iraq, iYiputa, iChina, i-Indiya - amazwe anamhlanje anxulumene nexesha lakwaMandulo yaseMpuma Koloni linomlando omdala kunabo bonke. Phakathi kweengcamango zemvelaphi yale mimandla, izikhundla eziphambili zihlala zi:

• Inkokheli yomphathiswa;
• Umbono weTheological ;
• Iingcamango zontrakthi yoluntu ;
• Iingcamango zobundlobongela ;
• Umbono weMarxist.

Umgaqo wolawulo lomthetho

Nangona kunjalo, ukunciphisa ubunzulu bomntu ngamnye kunye, siya kufumana inkcazo ecacileyo yombuso, ngokubhekisele kuyo ukuba ungayithathwa njengoluhlobo olukhethekileyo lwenhlangano yezopolitiko elawula zonke iinkqubo zentlalo ngokubambisana kwintsimi ekhethiweyo. Kuzimeleyo ekusebenzeni kwayo, kwaye ulawulo lusebenza ngokusemgangathweni ngokusemthethweni ngokwemigaqo okanye kwimibono eyodwa.

Kwi-jurisprudence, umntu uvame ukuhlangabezana nombono "wolawulo lomthetho". Inkcazo emfutshane yeli gama inokwenzeka ukuba iqulunqe kuphela emva kokubhengezwa komxholo wangaphakathi kweli candelo.

Iimpawu zolawulo lomthetho

Kwimeko apho ulawulo lwelizwe kunye nayo yonke imisebenzi ilawulwa yimimiselo esemthethweni, imimiselo yomthetho, urhulumente angabizwa ngokuba ngumthetho. Enyanisweni, kukuthotyelwa kunye nokuhlonela ngokungathandabuzeki kwemigaqo yomthetho kunye nomthetho womthetho - ezi zizinto eziphambili zomthetho.

Cinga le ngcamango enjalo ingabikho nje kuphela ekunyanzelweni kwelizwe okanye ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo ethile yomthetho kuphela kwicala eliphantsi. Umbono "wolawulo lomthetho" ungaphinda uguqulelwe njengendlela yokuchaphazela amandla asemthethweni okujoliswe ekugqibeleni ukugqibela kweemimiselo ezisemthethweni eziyimfuneko yokuphunyezwa ngokungqongqo ngabantu bonke.

Ngaphezu koko, kumgaqo womthetho amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yomntu kunye nokuma kommi ngaphezu kwazo zonke kwaye zixabiso eliphambili kuzo zonke iinkalo zobudlelwane bomthetho karhulumente.

Umbuso oManyeneyo: Uchanekileyo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuqwalaselwa kwaloo mbono njengombuso wephondo. Inkcazo emfutshane yale nqununu yenkcazelo iya kunceda ukuphawula iimpawu eziphambili kunye neempawu zolu hlobo loluntu oluluhlula kwiinkqubo ezifanayo.

Amagama amabini angatsholwa ukuba oku kuluhlu lwezopolitiko-uphando olubunzima, oluneendawo ezihlukeneyo zommandla. Ngokungafani nombuso ongahlangeneyo, apho imimandla inegunya elaneleyo kunye ngamanye amaxesha amandla aphantsi, kwiimeko zezemibutho, iiyunithi zolawulo kunye nemimandla zinikezelwa ubuchule obukhulu kunye nokuzimela kulo phantse yonke imiba yobomi bezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo yoluntu.

Iimpawu zombuso wephondo

Iimpawu zobume bombuso karhulumente:

• Ulwahlulo lwentsimi ye-federation kwiiyunithi zolawulo ezahlukeneyo;
• Ilungelo lokufumana izenzo ezisemthethweni zomthetho, umgaqo-siseko ungowesifundo ngasinye somthetho;
• Iyunithi nganye yolawulo-yommandla we-federation ineziko zayo zombuso;
• Ubumi bemihlali abasisigxina kwi-federation inokuphindwa kabini: i-Union yonke kunye nomxholo othile wesigqeba;
• Ipalamente yombuso wombuso ngowona nto ibicameral.

IRashiya yimeko yelizwe. Indawo yecawa ebomini yoluntu

UmGaqo-siseko waseRashiya uthi isimo sethu sizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba icawa iyahlukana nemicimbi yombuso, kwaye akukho nkolo yehlabathi eyenziwa ngabasemagunyeni njengenqununu okanye ngokunyanzeliswayo. Nangona kunjalo, iinkalo ezithile zonqulo kunye nemeko esemthethweni yeecawa kwintsimi yelizwe laseRashiya yanamhlanje zilawulwa ngumthetho ofanelekileyo.

Namhlanje, ngomzekelo waseRussia, kunokwenzeka ukuba ucinge ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yelizwe. Inkcazo emfutshane ithi akukho nto iyakwazi ukuba yiphina igosa, evunywe ngamalungu karhulumente enqulo kwintsimi yelizwe, enyanzelekileyo okanye ekhethwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo icawa iye yaqinisa kakhulu isikhundla sayo kwimeko. Ukubaluleka okuvelisiweyo kunye nenxaxheba ebalulekileyo yenkolo ebomini belizwe kubonakala ngeendlela ezininzi. Oku kulungiswa ngokutsha kunye nokwakhiwa kwamabandla, nokufundisa uluntu ngokusebenzisa amaphephandaba, amaza omsakazo kunye nezibonelelo ze-Intanethi. Ubungqina boBungqina bakhe boBungcwele baseRashiya kwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo kunye neeholide zaseburhulumenteni ezikufutshane neenkokheli zaseburhulumenteni sele sele ziqhelekileyo.

Phakathi koluntu, unokwazi ukubona umsebenzi wokutyelela iicawa, ukuvulwa kwezikolo eziqhelekileyo zonqulo jikelele.