Igazi lomnikelo: izibonelelo tywaleni. Phi kwaye njani ukuba unikele ngegazi

Umnikelo igazi kwanangamacandelo alo - oko kuphela nje ngokuzithandela igazi lomnikelo umntu kwakunye eyahlukeneyo imisebenzi, ezo ezijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni-arhente zokhuseleko kunye nokuthengwa ukuya eziphathekayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe kanjalo ukuba esi senzo ubesoloko ethatha kusetyenziswa ngexesha lemfazwe. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ukuze banikele njani igazi umnikelo, kuyaninqabisa okanye akunjalo, uza kufunda kwezi zinto zokufunda kubonelelwe ngazo nqaku.

Yini?

Igazi ukunikela kuxhaphakile phantse onke amazwe. is he taken ukulungiselela iinjongo zemfundo kunye nophando, kuba imveliso amayeza kunye nezixhobo zonyango. isicelo lwezonyango ngayo izinto ezinjalo kunye kwanangamacandelo alo ezinxulumene nayo nayiphi ukutofelwa ukuba umguli ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango kwakunye ngenxa ngokudala inventri ezinokuthi ezifunekayo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Kutheni ukusebenzisa ethutyana?

Nakuba inkqubela kwezobugcisa kunye ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu yeminikelo wegazi ungalahli ukufaneleka kwayo. Emva lokunye zokwenziwa ityhefu, uneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezininzi, ngokugqith eninzi, ungabi nako ukuvelisa ngokupheleleyo yonke imisebenzi zokufunda emzimbeni. Kulo mba, ukutofelwa igazi kuyinto ebalulekile ubunzima evela walimala nokutsha ngexesha lomsebenzi ezintsonkothileyo, ngokunjalo onzima.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ii-inventri zazo ngezinto ezinjalo kubalulekile ukuba izigulane ezinomhlaza siyagula kunye kubazali kunye nechemotherapy. Ngokutsho manani, wonke ummi yesithathu iplanethi yethu ubuncinane kanye ebomini babo kwegazi. Asinako ngoyaba isibakala sokuba kwilizwe lethu ningaswele kakhulu iimveliso igazi kwanangamacandelo alo (imveliso yasekhaya). Kungenxa yoko le nto kwagqitywa ukuvula inkqubo "inkonzo Igazi" federal, nto leyo efuna ukuba abahlali IsiRashiya ukuya nonremunerated.

Umfuziselo kumazwe ahlukeneyo

Igazi lomnikelo kwi lakrazuka phantse onke amazwe ehlabathini. Ngaphezu koko, abanye babo bade babe logo ahambelanayo. Ngoko ke, kumazwe Nordic wasebenzisa umfanekiso nengcwangube kunye egazi. Bird, nihlinza isifuba sawo ukondla amantshontsho, ufuzisela uthando lokuzincama. ababhali umKristu kuthelekiswa le silwanyana kunye noYesu Kristu, ukuba usindise abantu bonke babingelela ngokwakhe.

ngosuku exhasanayo

Blood umnikelo umnikelo ungayikhetha. Noko ke, umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo imema bonke. Hayi kudala kwagqitywa ukubhengeza Juni 14 njengoko ngoSuku lweHlabathi lwe abanikelayo. Olu suku ndiyinyule kwasekwa imibutho emithathu ubudala abakuthandayo kukhululekile kwaye kungokuzithandela ukunikela ngegazi. Ezi ziquka i-International Federation of Red Cross Society, i-International Society of Igazi kunye International Federation of Blood sabaxhasi Imibutho.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, Russian National yoMnikeli Day ibhiyozelwa-20 Apreli.

iintlobo umnikelo

Blood umnikelo, leyo iingenelo tywaleni Kudala kwaziwa ngabo bonke, kubandakanya isampuli yegazi. Noko ke, izinto kumntu othile angathatyathwa kunye iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Cinga kwiindidi iminikelo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Autodonorstvo. Le preform ye yomguli igazi ukulandela utyando ezicwangcisiweyo. Njengoko yaziwa, ukutofelwa izinto kwamanye amazwe kuba nzima ukuba naziphi ephilayo. Kodwa usebenzisa eyakho ikuvumela ukuba ukunciphisa naziphi na iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Umnikelo igazi lonke. Loo izinto ucingo kubandakanya resuspension ezalandela emva koko ekwabhengezwa yesisombululo ukubola, apho igazi yahlulwe kumacandelo ilungisiwe okanye wathulula.

Sabaxhasi plasmapheresis. Eli ngegazi kwenzeka ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo. Xa izinto plasmapheresis manual kuthathwa ukuba isikhwama ekhethekileyo abawaziyo. iiseli igazi Ngokubhekele phaya, loo nto centrifuged, yahlulwe plasma kunye abomvu aqoqiwe (usebenzisa plazmoekstraktora), ebezikuyo yokugqibela luphinda lubuyiselwe kubathathi-mali. Umthamo elijikeleza imali igazi ihlawulelwa ngokwaneleyo saline.

Okuzenzekelayo plasmapheresis umntu liqhagamshelene umahluli. Igazi ngexesha nkqubo kuthathwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, le yahlulwe plasma kunye izinto, kwandula ke kuqala babuyela mali. Wazithwala phandle ngendlela efanayo kunye ukucoca igazi.

Sabaxhasi trombotsitaferez. isampulu enjalo ikhutshwa phandle usebenzisa izixhobo okhethekileyo. mass zegazi ekhululwa abanikelayo igazi. Njengoko yaziwa kakuhle, nto ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo ngexesha ichemotherapy izigulane ezinomhlaza kunye nezinye ezinxaxhileyo, leyo zikhatshwa thrombocytopenia. zegazi billet luneendleko kunokuba phezulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukunikela igazi simeme kuphela abo bantu abapase ngokuphindaphindiweyo umbandela ngale ndlela. Eneneni, kulo mzekelo, iingcali nentembelo epheleleyo yokuba abanayo izifo ezosulelayo.

Kubalizi granulotsitaferez (okanye leykotsitaferez). Izigulane iingxaki kakhulu esosulelayo Ziyabongozwa granulocytes ezidingekayo, luhlobo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Inkqubo liyafana ezo ziiplatelets ucingo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukutofelwa granulocyte ngokuqhelekileyo luqhutywa iiyure eziliqela emva yesampulu evela kubalizi.

Umnikelo plasma omzimba. Blood umnikelo umnikelo ngale ndlela ibandakanya ugonyo lwe uhlobo ekhuselekileyo arhente yoluntu esosulelayo. I-plasma apho apha iyathathwa exhasanayo enjalo, iqulathe antibodies arhente causative, kwaye zingasetyenziswa ezivelisa imithi. Kwezinye iimeko, umbandela kuphalala izigulane ephelile kwifomu yayo enyulu njengenxalenye kwanonyango polyvalent okanye prophylaxis.

Sabaxhasi eritrotsitaferez. iiseli ezibomvu wapakisha efunyenwe ngale ndlela kubalulekile ukuba izigulane igazi kunye nezinye ezingaqhelekanga, ezo zihamba ukuncipha ukusekwa igazi athwala eliphantsi. ucingo Hand efana plasmapheresis. Umahluko kuphela kukuba xa umzimba eritrotsitafereze ngumnikeli ngaphandle ezicela wabuyela onke amacandelo igazi eseleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukwenza up umthamo wayo ayisekho kufuna ukuqaliswa saline.

iimfuno ezisisiseko, amalungelo kunye neemfanelo abanikelayo

Indlela ukuba unikele ngegazi ukuze umnikelo, uyazi phantse wonke. Noko ke, asinguye wonke umntu uyazazi iimfuno ezisebenza ngayo abantu abanjalo.

ngegazi ingaba kuphela ngumntu ofanelekileyo ngubani na eminyakeni yobudala engama-18. Loo mntu kufuneka abe ngummi Russian Federation okanye abahlala kwintsimi wayo (ngokusemthethweni) hayi konyaka ngaphantsi kwe-1. Le mali kufuneka ngokuzithandela ukuze afune ukuba mnye, ukuba bangenele uviwo lonyango, into leyo eyaye akukho Izimo ngemicimbi yekharityhulam kumaziko eziphathekayo.

Phambi umnikelo ngegazi umntu kufuneka:

• ninikele yokundwendwela okanye enye yesazisi;
• bangenele axilongwe;
• zichaze zonke iinkcukacha malunga nezifo ezosulelayo, ngokuba obekudibene nezigulana ezasulelayo, malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezidakumbisayo zingangeni psychotropic, ukuhlala kwindawo apho kukho isoyikiso ingenzeka okanye ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo (mass izifo ezosulelayo), ukusebenza kunye neemeko zokusebenza eyingozi okanye yingozi, yaye kunye naziphi ekugonyeni utyando, eziye zenziwa kulo nyaka ngokwalo ngegazi.

Zeziphi iimeko ukunikela ngegazi?

Phakathi kwabantu mihla ethandwa kakhulu nje kuphela unikezelo ukulwa yesixhobo, kodwa umnikelo igazi imali. Noko ke, xa kunjalo, phambi kokuba inkqubo onjalo umntu kufuneka udale i-akhawunti, bagcwalise iphepha lemibuzo, kwakunye bangenele axilongwe. Ngoko ke, kuphakama kufuneka unikele inqanaba haemoglobin igazi analysis (ezithatyathwe ngomnwe), ngoko ndwendwela Transfusiologist. Zonke ezi zinto zenzeka ngqo kwicandelo abanikelayo kunye nexesha elide.

kufuneka afumane reanalysis lonikezelo igazi lonke rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ntliziyo. Ukuba umntu ayikho indawo, kuba isivuno igazi yalahlwa. Emva kokunikezelwa zokufunda ngaphezu izihlandlo ezithathu kunyaka 1 onikelayo efunekayo ukwenza ECG ngokutolika, isifuba x-reyi, kunika umchamo kunye novavanyo lwegazi, kwakunye ukufumana uncedo sisifo esosulelayo, nto leyo eza kuqinisekisa ukuba ukungabikho obekudibene nezigulana esosulelayo kunye nezigulane kwesibindi. I sex bubuhle kufuneka axilongwe ugqirha.

Igazi lomnikelo: iinzuzo tywaleni

Yenziwe impahla ekunene, ucingo soze kubangela umonakalo wenze umnikelo, yaye inceda naye. Igcina omnye umntu ebomini, amavolontiya, yenzani okulungileyo nje kuphela omnye umntu, kodwa yena. Oku kuboniswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Xa izinto thango umsebenzi wesiseko egazini iqala ukuba kusebenze kakhulu, kwaze oko kwakhokelela self-nokuhlaziywa kwegazi. Hayi ngaphandle kwesizathu kumaXesha Aphakathi idla asetyenziselwa ukunyanga ukungaqheleki ezithile ukopha.
• Iinzuzo ukunikela ngegazi ngxi kukuba ngenxa ezinjalo iinkqubo ebantwini wazikhulula kakhulu udakada wesibindi. Ngapha koko, inxalenye imisebenzi yabo yokulahla ubabalo kwiiseli efile abomvu.
• Umzimba womntu uqala ukuphuhlisa kakhulu nezifo kude kuse ukopha encinane.
• Igazi yesampulu - luhlobo nokuthintelwa kwezifo kwenkqubo yokwetyisa, inkqubo sentliziyo, njalo njalo.

Le umnikelo angenza buhlungu?

Kutheni abanye abantu njengeyingozi kubo Kwimeko enjalo, njengoko umnikelo ngegazi? Ukonakala kule nkqubo okunene zenzeke, kodwa kuphela xa oko kwenziwa ngendlela eyiyo. Noko ke, banks igazi siqeshe iingcali kuphela, nto leyo ngaphandle ngozi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ivolontiya usulelo ngexesha ngegazi akunakwenzeka, njengokuba:

• inaliti na iintsholongwane kunye utywala okanye isisombululo okhethekileyo;
• isampulu yegazi lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo entsha, nto leyo decompressed ngqo ukunikela;
• xa kwimeko ngokukhetha naziphi na iinxalenye zayo igazi amasalela batyhileka emva ngokusebenzisa inkqubo efanayo; ngexesha ivolontiya sinokubona ukuba kuphela idata iyafumaneka kwi kwisikhongozeli.

Nangona ngasentla, ingozi yosulelo ihlala. Noko ke, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela igazi ngqo. Nangona lo mqathango kuphela kwiimeko ezizodwa apho kungekho iimeko okanye ixesha lokwenza onke amanyathelo ayimfuneko wokulungiselela.

Izimo ukuba umnikelo

Kuxhomekeka utyando kunye nezifo, umntu akanako kuvunyelwa ukuba banikele ngegazi (isigxina okanye okwethutyana).

Kuba Izimo yethutyana ziquka ukugqojozwa indlebe, ngumvambo, kogonyo, ezinye izifo ezosulelayo (isifo ezihlasela zosulele ngokuphefumla, SARS), lo msebenzi, kuquka isisu, zisanyisa kunye nokukhulelwa. Ukuba unikele ngegazi ukuze umnikelo, kwiimeko ezinjalo, linda iinyanga ezi-3 okanye ngaphezulu.

Ngu rhoqo njengoko Izimo ziquka phambi AIDS, ihepatitis wentsholongwane egazini, okufunyanwa okanye negcushuwa enaso, yenethiwekhi losulelo lwe-HIV, nangokhwekhwe, ukhwekhwe nolahlo ngokubanzi, ukungaboni iyonke, ukungabikho epheleleyo zokuthetha nokuva, likhoboka, umhlaza, butywala, utyando kwi ukufakelwa okanye resection nayiphi na amalungu nezihlunu.

izincomo kubanikeli

Phambi ukunikezelwa ngegazi ngokukhawuleza ayikhuthazwa:

• ukusela utywala kwiintsuku ezingaphantsi kwe-2;
• unikele ngegazi ungatyanga (kusasa, kungakuhle ukuba ukutya carbohydrate, kodwa ephantsi-fat sakusasa);
• ngobusuku phambi kokuba adle, okuneziqholo, okroqiweyo, etshaya, neoli, iimveliso zobisi kutyetyiswa kunye amaqanda;
• ukutshaya ngaphantsi kwe-1 phambi inkqubo;
• (Iiyure ezingama-72 ukuze phambi kokuba inkqubo) ezithatha ichiza "aspirin" kunye analgesics, kwakunye naziphi na imithi eziqulathe kubo;
• unikele ngegazi ukuba uziva mnandi, intloko ebuhlungu, kuthibaza, isiyezi, okanye ubuthathaka.

Elandela inkqubo, le mali kufuneka uyeke umthambo onzima. Kwiintsuku ezili-2 emva kokunikezelwa igazi efunekayo ukuze badle ngokupheleleyo neziselo iilitha ezi-2 ngemini ulwelo (yeti, juice, amanzi). Ukubuyisela uxinzelelo, lwamavolontiya ziphele iimveliso ezifana ikofu, itshokolethi kunye hematogen.

izithintelo babaxhasi

Njengoko yaziwa, ngegazi olubangela ilahleko ebalulekileyo ulwelo emzimbeni womntu, kananjalo ekuncipheni kuxinzelelo. Kulo mba, ngokunxulumene yomnikelo inyanzele milinganiselo ilandelayo:

• Abameli oyindoda womelele bavumelekile ukuba banikele lonke igazi ukuya izihlandlo ezi-5 ngonyaka, ngelixa abafazi - hayi ngaphezulu kwe amaxesha 4 kwiinyanga ezili-12.
• Phantsi imithetho ngoku kweli lizwe ukuze uthathe lonke igazi kubakho ngaphezulu kwe-1 ixesha iinyanga ezi-2.
• ukunikezelwa okuphindiweyo plasma lwenziwa kuphela emva kweentsuku ezili-14.
• Emva collection of igazi lonke kuvunyelwa ukuba ukunikela plasma inyanga kuphela.
• Akavumelekanga ukuba unikele ngegazi ukuze mnikelo emva quthu.
• Le ntliziyo kufuneka abulinganise ngaphantsi kwe-45 kg. lobushushu emzimbeni phambi kokuba unikezelo igazi kufuneka ngaphezulu 37 ° C kunye uxinzelelo - ukususela 80 ukuya 160 mm HG. Art. kwaye ukusuka kuma-70 ukuya kwi-100 mm HG. Art. ngokulandelelana. Izinga sazi exhasanayo kufuneka ube malunga 55-100 uqumba ngomzuzu.
• I sex bubuhle awukwazi unikele ngegazi lonke esexesheni okanye iintsuku ezisixhenxe phambi kwazo, kwakunye nangexesha lokubhalwa ngeveki emva. Ukongeza, abasetyhini azivumelekanga ukuba babe kubanikeli ngexesha zisanyisa kunye nokukhulelwa.

Ngamafuphi

Apho ukuba unikele ngegazi ukuze umnikelo? Ukuba ngaba unayo nayiphi na Izimo ngokuthatha umbandela wakho, kufuneka uqhagamshelane abanikelayo indawo ekufutshane. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba ziyafumaneka kuzo zonke emzini Russian Federation.