Petro Sagaidachny: i-shortography biography, iimbali ezithakazelisayo, umfanekiso wesiganeko

UPyotr Sahaidachnyi washiya uphawu oluphawulekayo kwimbali. Umzabalazo wokuzimela kwe-Ukraine, owomeleza ngexesha lolawulo lukaBoodan Khmelnitsky, waqala ngokuchanekileyo kwiSagaidachny. Igalelo lakhe kwinkcubeko yelizwe, ukubuyiselwa kweCawa yamaOthodoki kunye nokuqiniswa kwamaCossacks akukafuneka kuyanconywe ngabadumi beembali.

UPetr Konashevich-Sahaidachny: i-biography emfutshane (phambi kwe-1600)

Kwiincwadi zembali zincinci ulwazi oluncinci lunikezelwa ngobuntwaneni kunye nolutsha lwexesha elizayo le- hetman yase-Ukraine. Umthombo opheleleyo ngakumbi wolwazi malunga nokuqala kobomi bukaSagaidachny ngumxholo weNtloko yeSikole saseKieyan School uKasiyan Sakovich. UPetros wazalwa malunga ne-1570. Indawo yokuzalwa inokusekwa kuphela ngesiseko solwazi oluvela kwisibongo - kufuphi nesixeko sasePrzemysl. Xa sibheke imephu yeCarpathians yeso sihlandlo, sinokucinga ukuba le dolophu yaseLalchintsy. Abazali babenezityebi, kodwa, ngokungafani nabanye abantu abahloniphekileyo, banamathele kwi-Orthodox.

UPyotr Sagaidachny wafunda kwisikolo sokuqala semfundo eMpuma Yurophu - i-Ostroh Academy. Emva kokuphula ikhosi epheleleyo ye-academy, ufumana imfundo ebalulekileyo. Malunga nexesha lokuqala lobomi lobomi bembali, akukho nto iyaziwa.

Ukubonakala kweSagaidachny eZaporozhye

I-Cossacks ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 yayingumkhosi kuphela wase-Ukraine. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ukusebenza ngendlela enamandla enjalo, amandla e-Cossacks kwafuneka ahanjiswe ngendlela efanelekileyo. I-Sahaidachny ekuqaleni yayizibeka loo msebenzi kwaye yazalisekisa.

Malunga nomhla wokunyuka kwi-Hetmanate kunzima ukugweba, kuba kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi. Umlando-mlando waseUkraine M. M. Melnychuk ukholelwa ukuba ngo-1598 uKonashevich wayesele ekhethwe i-hetman. UMikhail Grushevsky emsebenzini wakhe "Imbali ye-Ukraine-Rus" ibonisa uluvo lokuba umlawuli we-1601 kuphela weza kwiiCosacks. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ichanekileyo ukukholelwa ngolu hlobo lweenguqu zilapha ngasentla.

Ukungabikho kolwazi kwiminyaka yobomi bommanda emva kokupheliswa kwe-Ostroh Academy kubonisa ukuba wabonakala eZaporozhye kwindawo ethile emva kwe-1595, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuba yinto ehamba ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye kuyimfuneko ukufumana ukuzithemba kweCosacks kwiimfazwe. Inokwenzeka ukuba, uPeter Konashevich-Sagaidachny (ifoto njengowomfanekiso oqhotyoshelweyo) ukhethwa kwithuba kwi-1602-1606.

Umbono wezopolitiko

Umntu wokuqala ophupha ngokuzikhulula kumlawuli wasePoland nguPeter Konashevich-Sagaidachny. Ummeli ovela kuye waphuma kakuhle. Walungiselela njani ukuqonda iphupha lakhe? Ingcamango yayikukunceda ngokuthe ngcembe ii-Cossacks. Kwakungeke kwenzeke oku ngelo xesha ngeendlela eziguqukayo, kuba zombini iPoland kunye nolawulo lwase-Ottoman babomelele kakhulu, kwaye i-Zaporozhye Army ayilungelelwanga ngendlela efanele.

I-Sahaidachny yaqhuba ukulungiswa kolawulo. Ngoku ummandla weSizwe saseZaporozhye ulwahlula kwiilagimenti kunye namaziko kwiidolophu ezinkulu. Kwinqununu yeeyunithi kwakukho iikholoni, obakhokela bonke urhulumente wengingqi. Ngenxa yolu lungiso, kwakunokwenzeka ukuqinisa ubungqina bamandla kwi- Left Bank yase-Ukraine.

Ulungelo lwezopolitiko uPeter Sagaidachny wabona umbuso ozimele waseUkraine olawulwa yi-Cossack yezopolitiko.

Uhambo lokuqala

UPyotr Sagaidachny njengomlawuli wambonisa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuthatha isikhundla sobuholi. Ukuqala kweendwendwe ezidumileyo zenzeke ngo-1605. Umkhosi waseZaporizhian wada wanqoba iVarna (inqaba yaseTurkey). Uphawu lokuloyisa kukuba ngoNovemba 10, 1444, amaTurkey e-Varna awanqoba amaPolesi. UPyotr Sagaidachny kunye kunye namajoni akhe afika esixekweni ukusuka elwandle, wafika ekuhlaleni, okwenza ingabonakali ngabantu baseTurkey, okuye kwavumela ukunqoba ikampu yendawo. Injongo yale phulo yafezekiswa, kuba ii-Cossacks zakhulula amakhoboka, ayeninzi kakhulu, kwaye aqokelela amaninzi amaninzi.

Unyaka ngamnye emva kohambo oluya eVarna, uPyotr Sagaidachny kunye neCossacks bahamba. Injongo ephambili nganye yokutsala elwandle kukukhutshwa kwama-Ukrainiya, abathengiswa kwiimakethe zekhoboka kwiidolophu zoLwandle oluMnyama olulawulwe ngelo xesha ngamaTurks naseCrimean Khan. Ukongeza, ii-Cossacks zazisa kwiindawo ezihambelayo izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo. I-1607 yaphawulwa ngokuhlaselwa yiCosacks kwiCrimean Khanate (iPerekop no-Ochakov bashiswa). Ngomnyaka olandelayo, ii-Cossacks zahlasela izixeko ezisemzantsi kwendawo yangoku ye-Odessa (iKiliya, i-Izmail), apho kwakukho iindawo ezininzi ezazisetyenziswa.

Iiprogram zemigqaliselo ye-1614 neye-1616 iminyaka

Uchungechunge lweendwendwe zolwandle alupheli. Amandla abo akhula kuphela. Uhambo oluya eTurkey ngokwawo lwalukude kakhulu kwaye luyingozi, kodwa injongo yayiyingozi-intshaba kunye nokukhululwa kwamabanjwa. Amawaka amabini ama-Cossacks kwiinqanawa zawo zafikelela emanxweme aseTurkey. Baye bakwazi ukutshabalalisa idolophu yaseSinop yasechwebeni. Umlinganiselo olinganayo lwemali uqikelelwa kwiizigidi ezingama-40 zezigidi. Kule phulo, iiCosacks zakhulula amawaka angamawaka amabanjwa ase-Orthodox.

Ukubaluleka kohambo oluya eCafu ngo-1616 kunzima ukugqithisa. UPeter Sagaidachny njengomlawuli wamabutho obalaseleyo, kuba impumelelo yayixhomekeke kubuqhetseba. Ekuphumeni kwi-Dnieper elwandle, i-Cossacks ikhubekile kwiqela lemizila yaseTurkey eyayimelwe ukuba ihlangane nayo. I-Cossacks yanqoba kwaye yaqhatha iTurks: ezinye zeengqungquthela (kwaye kukho ezili-150 kuzo zonke) zabuyela eSich, kwaye ezinye zazisithela kufuphi ne-Ochakov. AmaTurks bacinga ukuba iiCosacks zashiye. Kwakungekho mingcipheko kwiCosasacks. Ukunqoba kwiCaffe kwanika ithuba lokubuyela kwiintsapho zabo inqwaba yama-Orthodox.

Petr Konashevich-Sagaidachny. Imbali yembali ye- hetman kwinkqubo yenkcubeko

I-Sahaidachny yayingomnye wabantu abafundiswe ngelo xesha e-Ukraine. Ukuqonda ukuba ii-Cossacks ziyi-elite yamajoni ebantwini, kodwa ekude kunabo bonke babenemfundo ethile, wanquma ukujoyina yonke i-Cossacks kwi-Kyiv Brotherhood. Injongo: ukuhlaziywa kobomi beenkcubeko e-Ukraine kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwinqanaba lezithethe zeCossacks.

Ukongeza, uPetr Konashevich-Sagaidachny (i-biography emfutshane inikwe kwinqaku) iqulethe ukubuyiswa kweSebe leOthodoki eKiev. Emva kokumenyezelwa kwe-Brest Union ka-1586, phantse onke amabandla kunye namathredrals yaba yipropati yeCawa yamaGrike yamaGrike. Endleleni esuka eMoscow ukuya eYerusalem eKiev, yabeka umphathi omkhulu oOthodoki, uTheophilus, odibana naye. Wachazela kwipatriliyari imeko eyenzeka nge-Orthodoxy yaseUkraine. Ngokwezigqibo zikaTheofilo, ezamkelwa phantsi kweempembelelo zesicelo se-hetman, ngo-1615 iKyiv Metropolis yabuyiselwa; Icawa yamaOthodoki iye yafumana ezininzi izinto zayo. I-Metropolitan yaseKieb kunye nabashumayeli abathandathu batyunjwa, abaye baqhuba ihlalo phantsi.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-Cossacks kwiphulo lokulwa noMoscow

Ngowe-1618 iiPoles zalwa ne-Moscow. Eqonda ukuba ngokwenene badinga uncedo lwasemkhosini lwaseZaporozhye, ubukhokeli belizwe babuya eSagaidachnoy. Yena, ekuqapheliseni ubunzima besimo se-polisi yaseburhulumenteni, ukubeka phambili iimfuno zezopolitiko (siya kuziqwalasela ngezantsi) ezamkelweyo. Kuphela emva kokuvuma malunga nokuhlelwa kweemfuno zeenkampani zaseCossack zenze iphulo. I-Cossacks yahanjiswa kwintsimi yangaphakathi yeMuscovy ngokukhawuleza. Ngethuba lephulo, iidolophu ezingama-20 zaseRashiya zathathwa, ezinye zazo zazitshisa i-Cossacks. Ibutho laseZaporozhye apha lasebenzisa ubuqili, lihlala liguqula amaphupha awela ngaphesheya koMlambo i-Oka kwaye ingagqithisi loo nqaba, ukubanjwa kwayo kungabangela iingxaki. I-Petro Sagaidachny (i-biography ye-hetman iyathakazelisa kakhulu) yagqiba ukugqithisa nje iidolophu ezifana neKolomna noZaraysk. Ngaphambi kokugubha kweMoscow, kwafumana isigidimi sokuthi unxibelelwano loxolo lwalugqityiwe phakathi kwamaPoles kunye namaMuscovites.

Impumelelo yezopolitiko yeSagaidach

Njengediplomat, le ndoda yazuza kakhulu kwi-Ukraine. I-Commonwealth yaphoqelelwa ukuba ivume kwaye izalise iimfuno ze-Ukraine. Ngomhla we-1618, phambi komkhankaso waseMoscow, i-Cossacks ephakamileyo yabe ibeka phambili le miqathango:

• Ukupheliswa kolawulo lwePoland lweCossacks;
• Ubungqina begunya lika-hetman phezu kwendawo yonke yase-Ukraine;
• Ukwandiswa kwamalungelo e-Cossacks;
• Ukuzimela kwezobukhosi kwiipolisi;
• Inkululeko yonqulo yabemi.

Imfuno yokugqibela yayijoliswe ekuqiniseni isikhundla sama-Orthodoxy kumazwe ase-Ukraine, kuba abafundisi beZizwe baqhuba ipropaganda enamandla kakhulu.

Ubomi obutshane bomlawuli

Imfazwe phakathi kwePoland neTurkey yaqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yempi kunye noMuscovy. Iipolisi zazingenakuyenza ngaphandle kweCosacks - ibutho lempi elona likhulu kunabo bonke ebukumkanini. Ukutshabalalisa ekupheleni komphefumlo we-hetman, imfazwe yenzeke kufuphi neKhotin (njengengingqi yaseKhmelnytsky yase-Ukraine), apho yayilimala kakhulu.

Imbali yembali yomlawuli ayiyi kuphelelwa ngaphandle kolwazi malunga nosapho lwakhe. Wayetshatile, kodwa ngokubanzi, ubomi bentsapho abuzange busebenze. Mhlawumbi, abantu abanjalo babengazalwa ngenxa yentsapho, kodwa kwilizwe, kwilizwe lelizwe. Emva kwakho konke, i-hetman yanikezela ngelifa layo kuphela kumfazi wayo, kodwa yaxhamla kwiimfuno zeecawa, iinqanawa kunye neKyiv Brotherhood.

Ngo-Apreli 22, 1622, uHetman omkhulu waseZaporozhye Army wabulawa ngamanxeba afunyanwa yiKhotin.

Kakade ke, imbali ayikwazi ukuzithobela, kodwa, ukuhlalutya ikhosi yeziganeko ze-1618-1621, kunokwenzeka ukucinga ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngexesha lobomi beSagaidachny, ngaphandle kwelinxeba elibi, i-Ukraine inokufumana ukuzimela okanye ukuzimela ngokubanzi. Kungenzeka ukuba uPeter Sagaidachny uza kufezekisa oku, i-biografi emfutshane engabonakaliyo ukubonisa ukuzaliseka nokubaluleka kobomi bakhe kweli lizwe.