Inkcubeko yaseGrisi yakudala: ngokufutshane. Iimpawu zenkcubeko yeGrisi yamandulo

Izakhiwo kunye nemifanekiso, imibongo kunye neengcamango zefilosofi ezinkulu zizo zonke iziqendu ze "ummangaliso waseGrike", njengokuba izazinzulu ziyibiza namhlanje.

Ukuba unomdla kwinkokheli yaseGrisi yakudala, unokufunda ngokufutshane ngolu nqaku. Ngaloo nto, yintoni eyancomayo nangona abanamava kakhulu ubugcisa bomntu iminyaka engamawaka amane? Makhe sijonge kule nkcukacha ngokubanzi.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ixesha elidlulileyo, elibonakaliswa ukuphakama kunye neentyantyambo zikaHellas (njengoko amaGrike asendulo abiza ilizwe lawo), kuba abaninzi abahlalutyi bezobugcisa banomdla kakhulu. Akunanto! Emva kwayo yonke ixesha ngeli xesha imvelaphi kunye nokwakhiwa kwemigaqo kunye neefom eziphantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zobugcisa bokudala.

Ngokwenene, izazinzulu ziyahlula imbali yophuhliso kweli lizwe ngamaxesha amahlanu. Makhe sijonge kwi-typology kwaye sithethe malunga nokubunjwa kwamanye ubugcisa.

I-Aegean

Eli xesha limelelwa ngokucacileyo ngamaphekula amabini - iinqaba zaseMycenaean kunye neKoossos. Olu hlobo lokugqibela luyaziwa kangcono namhlanje njengeLabyrinth yenkolelo yeThee neMinotaur. Emva kokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala, izazinzulu ziqinisekisa ubungqina balo mbhalo. Kuphela igumbi lokuqala ligcinwa, kodwa kukho amakamelo angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu!

Ukongezelela kwiigodlo, i-Crete-Mycenaean Ixesha liyaziwa ngamaski eenkokheli ze-Achaean kunye nekiso zaseCretan zendlela encinane. Iifomfayile ezitholakala kwiindawo zokucasha zebhotwe zibetha kwi-filigree yazo. Abasetyhini abaneenyoka bajonge kakhulu kwaye bahle kakhulu.

Ngaloo ndlela, inkcubeko yeGrisi yaMandulo, isishwankathelo sayo esichazwe kwinqaku, ivela kwi-symbiosis yesiqhelo samandulo seCrete kunye nezizwe eziza ku-Achaean naseDorian ezazihlala kwiPeninsula yaseBalkan.

Ixesha leHomeri

Eli xesha lihluke ngokwezinto eziphathekayo ukusuka kwangaphambili. Ukususela kwiminyaka ye-11 ukuya kweyesi-9 BC, iziganeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zenzeka.

Okokuqala, impucuko yangaphambilini yalahleka. Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonisa ukuba ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-volcano. Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-statehood kwakukho ukubuyela kwisakhiwo sabantu. Enyanisweni, ukubunjwa koluntu kwenzeka ngokutsha.

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo kukuba, ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lokunciphisa impahla, inkcubeko yokomoya igcinwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa. Sinokukubona oku kumzekelo wezenzo zikaHommer, ezibonisa ngokucacileyo eli xesha elibalulekileyo.

Imfazwe yeTrojan ibuyele ekupheleni kwexesha leMinoan, kwaye umbhali ngokwakhe wayehlala ekuqaleni kwexesha lama-archaic. Okokuthi, "Iliad" kunye ne "Odyssey" bubungqina bodwa beli xesha, kuba ngaphandle kwabo kunye nabavubukuli bafumana malunga nalo, akukho nto iyaziwa namhlanje.

Isiko lamaArchaic

Ngeli xesha, kukho ukukhula okukhawulezayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Inkcitho iqala ukutyunjwa, i-alfabhethi yenziwe kwaye kubhalwe ileta.

Ngexesha lama-archaic, iMidlalo ye-Olimpiki ibonakala, inkohliso yombutho onempilo kunye nezemidlalo.

Kwakukho ngeli xesha i-Greece yasendulo yazalwa ngayo. Umyalezo omfutshane malunga nokuphuhliswa kohlobo lwawo onokufunda.

Ixesha eliqhelekileyo

Yonke into eyenziwa yinkcubeko yamandulo yaseGrisi iyasishukumisela namhlanje (isishwankathelo esifutshane kwinqaku) senziwe ngokuchanekileyo kweli xesha.

Ifilosofi kunye nesayensi, ukudweba kunye nekiso, ubugcisa beempawu kunye nezibongo - zonke ezi ntlobo zifumana ukunyuka kunye nophuhliso olulodwa. I-apogee yokuzibonakalisa kokuzibonakalisa yinto yokwakha yaseAthenen, eqhubeka ishukumisa abaphulaphuli ngokuvumelana nokuphakama kweefom.

IsiGrike

Ixesha lokugqibela lokuphuhliswa kweenkcubeko zaseGrike lithandeka ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokungahambi kakuhle.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithethe zaseGrike naseMpuma zihlangene ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kukaAlexander Omkhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iRoma ithatha iGrisi, kodwa iyokugqibela iyayinqoba nenkcubeko yayo.

ZoLwakhiwo

ICarthenon mhlawumbi yenye yeempawu ezidumileyo zehlabathi la mandulo. Kwaye iDoric okanye i-Ionian yezinto, umzekelo, iikholomu, zivela kwezinye izitayela ezakhiwe emva koko.

Ngokubanzi, uphuhliso lobugcisa lunokulandelwa ngeetempile. Emva koko, lolu hlobo lwezakhiwo luthe lwatyalomali kuninzi lwawo onke amandla, iindlela kunye nezakhono. Kwaye iindonga zazixabiswa ngaphantsi kweendawo zokubingelelwa koothixo.

Ubuhle beetempile zamandulo zamaGrisi kukuba awakungekho iitempile ezihlaselayo zezilwanyana ezinobungangamsha nezikhohlakeleyo. Ngaphakathi ilungiselelo lwangaphakathi, babefana nezindlu eziqhelekileyo, zixhotyiswe ngeempahla ezintle kwaye zicebile. Kwaye kwenzeka njani ukuba ahluke, ukuba oothixo bebonakaliswa befana nabantu, baneengxaki ezifanayo, iingxabano kunye nemihlali?

Kwixesha elizayo, imiyalelo emithathu yamakholomu yakha isiseko seendlela ezininzi zokwakha izakhiwo zaseYurophu. Ngoncedo lwabo lwenkokheli yaseGrisi yakudala, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye bangene ngokukhawuleza ubomi bemihla ngemihla yabantu.

Vaso ukudweba

Imisebenzi yalobu buchule yileyona mininzi kwaye iphandwa kulo mhla. Esikolweni, abantwana bafunda malunga nenkcubeko yeGrisi yamandulo yayifana (ngokufutshane). Ibanga lesi-5, umzekelo, lixesha lokwazana kuphela neengane kunye neengcamango.

Kwaye izikhumbuzo zokuqala zezi mphulo, ezibonwa ngabafundi, ziyi-ceramics ezimnyama-ne-lacquer - izitya ezintle kunye nezitayela, iikopi eziye zikhonza njengezikhumbuzo, imihlobiso kunye neziqokelelwane kuzo zonke iindawo ezizayo.

Umzobo weempahla wawugqithise amanyathelo athile ophuhliso. Ekuqaleni babeziimpawu zejometri ezilula, ezaziwa kwiinkcubeko zaseMinoan. Ngaphezulu, i-spiral, i-meanders kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zongezwa kubo.

Kwinkqubo yokuba i-vazopis ifumana iimpawu zokupenda. Kwimpahla ibonakala ibali kwiimbali kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla yamaGrike andala, imifanekiso yabantu, imifanekiso yezilwanyana nemifanekiso yansuku zonke.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abaculi abazange baphumelele kuphela ukuhambisa intshukumo kwimifanekiso yabo, kodwa nokuba banikezele iimpawu zabo kwiibalo. Ngombulelo kwiimpawu zabo, oothixo ngabanye namaqhawe abonakala ngokulula.

Mythology

Abantu behlabathi la mandulo baqonda ukuba inyaniso ejikelezileyo yayincinane kunokuba sasisebenzisa ukuyiqonda. Obuthixo beyona nto ibalulekileyo eyayijongene noko kwenzekayo ebomini babantu.

Esikolweni kudlalwa ukuba kwenziwe ingxelo emfutshane ngesihloko esithi "Inkcubeko yaseGrisi yakudala", ngokufutshane, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokucacileyo ichaza imbali yale mpucuko. Kule meko, kungcono ukuqalisa ibali ngeenganekwane.

Ihlabathi laseGrike elidala laliquka ezininzi zonqulo, izithixo kunye namaqhawe, kodwa eyona nto yayiyi-Olympians ezilishumi elinesibini. Amagama athile kubo sele eyaziwayo ngexesha lempucuko yaseMycenaean. Bakhankanywe kwiiphilisi zedongwe ezinobumba obuqhelekileyo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngeli nqanaba babenabesifazana nabesilisa abalinganayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukhona uZeus-yena noZeus-yena.

Namhlanje siyazi ngoothixo baseGrisi yamandulo ngenxa yezikhumbuzo zobugcisa obuhle kunye neencwadi eziye zahlala kwiinkulungwane. Imizobo, iifrescoes, imifanekiso, imidlalo kunye namabali - konke oku kubonakaliswa kwimbono yehlabathi yeGenesen.

Iimbono ezinjalo ziye zasinda ngexesha labo. Inkcubeko yobugcisa baseGrisi yakudala, ngokufutshane, yayinempembelelo ephambili ekubunzeni izikolo ezininzi zaseYurophu zobugcisa obuhlukeneyo. Abaculi be-Renaissance bavuselele kwaye bahlakulele iingcamango zesitayela, ukuvumelanisa kunye nefomu, ezaziwa nakwiGrike yamaGrike.

Iincwadi

Kwiminyaka emininzi ihlukanisa uluntu lwethu kuluntu lwaseHellas lwangaphambili, ngaphandle koko, eqinisweni, kuphela iimvumba ezithe zabhalwa ziye zaza kuthi. "Iliad" kunye ne "Odyssey", mhlawumbi - imisebenzi evelele kakhulu, ngenxa yenkcubeko yamaGrike aseMandulo yaziwa. Isishwankathelo (malunga ne-Odyssey kunye neentetho zakhe) zinokufundwa kuyo nayiphi na umfundi, kwaye ukuxhaphaza kwalesi silumko kukhangisa uluntu ngoku.

Ngaphandle kweengcebiso zakhe, akuyi kuba noyiso lwaba-Achaeans kwiMfazwe yeTrojan. Ngokomgaqo, zombini imibongo ibumba umfanekiso womlawuli wesiqithi saseItca ngokukhanya okukhulu. Abagxeki bayamqonda njengomntu oqokelelweyo, oqulethe izinto ezininzi ezintle.

Ubunono uHomer ubhekisela kwikhulu lesibhozo BC. Ababhali bexesha elizayo, njenge-Euripides, baqalisa umlambo omtsha ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi yabo. Ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqhawe kunye noothixo, kunye namaqhinga okugwenxa kunye nokuphazamiseka kwabo kwimpilo yabantu abaqhelekileyo, bekuyona nto ephambili phambi kwabo, ngoku yonke into iyatshintsha. Iintlekele zesizukulwana esitsha zibonakalisa ihlabathi langaphakathi lomntu.

Inkokheli yaseGrisi yakudala, ukuthetha ngokufutshane, kwixesha eliqhelekileyo lizama ukungena ngaphakathi kwaye liphendule uninzi lwemibuzo engunaphakade. Olu "sifundo" luneenkalo ezifana neencwadi, ifilosofi kunye nobugcisa bokubukwa. Abathengi kunye neengqungquthela, iingcamango kunye nabaculi - bonke bazama ukuqonda ukuxhomekeka kwehlabathi kunye nokudlulisa ubulumko obufunyenweyo kwintsimi.

Ubugcisa

Ukwahlula kobugcisa kusekelwe kwizinto ze-vases. Ixesha lesiGrike (i-Achaean-Minoan) lilandelwa yiCrete-Mycenaean, xa kwakukho impucuko ephucukileyo kwiziqithi, kwaye kungekhona kwi-Peninsula yaseBalkan.

Ngokwenene inkcubeko yeGrisi yaMandulo, inkcazo emfutshane esinika yona kwinqaku, yenziwa ekupheleni kwesibini leminyaka ye-BC. Izikhumbuzo zamandulo zaziyimathempeli (umzekelo, itempile lika-Apollo kwisiqithi saseFerhr) kunye nomzobo weempahla. Kulo hlobo lokugqibela, umhlobiso useyifom yezinto ezilula zejometri. Izixhobo eziphambili zabaculi beli xesha babengumlawuli kunye neenkomfa.

Ngexesha le-archaic, eliqala malunga nekhulu lesixhenxe le-BC, ubugcisa buya kukhula ngakumbi kwaye buqilima. Kukho iCeramics yaseKorinte emnyama kunye ne-lacquer, ephuma eYiputa iziganeko zabantu abonakaliswe kwiinqanawa kunye ne-bas-reliefs zibolekekile. Kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-archaic izitywathwa kwizinto ezibaziweyo, eziba zendalo kunye nangaphezulu.

Kwiminyaka yeklasi, kukho "ukulula" kwezakhiwo. Isitayela seDoric sithatyathwa ngu-Ionic kunye neKorinte. Esikhundleni se-limestone, i-marble isetyenziswe, kwaye izakhiwo kunye neziqulatho ziya kuba zihamba nge-airy. Le nkqubela yehlabathi iphela ngeGrimeenism, i-hienday of the kingdom of Alexander the Great.

Namhlanje emaziko amaninzi inkcubeko yeGrisi yakudala ifundwa-ngokufutshane kubantwana, ngokugqithiseleyo kubantwana kunye nabacwaningi ngokubanzi. Kodwa nangona sonke umnqweno, asiyikumboza ngokupheleleyo izinto ezishiye kuthi ngabameli beli lilanga elinelanga.

Ifilosofi

Nokuba imvelaphi yale gama yiGrike. U-Ellinov wayephawulwe ngothando oluqinileyo lobulumko. Akunanto kwihlabathi elidala, babecingelwa ngabantu abaphakamileyo kakhulu.

Namhlanje asikhumbuli nayiphi na inzululwazi yaseMesopotamiya okanye iYiputa, siyazi iinqununu zabaphandi bamaRoma, kodwa amagama eengcamango zamaGrikhi aziva. I-Democritus ne-Protagoras, iThales yaseMiletus nePythagoras, uSocrates noPlato, uEpicurus noHeraclitus bonke babenegalelo elikhulu kwihlabathi lehlabathi, baphucula iziphumo zabo ngamava ngokuphuhlisa kangangokuthi sisasebenzisa iziphumo zabo.

I-Pythagoreans, umzekelo, ayiphumelelanga indima yamanani kwihlabathi lethu. Bakholelwa ukuba ngoncedo lwabo awukwazi nje ukuchaza yonke into, kodwa uqikelele nekamva. I-Sophist yayinakekelwa ingqalelo kwihlabathi langaphakathi lomntu. Okulungileyo kwachazwa ngabo njengento ekholisa, kunye nobubi njengento okanye isiganeko esibangela ukubandezeleka.

I-Democritus ne-Epicurus zavelisa imfundiso ye-athomu, oko kukuthi, ihlabathi liqulethe iincinci zincinci zincinci, obakho ubukho babonakala kuphela emva kokuveliswa kwe-microscope.

USocrates wajika ingqalelo yabalingisi kwi-cosmology ekufundweni komntu, kwaye uPlato wagxeka ihlabathi leengcamango, ecinga ukuba yinyani kuphela.

Ngaloo ndlela, sibona ukuba iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zenkcubeko yaseGrisi yakudala, ngokufutshane, yabonakaliswa ngepherm yeembono zefilosofi ebomini babantu banamhlanje.

Itheyetha

Abo ba tyelele iGrisi, ixesha elide bakhumbula ukuvakalelwa okumangalisayo umntu afumana ngexesha lakhe kwi-amphitheatre. Iimpawu zakhe zemilingo, ezibonakalayo njengamangalisa namhlanje, ziye zanqoba iintliziyo ngeenkulungwane zeminyaka. Esi sakhiwo, esingekho miqolo emibini, ummandla ukhona emoyeni ovulekileyo, kwaye umbukeli, ehlezi kwindawo ekude kakhulu, uyakwazi ukuva indlela uhlamvu lwemali oluwela ngayo kwisiteji. Ngaba akuyimangaliso yobunjineli?

Umxholo wale midlalo wawungekho mnandi. Ngoku eyaziwa e-Itali, umdlalo weemaski uvela kwi-classical Greek theatre. Iinkqubo ezivumela ukuba zihambise izinto ezibonakalayo kunye neebhloko kunye neempahla, zabizwa ngokuba "nguThixo ukusuka emotweni", zatshitshisa abaphulaphuli ngokungaziqondi.

Ngaloo ndlela, sibona ukuba inkcubeko yeGrisi yaMandulo, ichazwe ngokufutshane ngasentla, yakha isiseko sobugcisa bemihla, ifilosofi, isayensi kunye namaziko oluntu. Ukuba kwakungekho kwiGenesis ya mandulo, awaziwa ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokuphila yangoku.