Umbhali uJohn Gutenberg: IBhayibhile

IsiJamani uJohn Gutenberg, ochazwe ngaye kule nqaku, waba nefuthe elikhulu kwihlabathi elijikelezile. Ukuqulunqa kwakhe kuguqule imbali yembali.

Okhokho bakaJohn Gutenberg

Ekubeni umvelisi owaziwayo wazalwa waza wahlala kwikhulu leshumi elinesihlanu, kukho ulwazi oluncinane malunga naye. Ngaloo mihla, kuphela abantu abavelele bezopolitiko kunye neecawa bahlonishwa ukuba babhalwe kwiimithombo zengxelo. Nangona kunjalo, uJohann wayenenhlanhla. Abahlalutyi baxabisa umsebenzi wakhe, ulwazi ngaye lufumaneka kwiinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo zembali zexesha.

Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uYohn Gutenberg wazalelwa kwintsapho enokwenene yeFleve Gansfleisch kunye no-Elsa Virich. Kwathi kwenzeka malunga neminyaka eyi-1400.

Abazali bakhe batshata ngo-1386. Unina wayevela kwintsapho yabalingane, ngoko umanyano wabo wawuthathwa ngokungalingani. Esixekweni, ukususela ngexesha elidlulileyo, kwakukho umzabalazo phakathi koo-patricians (iindawo eziphezulu ze-burghers, intsapho yooyise) kunye namaziko okusebenzela (abenzi bezakhono, intsapho yonina). Xa i-confrontz e-Mainz yanyanyiswa, intsapho kufuneka ihambe, ukuze ingabikho ingozi kubantwana.

E-Mainz, intsapho yayinelifa elibizwa ngokuba nguBawo Gensfleis, kunye nefama yaseGuenberg.

Mhlawumbi umsunguli wayenamandla, nangona imvelaphi kanina kunye nemisebenzi yakhe yayiphikisana nayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umyalelo, usayinwe nguKumkani waseFrance uCharles Seventh, apho igama likaGuenberg lidweliswe khona.

Ubuntwaneni kunye nolutsha

I-biography emfutshane kaJohn ayinakufumaneka kuyo nayiphi na imithombo yamandulo. Ingabuyiselwa kuphela ngedatha ehlukileyo. Yingakho kungekho nje ulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga neminyaka yokuqala yobomi bakhe.

Akukho zirekhodi zobhaptizo lwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa nguJuni 24, 1400 (umhla kaYohane uMbhaptizi). Kwakhona, akukho nkcazelo ecacileyo malunga nendawo yokuzalwa kwakhe. Ingaba i-Mainz okanye iStrasbourg.

UJohn wayengunyana omncinane kwintsapho. Indodana endala yayibizwa ngokuba yiFrile, kwakukho namantombazana amabini - uElsa kunye nePatze.

Emva kokugqiba, lo mfana waqeqeshwa ngobugcisa, wagqiba ekubeni alandele ezinyathelweni zokhokho bakhe kwinxalenye yomama. Kuyaziwa ukuba wafikelela kwezobugcisa obuphezulu kwaye wanikezelwa ngesihloko senkosi, ekubeni emva koko wafunda abafundi.

Ubomi eStrasbourg

Ukususela ngo-1434, uJohann Gutenberg wayehlala eStrasbourg. Wayebandakanyeka kwiibhonkco zezobugcisa, amatye anqabileyo kunye nezibuko ezivelisiweyo. Kwakukho apho umqondo wokudala umatshini oza kuprinta iincwadi wazalelwa entloko. Ngo-1438, wada wadala intlangano phantsi kwegama elingaqondakaliyo "ishishini kunye nobugcisa." Isikhuselo sasikwakhiwa kwezibuko. Olu buhlakani luhlelwe ngokubambisana nomfundi wakhe u-Andreas Dritsen.

Ngeli xesha, iGuenberg kunye neqela limile kwindawo ekufumaneni ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ukufa kweqabane lilibazise ukukhululwa kwayo.

Ukuveliswa kokushicilelwa

Ukuqala kokushicilelwa kwanamhlanje ngu-1440, nangona kungekho maxwebhu aphrintiweyo, iincwadi kunye nemithombo yelo xesha. Kukho kuphela ubungqina bangekho ngqo, ngokubhekiselele kulowo othi i-Walgogel ethile ukususela ngo-1444 ithengise imfihlelo "yokubhala ngokubhaliweyo". Kukholelwa ukuba nguJohn Gutenberg ngokwakhe. Ngaloo ndlela, wazama ukufumana imali yokuphuhlisa umatshini wakhe. Ngethuba bekuphela kwileta yombonakaliso, eyadalwa kwintsimbi kwaye ifakwe kwisikrini sayo esibukweni. Ukuze ibhaliso ibonakale kwiphepha, kwakudingeka usebenzise upende olukhethekileyo uze ucinezele.

Ngowe-1448, iJamani ibuyela kwi-Mainz, apho yenza intsebenziswano nomnini-usurer I. UFust, owathi wamhlawula i-gulden engamakhulu asibhozo ngonyaka. Inzuzo evela kwindlu yokushicilela yayiza kwahlulwa njengepesenti. Kodwa ekugqibeleni leli lungiselelo laqala ukusebenza kunye neG Gutenberg. Wayeka ukufumana imali ethembisiwe yenkxaso yobugcisa, kodwa wayesebenzela inzuzo.

Nangona yonke ingxaki, umatshini kaJohn Gutenberg wafumana amaxwebhu amaninzi ahlukeneyo ngo-1956 (isiqingatha ezintlanu). Ngelo xesha, igrama yokuqala yo-Elijah Donat yanyatheliswa, amaxwebhu amaninzi aseburhulumenteni kwaye, ekugqibeleni, iiBhayibhile ezimbini, ezaba izikhumbuzo zembali zokushicilela.

IBhayibhile ye-Gutenberg engama-42, eprintwe ngaphaya kwe-1455, ithathwa njengomsebenzi oyintloko kaYohn. Kuye kwasinda namhlanje kwaye igcinwe kwiMyuziyam yase-Mainz.

Kule ncwadi, umvelisi wadala uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwegama, uhlobo lokubhalwa kwe-gothic. Kwakufana nokufana nesicatshulwa kunye nangenxa yezigulithi ezininzi kunye nezifinyezo ezazisetyenziselwa ukufaka isicelo kubhali.

Ekubeni imibala ekhoyo ayifanelekanga yokushicilela, iGuenberg kwafuneka yenzele eyakhe. Ngenxa yokongezwa kobhedu, ukukhokela kunye nesulfure, umxholo kule ncwadi waphenduka obomvu obomvu, kunye nobuqili obungavamile, inki ebomvu yayisetyenziselwa irubrikhi. Ukudibanisa imibala emibini, kwafuneka uweqa iphepha elilodwa kabini ngomshini.

Incwadi yaphuma ngeikopi eziyi-180, kodwa ayizange ifike kwiintsuku zethu. Inani elikhulu kunazo zonke eJamani (iziqwenga ezilishumi elinesibini). ERashiya kwakukho ikopi enye yeBhayibhile yokuqala, kodwa emva kokuguqulwa koorhulumente waseSoviet wawuthengisa kwi-auction eLondon.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, le Bha yibhile yathengiswa ngama-florini angama-30 (i-3 gram yegolide ngexabiso elilodwa). Namhlanje elinye iphepha elivela kwincwadi liqikelelwa kuma-dollar ayi-80. Kukho amaphepha angu-1272 eBhayibhileni.

Imigango

UJohn Gutenberg wayedluliselwa kabini emthethweni. Ngokuqala oko kwenzeka ngo-1439, emva kokufa komhlobo wakhe kunye nomhlobo A. Drytsen. Abantwana bakhe bathi umatshini uveliswa nguyise.

UGuenberg wancincile loo nto. Kwaye ngokubulela kwimpahla yakhe, abaphandi bafunda kwinqanaba elithile lokulungela. Amaxwebhu afaka amagama afana nokuthi "ukufakela", "ukuthayipha", "cindezela", "lo msebenzi". Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukulungela komatshini.

Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba le nkqubo imile ngenxa yokungabikho kweenkcukacha ezishiywe ngu-Andreas. UJohn kwafuneka azibuyisele yena ngokwakhe.

Inkundla yesibini yabanjwe ngo-1455, xa umsunguli efaka isigwebo. INkundla inqume ukuba indlu yokushicilela kunye nayo yonke into yayo iphumelele kummangali. UJohn Gutenberg wasungula ukuprinta ngo-1440, kwaye emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kwafuneka aqale yonke into ukususela ekuqaleni.

Iminyaka ezayo

Ngaphandle kokusinda kwimiphumo yenkundla, uGutenberg wanquma ukungayeki. Wafika kwenkampani ku-K. Gumery waza wapapashwa ngo-1460 ukubunjwa kukaJohn Balba, kunye negrama yesiLatin ngesichazizi.

Ngo-1465, waya kwinkonzo ye-Elector Adolf.

Xa uneminyaka eyi-68 incwadi yomshicileli yafa. Wangcwatyelwa e-Mainz, kodwa ngeli xesha ukufika kwakhe engcwabeni akungaziwa.

Ukusasazwa kokuprinta

Into eyayibizwa ngokuba nguJohn Gutenberg, ithandwa abaninzi. Ndifuna ukuba wonke umntu abe nemali elula. Ngoko ke, kwakukho abantu abaninzi ababezenza njengabaqambi bokushicilela eYurophu.

Igama likaGuenberg lugqityiwe kwelinye lala maxwebhu nguPeter Schaeffer, umfundi wakhe. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwendlu yokuqala yokushicilela, abasebenzi bayo bahlakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bethula ubuchwepheshe obutsha kwamanye amazwe. Utitshala wabo nguJohn Gutenberg. I-typography isasazeka ngokukhawuleza eHungary (A. Hess), e-Italy (eSvehneim), eSpain. Kusobala ukuba akukho mfundi waseGuenenberg waya eFransi. AmaParisi ayamema abashicileli baseJamani ukuba basebenze kwilizwe labo.

Inqaku lokugqibela kwimbali yendalo yokushicilela yafakwa emsebenzini wakhe ngu-Antony Van der Lind ngo-1878.

Sayenberg yeSayensi

Ubunikazi bomshicileli wokuqala waseYurophu wayehlala eyaziwayo. Abaphandi abavela kumazwe amaninzi abazange baphelelwe ithuba lokubhala nayiphi na imisebenzi malunga ne-biography okanye imisebenzi yakhe. Ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, iingxabano malunga nokubhalwa kwendalo kunye nendawo (i-Mainz okanye iStrasbourg) yaqala.

Abanye abaqhelanisi ababizwa ngokuba nguGuenberg ofundiswa nguFust noScffer. Kwaye nangona uSchaeffer ngokwakhe ebiza uJohann umshicileli wokuprinta, la mahemuhemu awazange ahlale ixesha elide.

Abaphengululi banamhlanje bathi ingxaki ebalulekileyo ekubhalweni kweencwadi zokuqala akukho kopoloni, oko kukuphawu lokubhala. Emva kokwenza oku, iGuenberg yayingakuphephelela iingxaki ezininzi kwaye yayingazange ivumele ifa layo kwisityalo.

Ngokuphathelele ubunikazi bomntu owaziwa ngokukodwa kwaye ngenxa yokuba akukho ncwadana yokubhala, umfanekiso othembekileyo. Inani lobungqina bombhalo alaneleyo.

UJohn Gutenberg waqulunqa iifolthi ezizodwa, apho wayekwazi ukumisela nokuqinisekisa ifa lakhe.

ERashiya, umdla wokufunda ubomi bomshicileli wokuqala wabonakala kuphela phakathi kwekhulu lemashumi mabini. Emva koko, iminyaka engama-500 yokunyatheliswa kokunyatheliswa yayibhiyozelwa. Umphandi wokuqala nguVladimir Lublinsky, ummeli woluntu wesayensi yeLeningrad.

Ingqikithi, imisebenzi engaphantsi kwe-3 000 yenzululwazi ibhaliwe kwaye ipapashwe kwihlabathi (kubandakanya i-biography emfutshane yeK Gutenberg).

Imemori

Ngelishwa, iifoto zikaJohn azizange zisinde. Umbhalo wokuqala wokubhala, we-1584, wabhalwa eParis malunga nenkcazo yokubonakala komqambi.

I-Mainz ibonwa nje kuphela edolophini likaJohn, kodwa kwakhona indawo yokuveliswa komshini wokushicilela. Ngoko ke, kukho isikhumbuzo kuGuenberg, i-museum yayo (yavulwa ngo-1901).

Igama lakhe li-asteroid kunye nekhredithi kwenyanga.