Iimbangela ze-NEP ukulandelela. I-NEP: isitshixo, ukuphikisana, iziphumo

Kukholelwa ukuba ngo-Matshi 21, ngo-1921, ilizwe lethu lidlulele kwindlela entsha yobudlelwane bezoqoqosho-mali: ngaloo mini umyalelo usayinwe, umyalelo wokushiya imali eyongeziweyo kwaye uqhubeke nokuqokelela irhafu yokutya. Yile ndlela i-NEP yaqala ngayo.

I-Bolsheviks yaqonda isidingo sokusebenzisana kwezoqoqosho, kuba amaqhinga okulwa noluntu kunye nezoyikrakra zanikezela ngemiphumo embi nangaphezulu, kubonakaliswe ekuqiniseni iziganeko ezahlukileyo ze-apartatist kwi-outskirts ye-republic republic, kwaye kungekhona nje kuphela.

Ngokuqaliswa komgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wezoqoqosho, i- Bolsheviks ilandelelanisa injongo yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko:

• Susa ukuxhatshazwa kuluntu, uqinise igunya lolawulo olutsha lweSoviet.
• Ukubuyiselwa koqoqosho lweli lizwe, libhujiswe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kunye neemfazwe zomhlaba.
• Ukubeka isiseko sokwakhiwa koqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo olucwangcisiweyo.
• Ekugqibeleni, kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukubonakalisa ihlabathi "eliphucukileyo" ukufaneleka nokusemthethweni koorhulumente omtsha, ukususela ngelo xesha i-USSR ifunyenwe ngokwahlukana kwamanye amazwe.

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngetyala lomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha waseburhulumenteni we-USSR, kwaye siza kuxubusha ngezizathu eziphambili zokungcebeleka kwe-NEP. Esi sihloko sinomdla kakhulu, njengoko iminyaka emininzi kwikhosi entsha yezoqoqosho ibeka ngokubanzi impawu yenkqubo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho zelizwe elizayo kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Nangona kunjalo, akunjalo njengabadali kunye nabasunguli beli bakala bangathanda.

Ingundoqo yolu hlobo

Njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ezweni lethu, i-NEP yaziswa ngokukhawuleza, ukukhawuleza ngokuthotyelwa kwemimiselo kwakwesabisayo, akukho mntu wayenaso isicwangciso esicacileyo sokwenza. Inkcazo yezindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezaneleyo zokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo omtsha zenziwa ngokubanzi kulo lonke ubude balo. Kwaye ke akumangalisi ukuba ayizange yenze ngaphandle kweninzi yesilingo kunye nephutha. Ngokufanayo, kunye "neenkululeko" zoqoqosho kwicandelo labucala: uluhlu lwabo lwandisiwe, ngoko ke lucinga ngokukhawuleza.

Ingundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-NEP kukuba ngelixa ligcina amagunya alo kumgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokulawulwa kweBolsheviks, icandelo lezoqoqosho lafumana inkululeko eninzi, eyakuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe ubudlelwane beentengiso. Enyanisweni, umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha unokujongwa njengendlela yolawulo olugunyazisiweyo. Njengoko sele sichazile ngaphambili, lo mgaqo-nkqubo wawuquka yonke imilinganiselo enzima, eninzi ephikisanayo ngokucacileyo (izizathu zezi zinto sele zikhankanywe ngasentla).

Imiba yezombusazwe

Ngokubhekiselele kwicala lezopolitiko le mbambano, i-NEP yamaBolshevik yayiyi-autocracy yecala, apho kukho ukungavunyelwanga naluphi na ukuphikiswa kule ndawo. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukuphambuka "kwinqanaba eliphambili" leCawa alizange lamukelwe. Nangona kunjalo, kwicandelo lezoqoqosho, kukho ukuhlanganiswa okumangalisayo kwezinto zokulawula kunye neendlela ezisemgangathweni zendlela yokufama:

• Urhulumente ugcine ulawulo olupheleleyo kuzo zonke izithuthi zokuhamba, imboni enkulu kunye nendawo ephakathi.
• Kwakukho inkululeko kumashishini abucala. Ngoko, abemi banokuqeshisa umhlaba, baqeshe abasebenzi.
• Kwaye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa kwamashishini abucala kumacandelo amacandelo oqoqosho. Ngelo xesha, amaninzi amanyathelo aloo nkunzi-mali ayenganyanzelwanga ngokusemthethweni, okuyizinto ezininzi ezenza into yonke ingenangqiqo.
• Ukuqeshisa kwamashishini aphantsi kolawulo lwamazwe avunyelwe.
• Urhwebo lube lukhululekile. Oku kuchaza iziphumo ezintle ze-NEP.
• Ngexesha elifanayo, ukuphikisana phakathi kwesixeko kunye nelizwe bekunyuka, iimiphumo zazo ziyaqhubeka zivakalelwa: amaziko oshishino anikezela izixhobo kunye nezixhobo apho abantu babefanele bahlawule imali "yokuphila", ngelixa ukutya kwakungekho sikhulu kwiidolophu, ifunwa njengerhafu kwiimpahla. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni ubugqila bezilwanyana.
• Kwimashishini kukho ukubalwa kweendleko eziphantsi.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwemali kwenziwa, ezenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi ukuphucula uqoqosho.
• Ulawulo loqoqosho lwentlanga lusetyenwe ngokusesikweni, lugxothwa kwigunya likarhulumente.
• Kukho umvuzo werhafu.
• Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente akazange anike urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kubarhwebi abucala, okwenze ukuba imeko kule ndawo ayigqithise kakhulu.

Nangona kukho konke oku ngasentla, kufuneka ucacise ngokucacileyo ukuba izizathu zokunqongophala kwe-NEP zazixhomekeke kwimvelaphi yazo. Ngabo, ngoku sithetha.

Imizamo eyahlukileyo yokuguqula

Uninzi lwezivumelwano ezenziwa yiBolsheviks kuma -grarians, amaqabane (ekuqaleni kweMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic, kwaba ngabavelisi abancinci abaqinisekisa ukuzaliseka kwemithetho yelizwe), kunye nabakhweli abancinci. Kodwa apha kuya kufuneka kucaciswe ngokucacileyo ukuba iimpawu ze-NEP, eziye zadalwa kwaye zenziwa ngenxa yoko, zihluke kakhulu.

Ngoko, entwasahlobo ka-1920, amagunya afika kwisigqibo sokuba kulula kakhulu ukuququzelela ukuthengiselana kwezinto ezihamba ngqo phakathi kwesi sixeko kunye nedolophana, ukutshintsha izixhobo kunye nezinye iimveliso zemveliso yokutya kunye nezinye izinto ezifunyenwe kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Ngokucacileyo, i-NEP eRussia yayikwakheka njengenye indlela yerhafu enjani, apho abalimi beza kuvunyelwa ukuba bathengise iindleko eziye zahlala nazo.

Ngoko amagunya anethemba lokukhuthaza abalimi ukuba bandise izityalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufunda le mihla kwimbali yaseRashiya, ngoko ukungafezeki ngokupheleleyo kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo kuya kucaca. Abantu ngelo xesha bethanda ukuhlwayela ngokuncinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka, abangafuni ukunyusa iindawo ezihlala kuyo abahlali beedolophu, bengenakufumana nantoni na ngokubuyisela. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abalimi abanomsindo babengenakwenzeka: ekupheleni konyaka kwacaca ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho kukhula kweso sivuno esingqolowa esilindelekileyo. Ukuze amaxesha e-NEP aqhubeke, sasidinga amanyathelo athatho.

Ingxaki yokutya

Ngenxa yoko, indlala eyingozi yaqala ebusika, iindawo ezifihlayo apho abantu abayizigidi ezingama-30 bahlala khona. Izigidi ezi-5.5 zafa yindlala. Eli lizwe kwakukho izigidi ezingaphezu kwezigidi zeenkedama. Ukubonelela ngamaziko oshishino ngesonka, kwakudinga ubuncinane ubuncinane besigidi sezigidi ezingama-400, kodwa kwakungekho nje.

Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezinobukhohlakali, sele "baqwenguliwe" abalimi bekwazi ukuqokelela izigidi ezingama-280 kuphela. Njengoko uyakubona, ezimbini eziphambene ngokupheleleyo nezicwangciso zokuqala zokubona: I-NEP kunye nobukhompi basekuhlaleni babenempawu ezifanayo. Ukuthelekiswa kwazo kubonisa ukuba kuzo zombini imeko abantu abahlala kwidolophana babecelwa ukuba banikele zonke izityalo kwi-zadarma.

Nabo baxhasekileyo abancedisayo bemikhosi yempi yabona ukuba ukuzama ukuphanga abantu belizwe akuyi kubakho nantoni na. Ukuxhatshazwa kwezenhlalo kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ngehlobo le-1921 kwacaca ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba ukwanda kwenene kweenkululeko zoluntu kubalulekile. Ngaloo ndlela, umgaqo - nkqubo we-communism kunye ne-NEP (kwisigaba sokuqala) unxulumene ngakumbi kunokuba abaninzi bacinga.

Inkqubo yokulungisa

Ngekwindla yaloo nyaka, xa isahlulo sesithathu selizwe sasiyindlala enkulu, iBolsheviks yenza okokuthobela kwabo okugqithiseleyo: ekugqibeleni, ukuthengiswa kwexesha elide elidlulileyo kwithengiswa. Ngo-Agasti 1921, umyalelo wasikhutshwa, ngesiseko apho uqoqosho lwe-NEP lwalufuneka lusebenze:

• Njengoko sathetha, kukho ikhosi eya kuthathwa ngokulawulwa kwamanye amazwe kwicandelo lezoshishino. Ngaloo ndlela, inani le-glavks lancitshiswa ukusuka kuma-50 ukuya ku-16.
• Amashishini anikwe inkululeko kwindawo yokuthengisa ngokuzimeleyo kwemveliso.
• Amashishini angaqeshwanga angavalwa.
• Kuzo zonke iinkampani zaseburhulumenteni, ekugqibeleni, ukukhuthazwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zabasebenzi kwaziswa.
• Iinqununu zaseburhulumenteni yaseBolshevik zaphoqelelwa ukuba zivume ukuba i-NEP kwi-USSR kufuneka ibe yinto eyiyo-mali, ukuvumela inkqubo yezoqoqosho yelizwe ukuba iphuculwe yimali ebonakalayo yemveliso, kwaye kungenjalo, ukubuyiswa kwemali yemvelo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa ngokuqhelekileyo kobudlelwane bemali yempahla, ngowe-1921 iBhanki yeSizwe yasungulwa, iiofisi zemali zavulelwa ukukhutshwa kwemali mboleko kunye nokufumana imali yokugcina imali, kunye nokuhlawulwa okunyanzelekileyo ekuhambiseni izithuthi zikawonkewonke, izibonelelo kunye ne-telegraph. Inkqubo yerhafu ibuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqinisa nokuzalisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, amanqaku amaninzi ahlawuleyo asusiwe kuwo.

Zonke iinguqulelo zemali ezongezelelweyo zazijoliswe ngokuqinisekileyo ekuqiniseni imali yesizwe. Ngoko, ukususela ngo-1922 umcimbi weemali ezikhethekileyo, ii-chervonets zaseSoviet zaqalwa. Enyanisweni, kwakulingana (kubandakanywa nomxholo wegolide) ukutshintshwa kwe-10 yobukhosi. Lo mqathango waba nefuthe elihle kwizithemba kwi-ruble, eyayifumana ngokukhawuleza kwamanye amazwe.

Kwimali entsha ye-¼ yabonelelwa ngetsimbi ezixabisekileyo, ezinye zeezimali zangaphandle. I-¾ esele yanikezelwa ngeendleko zokutshintshiselwa, kunye nezinye iimpahla zokunyuka kwemfuno. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba urhulumente unqande ngokukhawuleza ukucima isabelo sebhajethi kunye ne- chervontsi . Zenzelwe kuphela ukubonelelwa kwemisebenzi yeBhanki yeSizwe, ngokuthengwa kwemali ethile.

Iiprojekiti zeNP

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokucacileyo into elula: urhulumente omtsha akakaze (!) Zibekele umgomo wokwakha imeko yeemarike kunye nepropati yangasese epheleleyo. Oku kuqinisekiswa ngamagama awaziwayo kaLenin: "Asinakuvuma oko nangoko ...". Wayehlala efuna ukuba abahlobo bakhe balawulwe ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho, ukwenzela ukuba i-NEP e-USSR ayizange ibe yinto ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho oluzimeleyo . Kungenxa yokunyanzeliswa kokungabikho komthetho kunye neqela lokuba umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha awuzange unike isiqingatha sazo ziphumo ezilungileyo ezinokulindelwa ngenye indlela.

Ngokubanzi, i-NEP kunye noluntu lwamajoni, oludla ngokuthelekiswa ngabalobi abathile kwimiba yokuthandana nomgaqo-nkqubo omtsha, befana kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwakunzima kangakanani. Ewe, bekunjalo ngokukodwa kwithuba lokuqala lokuthunyelwa kohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho, kodwa kamva iziganeko eziqhelekileyo zingalandelwa ngaphandle kwemizamo ekhethekileyo.

Iingxaki zengxaki

Kakade ngo-1922, uLenin wachaza ukuba ukugqithiswa kwamanye amazwe kunqunywe ngokupheleleyo, ukuba amaxesha e-NEP adlule. Ukunyaniseka kwalungisa ezi zifiso. Ekubeni ngowe-1925 inani eligqityiweyo eligunyazisiweyo labasebenzi abaqashiweyo kwiifama ezihluthwayo liye linyuka liya kuba likhulu labantu (ngaphambili bezingekho ngaphezu kwe-20). Intsebenziswano yealak yenziwe ngokusemthethweni, abanini-mhlaba banokuqeshisa izibonelelo zabo kangangeminyaka eli-12. Ukuthintela ukusekwa kweentengo zemboleko zentengo zapheliswa, kwaye indlela yokuphuma kwamapulazi asekuhlaleni (ukuchithwa) yachithwa ngokupheleleyo.

Kodwa ngowe-1926 iiBolsheviks zathatha ikhosi kwizopolitiko, injongo yaloo nto yayingumngcipheko we-NEP. Uninzi lweemvume ezifunyanwa ngabantu abadlulileyo kunyaka odlulileyo. Iibhokhwe zaphinda zahlaselwa, ngoko ukuba imveliso encinane yayingcwatyelwa ngokupheleleyo. Uxinzelelo lwabaphathi bezobucala abuxhamli ngokunyuka kwimizi kunye nakwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Uninzi lweziphumo ze-NEP zazikhishwe ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba inkokheli yelizwe ayinalo ulwazi olwaneleyo kunye nokungahambelani kwimicimbi yokwenza uguquko lwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.

Ukuvala i-NEP

Nangona zonke iindlela ezithathwe, ukuphikisana kwimiba yoluntu kunye nezoqoqosho kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwakudingeka ukhethe isigqibo sokwenza ntoni ngokulandelayo: qhubeka uqhuba iindlela zezoqoqosho, okanye ukucima i-NEP kwaye ubuyele kwiindlela zokulwa kobuhlanga.

Njengoko sele sisazi, abaxhasayo kwindlela yesibini, ekhokelwa nguJV Stalin, baphumelele. Ukuze kuphuculwe imiphumo yengxaki yokuvuna okusanhlamvu ngo-1927, kuye kwathathwa amanyathelo amanyathelo okulawula: inxaxheba yesikhungo solawulo ekulawuleni icandelo lezoqoqosho laphinde laqiniswa kakhulu, ukuzimela kwabo bonke ama shishini kwagqitywa, kwaye ixabiso leempahla ezenziwe liye landa kakhulu. Ukongezelela, urhulumente wabhenela ukwanda kwerhafu, bonke abalimi abangafuni ukunikela isonka sabo, bazama. Xa kubanjwa ukugqitywa kwepropati kunye nemfuyo.

Ukuxothwa kwabanikazi bemihlaba

Ngoko ke, kuphela kwiphondo laseVolga abangaphezu kwama-33 lamawaka abalimi abanjwe. I-archives ibonisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sazo zonke ipropati yazo zilahlekelwe. Cishe yonke imishini yokulima, eyayiyifumene nezinye iifama ezinkulu, yayibanjwe ngokunyanzeliswayo ngenxa yeefama ezihlangeneyo.

Ukufunda le mihla kwimbali yaseRashiya, unokubona ukuba kwakuloo minyaka leyo ukuboleka kwamashishini amancinci kwaphela, okwabangelwa kwimiphumo emibi kakhulu kwicandelo lezoqoqosho. Ezi ziganeko zaqhutyelwa kulo lonke ilizwe, ngezinye izihlandlo zifikelela kwindawo yokungazi. Kwiminyaka ye-1928-1929. Iifama ezinkulu zaqala ukucinywa kwemveliso, ukuthengiswa kwemfuyo, izixhobo kunye nemishini. Ukubetha okubangelwa kwiifama ezinkulu kwiinjongo zezopolitiko, ukubonisa ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga kokulima, ukuphazamisa isiseko semikhosi yokuvelisa kwiziko lezolimo.

Izigqibo

Ngoko, zeziphi izizathu zokugqithiswa kwe-NEP? Oku kwaqukunjelwa ukuphikisana okuphakathi kwangaphakathi kwi nkokeli yelizwe elincinci, eliye lanyusa kakhulu ukuzama ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwe-USSR ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kodwa ezingenakusebenza. Ekugqibeleni, ukwanda kwekhadi lokunyanzeliswa kolawulo kubarhwebi abucala abazange bancede, ngelo xesha asizange kubone naziphi na amathuba okuphuhlisa imveliso yabo.

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba i-NEP ayizange ihlanganiswe kwiinyanga ezimbalwa: kwicandelo lezolimo, oku kwenzeke kakade ngasekupheleni kwee-1920, i-shishini yayingekho shishini ngexesha elifanayo, kwaye ukuhweba kwaqhubeka kwada kwaqala ngawo-1930. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1929, isisombululo sidluliselwe ukukhawuleza ukuphuhliswa kwentlalo yelizwe, eyayibeka phambili ukuhla kwexesha le-NEP.

Izizathu eziphambili zokugqithiswa kwe-NEP kukuba ubuholi beSoviet, befuna ukukhawuleza ukwakha umzekelo omtsha weenkqubo zentlalo phantsi kweemeko zokungqungquthela kwelizwe ngamazwe aseburhulumenteni, zifunyanwe zinyanzeliswa ukuba zisebenzise iindlela ezingafunekiyo kwaye zingathandwa kakhulu.