Germany emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, uphuhliso kunye nokuvuselelwa

Ilizwe yokulahlekelwa eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I waphelelwa kakhulu kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Eli lizwe ibhukuqwe neNgonyama, kwaye endaweni yayo weza weRiphabliki, ngokuba Weimar. Le nkqubo yezopolitiko eyaqhubeka de-1933, xa amaNazi wangumlawuli, ikhokelwa ngu Adolf Hitler.

November revolution

Xa ekwindla ka-1918 eJamani Kaiser yaba esengozini ukoyiswa kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Eli lizwe buphelile gazi. Uluntu sele izimele elide ukunganeliseki kunye nabasemagunyeni UWilhelm II. Oku kwabangela ngoNovemba Revolution, eyaqalisa ngoNovemba 4 kunye kwimvukelo oomatiloshe e Kiel. Kutshanje, baye iziganeko ezifanayo eRashiya, apho neNgonyama eminyaka ubudala iye kuwa khona. Into efanayo ekugqibeleni, kwaye eJamani.

November 9 iNkulumbuso Maksimilian Badensky wavakalisa Ekupheleni kobukumkani UWilhelm II, sele walahlekelwa ukulawula oko kwenzekayo kweli lizwe. Chancellor wadlulisela amandla akhe-nkqubo we-Friedrich Ebert Foundation washiya Berlin. Intloko entsha karhulumente yenye neenkokeli German intshukumo popular zentlalo-wentando yesininzi kunye SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany). Wodliwa kwangaloo mhla kwabhengezwa ukusekwa kwiriphabliki.

Impixano ne Entente okunene yayeka. Novemba 11 Kompenskom ehlathini e wasePicardy ukuxolelana yasayinwa, nto leyo ekugqibeleni wayeka gazi. Ke kaloku ikamva eYurophu kwizandla oonozakuzaku. Baqala thethwano unofficial kunye ukulungiselela kwinkomfa enkulu. Isiphumo zonke ezi zenzo yaba iSivumelwano Versailles, esayinwe ehlotyeni ka-1919. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokugqitywa sivumelwano, eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I wayefumene izinto ezininzi iziganeko ezimangalisayo lwangaphakathi.

kwango Spartacist

Nayiphi revolution kukhokelela emoyeni ngamandla, nto leyo uzama ukuthatha ezahlukeneyo imikhosi, kwaye revolution Novemba kule ndlela, kungekho ngaphandle. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kokuwa ukumkani kunye ukuphela kwemfazwe e-Berlin imfazwe kwesiqabu phakathi imikhosi unyanisekile kurhulumente kunye abaxhasi Communist Party. Kutshanje wayefuna ukwakha kweli lizwe kwikhaya le Soviet Republic. amandla Key kule Movement uSpartacus League kunye namalungu ayo idumileyo: Karl Liebknecht kunye Roza Lyuksemburg.

NgoJanuwari 5, 1919 amaKomanisi liququzelele ugwayimbo ema lonke Berlin. Ngokukhawuleza yaba wombhodamo exhobileyo. Germany emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaba kukungxawu elidangazelayo babesilwa apho ezahlukeneyo iintsingiselo iingcamango. uphakamo Spartacist eso sibetha isiqephu kokuyaphula. Emva kweveki, ukusebenza yajika kuba amajoni boyiswa wahlala enyanisekile ukuya Provisional Government. Januwari 15 Karl Liebknecht babulawa Roza Lyuksemburg.

Wohlobo Soviet Republic

Le ntlekele yezopolitiko eJamani emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi neziphumo kwenye qhankqalazo enkulu abaxhasi Marxism. Ngo-Apreli 1919, abasemagunyeni eBavaria yaba wohlobo eSoviet Republic, zivulelwe ngokuchasene norhulumente kazwelonke. Urhulumente okhokelwa wakhe Communist Evgeny Levin.

ESoviet Republic lenze amalungiselelo Red yayo Army. Kuba ngoxa besingenako ukulilingana yengcinezelo umkhosi karhulumente, kodwa emva kweeveki ezimbalwa yena woyiswa kwaye lihambe liye eMunich. Kucebisa yokugqibela yemvukelo ukuba bacinezelwa Meyi 5. Iziganeko eBavaria kwakhokelela intiyo ubunzima ekucingwa lasekhohlo iphiko kunye nabaxhasi ye revolution entsha. Into yokuba kwakukho amaYuda, kwabangela nokulatyuza nokonyanywa kwamaJuda kwi intloko Soviet Republic. Imizwa aba bantu baqalisa ukudlala isizwe ezinkulu, kubandakanywa abaxhasi Hitler.

siseko Weimar

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuphela kwimvukelo Spartacist ekuqaleni kuka-1919, unyulo jikelele ziye zabanjwa, leyo wonyulwa ukuba ukwakhiwa yeNdibano yesiZwe Weimar. Ibangel 'umdla ngoxa ilungelo lokuvota okwesihlandlo sokuqala wafumana umfazi waseJamani. INdibano neqela lokuqala bahlanganisana nge-6 Februwari. lonke eli lizwe ngokusondeleyo okwalandelwa kwenzeka ntoni kwidolophu encinane Thuringian of Weimar.

Umsebenzi ezingundoqo abameli lwabantu kwi ngokwamkelwa komgaqo-siseko omtsha. Amalungiselelo yomthetho esisiseko iJamani kwakhokelela levoliberal uHugo Preiss, owathi kamva waba uMphathiswa Reich of the Interior. UMgaqo-siseko waba kwesiseko solawulo lwentando yesininzi yaye zahluke kakhulu ukusuka Kaiser. Olu xwebhu yaba kwizibhambathiso phakathi zezepolitiki ezahlukeneyo iphiko ekhohlo nasekunene.

UMthetho useka lwentando yasepalamente kunye namalungelo ezentlalo ngokusingisele kubemi balo. Umzimba omkhulu lowiso ye Reichstag wonyulwa iminyaka emine. Wathabatha mali karhulumente kwaye akwazi uyele ukusuka kwindawo yentloko kaRhulumente (Chancellor), kwakunye nawuphi na umfundisi.

Ukufunyanwa eJamani emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi abukhange bufikelelwe ngaphandle kakuhle ukusebenza kunye nenkqubo okunezakha-mzimba kwezopolitiko. Ngoko ke, umgaqo-siseko waqalisa intloko omtsha karhulumente - Empire Mongameli. Yaba nalowo uyiyalelayo intloko karhulumente kwaye bafumana ilungelo lokuba ukuyichitha epalamente. Reich ngumengameli kunyulo jikelele kwi kwikota kunyaka-7.

Intloko yokuqala Germany omtsha yaba Friedrich Ebert. Wenza le sikhundla 1919-1925 gg. Weimar-siseko, nto leyo wabeka isiseko ilizwe elitsha, yamkelwa yiNdlu yoWiso-neqela ngomhla wama-31 Julayi. Reich umongameli wawusayina ngomhla Agasti 11. Le mini Wamisela iholide kazwelonke eJamani. Le omtsha ezopolitiko ngokuba Weimar Republic imbeko kuloo mzi, apho kudlula ibandla umlimandlela wabavoti woluntu kwaye siseko apho. Lo rhulumente wentando ngangosuku 1919 ukuya 1933. Qala yabeka Novemba revolution eJamani emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, yaye yaphela nya ngamaNazi.

ISivumelwano Versailles

Ngelo xesha, ngehlobo lowe-1919 eFransi waqokelela ze ehlabathini lonke. Badibana ukuxoxa isigqibo uya kuba yintoni iJamani emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. ISivumelwano SaseVersailles, nto leyo eyaba sisiphumo senkqubo thethwano elide, sasayinwa ngoJuni 28.

Eyona theses eziphambili loxwebhu hlobo. France lifumene ukusuka kwiphondo Germany ephikisana of Alsace kunye Lorraine, ndaphulukana nawo emva kwemfazwe ne-Prussia ngo-1870. Belgium waya kwizithili umda Eupen kunye Malmedy. Poland unikwe ilizwe Pomerania kunye Poznan yena. IDanzig waba isixeko-cala simahla. Amagunya noloyiso wathabatha ulawulo kummandla Baltic Memel. Ngowe-1923, yona idluliselwe kumntu ezimeleyo Lithuania yakutshanje.

Ngowe-1920, ngenxa yale plebiscites ezithandwayo Denmark wafumana yinxalenye Schleswig, kunye Poland - sisiqwenga Upper eSilesia. inxalenye encinane lwalo atshintshelwe kwethafa eCzechoslovakia. Ngelo xesha, ngevoti ye iJamani igcinwe elasezantsi leMpuma Prussia. Ilizwe yokulahlekelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela Austria, Poland kunye eCzechoslovakia. Kummandla eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwatshintsha ngengqiqo yokuba ilizwe ilahleko amathanga Kaiser kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi.

Ukulinganiselwa kunye nokulungiswa

Besive ibhanki German ekhohlo Rhein ngokuxhomekeke ekade. imikhosi exhobileyo akaba saba ngaphezulu uphawu 100 amawaka abantu. It ibhangisa emkhosini. Abantu abaninzi abazange iinqanawa kodwa zitshone zadluliselwa amazwe noloyiso. Kwakhona, Germany wayeza akusekho izithuthi mihla vehicles kunye ukulwa moya.

Izibonelelo ezivela eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaba 269 billion marks, leyo ilingana nama-100 lamawaka iitoni zegolide. Ngoko kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule umonakalo yi amazwe Amanyeneyo ngenxa liphulo leminyaka emine. IKhomishini ekhethekileyo yasekwa ukuqinisekisa isixa esifunekayo.

Uqoqosho German emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I bahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yokulungisa umonakalo. Iintlawulo osemanzini lizwe zonakala. Akazange nkqu endinceda yokuba ngo-1922 , iSoviet Russia sazilahla izibonelelo, ukutshintsha ngenxa ukuthotyelwa phantsi kwesizwe kwempahla German asanda kwakhiwa eSoviet Union. Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho yayo, i Weimar Republic kwaye khange uhlawule isixa semali ekuvunyelwene. Xa uHitler eqala ukubusa, awazenzayo wayeka transfers imali. Intlawulo izibonelelo yahlaziyelwa ngo-1953 yaye ke ngoko kwakhona - ngo-1990, emva kokuba ubunye eli lizwe. Ekugqibeleni izibonelelo ezivela eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I yahlawulwa kuphela ngo-2010.

ngaphakathi

Akukho ezolile emva kwemfazwe eJamani Abazange beze. Uluntu iye ayenza yamibi ngengxaki zabo, wabashiya rhoqo nemikhosi tye ezinkulu, ababekhangela abangcatshi kunye aboni ze ntlekele. Uqoqosho German emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi ayikwazanga zibuyiselwe ngenxa lezimangalo lomgadi abasebenzi.

NgoMatshi 1920, kwakukho Kapp putsch. I Icebo lika lokuzama kungekudala kwakhokelela ekupheliseni bonke Weimar Republic kunyaka wesibini ikho. Icandelo ngokutsho iSivumelwano Versailles apheliswe umkhosi mutinied yaye bababamba izakhiwo zikarhulumente eBerlin. Society uphuphu. amandla esemthethweni imizi Stuttgart, apho wabiza abantu ukuba ukuxhasa umbuso ucwangcise lugwayimbo. Ngenxa yoko, abo babemenzele iyelenqe boyiswa, kodwa ke uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye okwakhiwe ngayo eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwakhona ndafumana njengengxaki enkulu.

Ngelo xesha kummandla Ruhr, apho kwakukho kwimigodi ezininzi kwabakho imvukelo abasebenzi. Ukulwa indawo amajoni baziswa, echasene izigqibo iSivumelwano Versailles. Ukuphendula ukuxhatshazwa kwesivumelwano umkhosi French wangena e Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Hanau, Homburg, eyayiseDuisburg kunye nezinye izixeko yasentshona.

amabutho angaphandle kwakhona washiya iJamani ehlotyeni 1920. Noko ke, impixano ubudlelwane namazwe victor esiphindayo. Oku kuye kwabangela nkqubo yezimali eJamani emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Urhulumente akanayo imali eyaneleyo ukuze izibonelelo. Ukuphendula ekulibazisekeni iintlawulo eFransi Belgium ethatha le ndawo Ruhr. imikhosi zabo apho ngo-1923-1926 gg.

komnotho

nkqubo German angaphandle emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ajongene nalo msebenzi lokufumana ubuncinane intsebenziswano ezithile yingenelo. Bekhokelwa ezi ngcamango, ngo-1922 i-Weimar Republic utyikitye isivumelwano ne Soviet Russia iSivumelwano Rapallo. Uxwebhu ebizwa ukuze kuqale lwabafowunelwa lobuchule phakathi ithi elinamandla ekwanti. Ukuhlangabezana of Germany kunye Russian Federation (yaye kamva eSoviet Union) sabangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu nkulu, azityeshela iiBolsheviks, ingakumbi e-France. Ngowe-1922, abanqolobi babulala Walter Rathenau - uMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaPhandle, walungelelanisa wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano in Rapallo.

iingxaki yangaphandle ye eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yoma phambi lwangaphakathi. Ngenxa luqhankqalazo bexhobile, ugwayimbo kunye izibonelelo kuqoqosho lweli lizwe ngakumbi liqengqiwe kungena enzonzobileni. Urhulumente wazama ukugcina imeko ngokwandisa ukukhululwa imali.

A ngenxa yendalo yalo mgaqo-nkqubo yaba kwamandla emali kunye ukudinwa ubunzima yabemi. Ixabiso le-currency kazwelonke (mark iphepha) non-ukuyeka ebuya umva. Ukunyuka wakhula zibe emali. amagosa Salary okuncinci kootitshala abahlawulwa neekhilogram imali yephepha, kodwa ukuthenga ezi zigidi kwakungekho nto. Currency kusincede sifeze somlilo. Intlupheko kwakhokelela kukrakra kuyo. mbali abaninzi kamva baye lubonise ukuba ubundlobongela kuvunyelwa ukuba beze abasemagunyeni basebenzisa populist slogans bezwe.

Ngowe-1923, i-Comintern wazama ukuba basebenzise le ntlekele kwaye balungiselela azame revolution entsha. Yena akuphumelelanga. Center inkcaso ndawonye, kwaye urhulumente waqala Hamburg. bangena amajoni umzi. Le ngozi iza kuphela ukusuka ekhohlo. Emva kokuba ukupheliswa the wohlobo yiSoviet Republic of Munich waba uligwiba isizwe kunye babebambelele. NgoNovemba 1923 kweso sixeko kwakukho ubhedu ehlanganiswe i yezopolitiko oselula Adolf Hitler. Ukuphendula kwenye kwimvukelo Ebert Empire umongameli kubekwe umthetho kaxakeka. Beer Hall Putsch kokupheliswa kunye lwabasunguli yayo wazama. Hitler waba entolongweni iinyanga 9 kuphela. Ukubuyela inkululeko, waqala bang ukuba eqhineni ngamandla.

"Golden kwalahlwa"

Emali uzikrazule i Weimar Republic oselula, aza yi ukusungulwa lwemali entsha - yemiyinge irente. komhlaba lwemali kunye ukufika utyalo-mali lwangaphandle ngcembe wakhokela lizwe ngengqiqo, nangona ngobuninzi ngaphakathi.

Ingakumbi kwafika imali aluncedo evela phesheya ngokohlobo mboleko American phantsi icebo Charles Dawes. Phakathi kwiminyaka embalwa uphuhliso loqoqosho eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho uzinzo elide-elindelwe ngayo le meko. inkqubela xa kuthelekiswa kwisithuba 1924-1929 gg. Ndabiza "Golden kwalahlwa".

Umgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngaloo minyaka nazo waphumelela. Ngowe-1926, wazibandakanya nomkhosi uManyano Lwezizwe waba lilungu epheleleyo yoluntu kwihlabathi, wadala emva kokuba kuvunywe iSivumelwano Versailles. Sigcina nobuhlobo ne-USSR. Ngowe-1926, iSoviet kunye nezifundiswa German basayine Berlin isivumelwano esitsha cala kwaye non-ndlongo.

Enye isivumelwano ebalulekileyo zokubonisana waba Briand Pact - Kellogg. Esi sivumelwano, isayinwe amagunya iqhosha hlabathi (kuquka Germany) ngo-1926, ibhengeze lo kukulahlwa lemfazwe njengesixhobo yezopolitiko. Ngoko ke waqalisa inkqubo yokudala inkqubo yokhuseleko ezihlangeneyo yaseYurophu.

Ngowe-1925 ukhetho uMongameli omtsha Empire. Intloko uhulumeni Jikelele Paul von Hindenburg, ngubani wayenxibe isikhundla of Field Marshal. Wayengomnye aphantsi kweenjengele ezingundoqo yomkhosi Kaiser ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kubandakanywa iintshukumo ngqo kwi ngaphambili e East Prussia, apho besilwa umkhosi Tsarist eRussia. Mpendulo Hindenburg waba owahluke inokusebenza ezihlangwini zakhe, Ebert. zomkhosi Old esetyenziswa ngokubonakalayo ngokuthi slogans populist lomlinganiswa anti-yobusoshiyali kunye wesizwe. Ezi ziphumo mixed wakhokela kunyaka-esixhenxe Uphuhliso zopolitiko eJamani emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Kwathi ezinye iimpawu kozinzo. Umzekelo, ePalamente khange ekhokela imikhosi iqela kunye mfelandawonye bayekelele rhoqo ngokwabo esengozini kokuwa. Amasekela phantse lonke ixesha babesilwa kunye norhulumente.

Le-Great Depression

Ngo-1929 kwi-US kwakukho kwingozi istock market kwi Wall Street. Ngenxa yoku, isima uboleka Germany amazwe. Kwintlekele yoqoqosho, kungekudala ngokuba le-Great Depression sichaphazele ihlabathi lonke, kodwa ke Weimar Republic wayenaso banamandla kunabanye. Akumangalisi oku, ekubeni ilizwe iphumelele nesalamane, uzinzo na ixesha elide kodwa. The Great Depression ngokukhawuleza kwakhokelela ekuweni koqoqosho German, waphula umthetho ngaphandle, ngqesho abaninzi, kunye nezinye iingxaki ezininzi.

A Germany omtsha wentando yesininzi emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ngamafutshane, uye zemka ngeemeko ukutshintsha ukuba akakwazanga. Ilizwe lixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-US, kwaye ntlekele US nako ukuphumeza ngesibetho esibulalayo. Noko ke, wathulula ioli phezu komlilo, nabezopolitiko basekuhlaleni. Urhulumente, ipalamente kunye intloko karhulumente ungquzulwano rhoqo ayikwazanga ukuseka intsebenziswano ezifuneka kakhulu.

Isiphumo endalo ukunganeliseki kunye nemeko ekhoyo yabantu iye yaba ukukhula olukhulu. Ekhokelwa ngonyaka sinamandla Hitler NSDAP (National Socialist German Party) emva konyaka efunyenwe kwi kunyulo ezahlukeneyo iivoti ezininzi. Uluntu baba iingxoxo ezithandwayo malunga okuhlatywa komhlana, betrayals kunye iyelenqe yamaYuda. intiyo sibi ngokuba utshaba ezingaziwayo abanamava abantu abaselula abakhulela emva kwemfazwe yaye abazange baqaphele bephela yakhe.

Ukuza ku Amandla lwamaNazi

Ukuthandwa Party lwamaNazi wakhokela nenkokeli yalo Adolf Hitler kwezopolitiko. Government kunye naMalungu ePalamente baqalisa ukuqwalasela amanashinali amabhongo njengelungu zezifundo ezihamba ngamandla lwangaphakathi. amaqela Democratic abakhange kwasekwa sibambisene nxamnye bonke amaNazi ngokuya kuthandwa. centrists abaninzi bafuna ngo ally kaHitler. Abanye babecinga nenkomo yakhe babephila mfutshane-. Enyanisweni, uHitler, Kakade ke, akuzange mzobo alawulekayo, kwaye liqhekeza onke amathuba ukwandisa kwayo, nokuba kukho ubunzima kwezoqoqosho okanye ukugxekwa ndawonye.

NgoMatshi 1932, badlula unyulo olulandelayo Empire nguMongameli. Hitler wagqiba ukuba nenxaxheba lokhankaso lolonyulo. Sisithintelo kuye ngummi yakhe Austria. Obandulela ukwenziwa konyulo, uMphathiswa Interior Brunswick kwiphondo wamisela igosa nkqubo kurhulumente eBerlin. Le Okusemthethweni wavumela uHitler ukufumana ubumi waseJamani. Kunyulo kumjikelo wokuqala nowesibini, wathabatha kwindawo yesibini, ukulahlekelwa kuphela Hindenburg.

Reich umongameli fanele ku yinkokeli NSDAP ngononophelo. Noko ke, intloko siphaphile abadala karhulumente wafakwa kulala abacebisi bakhe ezininzi, ukholelwa ukuba uHitler ukuba ungoyiki. January 30, 1930 a ubuzwe edumileyo, wamiselwa yingqonyela - intloko karhulumente. Uthelekelelo Hindenburg wacinga ukuba akwazi ukulawula minion wethamsanqa, kodwa engalunganga.

Enyanisweni, Januwari 30, 1933 yaba ekupheleni lwedemokhrasi Weimar Republic. Kungekudala, imithetho "Kwi Amandla Emergency" yaye "Ngomhla Ukukhuselwa of the People and the State", elathi laseka ulawulo ngokozwi lakhe Wesithathu wathathwa. Ngo-Agasti 1934, emva kokufa Hindenburg ixhego, uHitler waba uMlawuli (yinkokeli) eJamani. NSDAP owamiswayo ukuba iqela lezomthetho kuphela. Hayi kuthathelwa ingqalelo imbali isifundo yakutshanje, eJamani emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kwakhona I lizibandakanya kwindlela ye ubumfazwe. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ngcinga ngurhulumente omtsha waba revanchism. Yisiwe imfazwe yokugqibela amaJamani baqalisa ukulungiselela i-gazi nokuba ezimbi ngakumbi.