Idemokhrasi zePalamente - yintoni na le nto?

Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi bakhetha wentando luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente. Nolwimi lesiGrike elithi "idemokrasi" liguqulelwe ngokuthi "abantu amandla", nto leyo ithetha elihlanganisayo wezopolitiko kwezigqibo kunye nokuphunyezwa ubomi babo. Oku izahlule authoritarianism kunye totalitarianism, xa ulawulo lwemicimbi zikarhulumente ezandleni umntu - inkokeli. Kweli nqaku uza kufunda malunga yintoni lwentando yasepalamente.

inkqubo yentando

Ukuze ukwazi ukuqwalasela le fomu ye karhulumente yepalamente, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo inkqubo yentando yesininzi iyonke, yintoni na. Idemokhrasi ngokwayo yeentlobo ezimbini: ngqo kunye nommeli. Iindlela of kukuvakaliswa kwedemokhrasi ngqo - kubonisa elinomdla yoluntu ngqo referendums, ugwayimbo, imiboniso, ukuqokelelwa zasayinwa, njl Injongo yezi zenzo - .. Ukuze nefuthe abasemagunyeni, abantu ufuna ngqo inzaliseko neemfuno zabo. Kulo mzekelo, abemi lokuvakalisa izinto zabo, ngaphandle koncedo yabameli ezahlukeneyo.

yedemokhrasi yokuba nabameli yahlukile nje yinto yokuba abantu abathatha inxaxheba kubomi kwezopolitiko karhulumente ayikho ngokuzimeleyo ngqo kodwa njengabalamli ekhethwe ngabo. Indlu yowiso kukhethwa amasekela, abajongene nokukhuselwa umphakathi umdla. idemokhrasi zePalamente - omnye weyona mizekelo ezaziwa kwale nkqubo yezopolitiko.

Yintoni parliamentarism

Ukuze athi ke mncinane, inkqubo zepalamente luhlobo karhulumente, xa neerhuluneli lweendibano mthetho bona onyulwe kunye namalungu urhulumente elimisiweyo. Bona onyulwe ngamalungu beqela kunye iivoti ezininzi kunyulo zepalamente. Olu hlobo ngurhulumente lwentando yesininzi zepalamente, kunokwenzeka kuphela kumazwe nenkqubo yentando yesininzi. Oku uyakwazi, ukuba zikhona kumazwe monarchical, kodwa kule meko umlawuli enoluhlu olubanzi amagunya. Sinokuthi kubusa lobunganga kodwa aliyi kwamkela naziphi na izigqibo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo, indima yawo oluncinane kwaye kunokuba zokomfuziselo: ibizwa inxaxheba na imisitho, isiko. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imeko efanelekileyo ngokusekwa kwenkqubo yepalamente phambi kwenkqubo iqela-ezimbini oko kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo kwezopolitiko.

Kwakhona, le hlobo lwentando yesininzi mbi sikhokelo kwe riphablik yepalamente, nto leyo ethetha ukuba igunya ummeli ukunyula intloko karhulumente. Kodwa ke imisebenzi yentloko enze ngqo kwaye usihlalo amagunya karhulumente.

Parliamentarism: ezisebenza ukuphunyezwa

Indlela ngalo kuphunyezwa olu hlobo nkqubo sezopolitiko lwentando yepalamente yolonyulo ngo amaziko. Xa i US Congress zinganikwa umzekelo. Ukuze sithathwa ngokwahlukeneyo mmeli abasemagunyeni - le States - amelwe umdla malunga elilinganayo Inani electors luhlaziywa qho redistricting leminyaka ekube- inani abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba bavote.

Abaviwa zibekwa phambili amaqela eziphambili phambi kokuba kubhalwe ezi nzame emikhulu ukuchonga iimvakalelo nopolitiko loluntu, kunye nenkxaso kumaqela ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Balungiselela iziganeko zoluntu, lokusasaza izinto iphulo babe yinxalenye yoluntu.

Ngenxa yoko yokuvota zamasekela lwamkelwa amaqela ipalamente yinxalenye ebizwa ngokuba "amaqhezu". Enye kwemibutho yezopolitiko, kunye nani liphezulu leevoti, abe nani likhulu zamasekela. Kungenxa yale iqela umntu oqeshwe uyabusa - nokuba iNkulumbuso okanye enye indawo efanelekileyo, kwakunye namalungu urhulumente. Elibusayo uzifunela nkqubo yalo kurhulumente, yaye ezo-mbalwa, ke nenkcaso yasepalamente.

Yintoni presidentialism?

idemokhrasi kamongameli - uchasaniso parliamentarism. Kakuhle eli inkqubo yezopolitiko kukuba zonke izenzo ezenziwa ngurhulumente kunye nepalamente ziphantsi kolawulo kamongameli. Intloko karhulumente eyonyulwe abemi beli lizwe. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba olu hlobo lwamandla esongela ingcamango lwamaxabiso lwentando yesininzi yaye ukuya totalitarianism, njengoko izigqibo ezininzi zenziwa ngumongameli, kwaye ipalamente inamandla ngaphantsi kakhulu.

Izinto eziluncedo ze parliamentarism

idemokhrasi zePalamente njengendlela urhulumente wesimanje aye eziliqela iinkalo ezintle. Okokuqala, oko ukukhululeka nokwenza izinto elubala. MP ngasinye unoxanduva izenzo zabo kunye namagama, kungekuphela nje epatini yakhe, kodwa abemi owanyula kuyo. Nya zamasekela umsantsa ebantwini; kuba asiyiyo indawo eyabelwe kuye ngonaphakade - iintlanganiso mandatory zoluntu, imbalelwano, ukwamkelwa iminxeba kunye nezinye iindlela basebenzisane. Okwesibini, uhlobo kwedemokrasi yepalamente ithetha amalungelo alinganayo nje kuphela "elibusayo" amaqela, kodwa ke nenkcaso. Wonke umntu unelungelo lokuvakalisa izimvo zabo kule ngxoxo kusungulo naziphi na iiprojekthi kunye neziphakamiso. Ilungelo abambalwa lenkululeko yokuvakalisa likhuselwe.

Ezingeloncedo kwedemokrasi yepalamente

Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezopolitiko, inkqubo zepalamente iye iqela leziphene. Amaxesha amaninzi, oosonzululwazi ezopolitiko, abaphandi kwenziwe uthelekiso lolu hlobo yedemokhrasi presidentialism. Ngokunxulumene idemokhrasi yepalamente sinawo iintsilelo kunye nobuthathaka isici.

1. Olu hlobo weBhodi luncedo iintlanga ezincinane. Isibakala sokuba ngabavoti kufuneka uqokelele inani elikhulu ulwazi malunga umviwa, ukuba sibe nentembelo ekukhetheni yakhe. Kulula ukuba ukuphumeza kumazwe ezincinane, oluzinzileyo - ngoko ke ulwazi abafaki-zicelo kuya kugqitywa ngakumbi.
2. Redistribution of uxanduva. Electors Wamisa epalamente, kunye nabo, bona, NdinguMenzi ikhabinethi kwaye igunyazise ukuba nenani lamaxanduva. Ngenxa yoko, epalamente kunye namalungu urhulumente ozama engamkholosi kuphela nabavoti, kodwa amaqela ukuba abatyunjiweyo kubo. Kubonakala "umdlalo emasimini ezimbini" nto leyo maxa wambi kubangela iingxaki.

Likarhulumente kwedemokrasi yepalamente

Kuba namhlanje ihlabathi imelwe inani elikhulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente, ukuqala kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi silinene, nesiphelo yileyo. Umzekelo ezaziwa kwilizwe apho kukho kwedemokrasi yepalamente - oku Great Britain. Kwintloko yorhulumente British lingumlungiseleli inkulumbuso kunye kulawula royal indlu kodwa ukwamkela izigqibo zikarhulumente kwaye isebenza njengomfuziselo lizwe. Amaqela amabini eBritani - babebambelele emiSebenzini - lwa unelungelo lokubumba iqumrhu likarhulumente.

amanye amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu bakhetha idemokhrasi yepalamente njengendlela karhulumente. Lo Italy, eNetherlands, eJamani, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

wedemokrasi yepalamente Russia

Ukuba sithethe eRashiya, ngoko, ngokwembono yakhe, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ilizwe lethu liye luhlobo karhulumente presidentialism. Noko ke, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba Russian Federation - uhlobo exubeneyo karhulumente apho parliamentarism ikhona kunye presidentialism, le eyinhloko yokugqibela. idemokhrasi zepalamente eRashiya kwezokuqala kubonakala kwinto yokuba i-Duma State unelungelo ukunyibilikisa epalamente, kodwa kuphela ngexesha elithile - kwisithuba sonyaka emva konyulo.

Olu hlobo idemokrasi efundwayo zesayensi ezopolitiko. Abaphandi nokubhala amanqaku yenzululwazi kunye monographs ngalo mbandela. Ngokomzekelo, umsebenzi mbali Russian Andrei Borisovich Zubov "idemokhrasi zePalamente kunye isithethe kwezopolitiko waseMpuma." Lo msebenzi isifundo yamaziko lwentando yesininzi nemiqathango mazwe asempuma. Yena unika umzekelo ngokukodwa kumazwe asixhenxe: Japan, Turkey, Lebanon, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka kunye Thailand.