Yeengcinga malunga ngemvelaphi Yomhlaba. Imvelaphi yeeplanethi

Umbuzo awazalelwa kuyo Umhlaba, iiplanethi nakummandla wezijikelezi iyonke elichaphazelekayo ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Iintsomi malunga imvelaphi Lomhlaba inokulandwa ezizweni ezininzi mandulo. Chinese, amaYiputa, Sumerians, amaGrike wayengazi yabo nokusekwa kwehlabathi. Ekuqaleni ixesha yethu, umbono wabo obonisa indawo nemfundiso yonqulo brooked akukho nkcaso. Ephakathi eYurophu, ukuzama ukufumana inyaniso maxa wambi lwaphela imililo Kwamacala. Le ingcaciso yokuqala zenzululwazi ingxaki usebenza kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII. Nangoku, akukho imvelaphi hypothesis elilodwa Umhlaba, nto leyo enika igumbi ngenxa yezinto ezintsha ukutya ingqondo nxanelwe ulwazi.

intsomi yamandulo

Man - a ukuba nxanelwe ulwazi. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu bahluke kwizilwanyana nje kuphela umnqweno kusinda kwihlabathi nangokubandezela zasendle, kodwa ukuzama ukuqonda oko. Ukuqonda nobunganga zizonke amandla endalo ngokwayo, abantu baqalisa ukuba bangazenza ezi nkqubo. Amaninzi, kuba abemi zezulu anconywa kunye nokudalwa ihlabathi.

Iintsomi malunga imvelaphi bomhlaba ngasemagumbini ezahlukeneyo planethi eyahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye. Ngokutsho iinkolelo amaYiputa amandulo, oko ukuqanduselwa ukusuka amaqanda engcwele, sleplennogo uthixo Khnum zodaka zesiqhelo. Ngokutsho iinkolelo kwizizwe siqithi, ilizwe koothixo wayeloba ngaphandle kolwandle.

chaos theory

Siza esondeleyo ingcamango zamaGrike amandulo yenzululwazi. Ezingqondweni zabo, ukuzalwa Umhlaba kwavela ekwakuphila YomonakaloName, ezele umxube amanzi, umhlaba, umlilo kunye nomoya. Oku kuvisisana kunye nethiyori ye imvelaphi postulates Umhlaba yezenzululwazi. izinto Mixed ngokwazo ajikelezwe, ndibazalisa ngokunxila bonke izinto. Kodwa ngaxa lithile, ukususela ezinzulwini isiphithiphithi ekwakuphila wazalwa Umhlaba - uthixokazi Gala, kunye neqabane lakhe laphakade, esibhakabhakeni - uthixo Uranus. Bobabini, agcwalisa isibhakabhaka ongaphiliyo oluvuneka kulwahlukano ebomini.

A intsomi efanayo kwasekwa e China. Isiphithiphithi yi Hun-tun, ezele izakhi ezintlanu - iinkuni, isinyithi, umhlaba, umlilo kunye namanzi - ejikeleza kwi imilo kweqanda kwi nendalo engenasiphelo, kodwa engazalwanga nguthixo Pan xiao. Vuka, wafumana ngeenxa zonke kuye ubumnyama nje engenabomi. Yaye isibakala ukuba buhlungu kakhulu. Lonke amandla akhe, uthixo Pan gu iziphene iqokobhe beqanda-isiphithiphithi, ikhuphe imigaqo ezimbini: yin yang. I Yin enzima izihlambo ukwenza emhlabeni, ukukhanya kunye lula Yang lenyuka esibhakabhakeni, akha esibhakabhakeni.

Iklasi theory of ukuyilwa uMhlaba

Imvelaphi iiplanethi, kwaye ingakumbi emhlabeni, izazinzulu mihla wafunda ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa kukho inani imiba esisiseko (ezifana apho wenza amanzi), ebangela mpikiswano eshushu. Ngoko ke, inzululwazi iphela uguquguquka, ukufunyaniswa ngamnye omtsha iba ibhloko yokwakha kwi isiseko hypothesis umhlaba imvelaphi.

I edumileyo Isazinzulu Soviet Otto Yulevich Shmidt, aka Polar Uphando, iye ngokwamaqela zonke yeengcinga ecetywayo ezidityanisiweyo kubo kwiiklasi ezintathu. Eyokuqala ezi mbono ezisekelwe postulate kwe lokusekwa kwelanga, izijikelezi, ukuthwasa kwenyanga kunye nethala ukusuka material omnye (mafu). Yinto eyaziwayo Voitkevich hypothesis, Laplace, Kant, Fesenkov imigodi kutshanje kuhlaziywa, Sobotovich kunye nezinye izazinzulu.

Udidi lwesibini ngokudibanisa amagama ekuthi ngawo iiplanethi kwasekwa ngqo umcimbi elanga. Oku imvelaphi izazinzulu Earth hypothesis Jeans Jeffreys Multona kunye Chamberlin, Buffon kunye nabanye.

Ke ekugqibeleni, udidi lwesithathu iquka ithiyori, hayi uhlanganise ilanga kunye iiplanethi imvelaphi efanayo. Hypothesis edume Schmidt. Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu yeklasi nganye.

hypothesis Kant kaThixo

Ngo-1755 i-German sobulumko Kant, imvelaphi Umhlaba ezichazwe ngokufutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i wendalo lokuqala kuqulethe amasuntswana othuli emileyo loxinano ezahlukeneyo. Amandla wazisa intshukumo yabo. Senzeka kokuzifaka kwezinye (isiphumo kukho ukhulo) nganye, ekugqibeleni kukhokelele uluhlu ihlwili esembindini ashushu - ilanga. yangqubana Ezinye yamasuntswana kukhokelela ukujikeleza kwelanga, kwaye nalo ke ilifu uthuli.

Kule yokugqibela ngcembe kwakhiwa izixa ezahlukeneyo izinto - iimbumba izijikelezi-langa elizayo emhlabeni apho yesekethe lisekwa satellites ezinjalo. Senziwe ngale ndlela Umhlaba ekuqaleni ubukho zalo kubanda.

concept Laplace

ngeenkwenkwezi French sezibalo Laplace ecetywayo uguqulelo eyahlukileyo kancinane, ezichaza imvelaphi Umhlaba umhlaba nezinye iiplanethi. Inkqubo elanga, ngokwembono yakhe, lithatyathwe nebula ashushu sukube kunye neqela amasuntswana kweli ziko. Yena, basonta kwaye zixinaniswe phantsi kwempembelelo womxhuzulane. Phezu Ukupholisa ngakumbi, isantya ojikeleza ngaso le nebula ehlumayo kwimida yayo atyabukile off amakhonkco apho Zidilikile kwi iiplanethi AMAGQABAZA ▸ elizayo. Inyathelo lokugqibela igesi sokuqala hot emelwe iibhola esigcina zipholile kwaye eqina.

Ukunqongophala Kant Laplace kaThixo hypothesis

Hypothesis of Kant Laplace, echaza imvelaphi Umhlaba emhlabeni, baba lwiimi ziveleleyo cosmogony de ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Kwaye wadlala indima eqhubela phambili, bakhonza njengesiseko lenzululwazi, ingakumbi yokwakheka komhlaba. Le ethile engundoqo ukungakwazi yeengcinga ukuchaza ukwabiwa ngaphakathi kwinkqubo solar isantya emboxo (CDM).

MKP kuchazwa imveliso ubunzima kwi kumgama ukusuka embindini kwenkqubo kunye ngesantya ejikelezayo. Eneneni, isekelwe kwinto yokuba ilanga ngaphezu kwe-90% kunobukhulu iyonke inkqubo, kufuneka ube phezulu kunye CDM. Enyanisweni, Sun 2% nje kuphela yabo bebonke planethi CDM efanayo, ingakumbi isigebenga, eyaziyo, i-98%.

mbono Fesenkov

Le kwi 1960 bazama ukuchaza eSoviet Scientist Fesenko. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo yakhe ngemvelaphi boMhlaba, ilanga kunye iiplanethi akhiwa ucinezelo le nebula giant - ". Globules" Fu waba ilaphu inqabe kakhulu ubukhulu becala ziyilwe yeehidrojeni helium kunye imali encinane lweziqalelo enzima. Phantsi amandla womxhuzulane kwi embindini globules inkwenkwezi-ezimile wabonakala ukuqina - ilanga. It is a ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa nasekusungulweni iziyobisi solar kokusingqongileyo gas-uthuli ezingqongileyo, izinto ezikhutshwayo kuthwalelwa manqaphanqapha. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ekulahlekeni ubunzima balo kunye neeplaneti gear ilanga wadala inxalenye enkulu MCR. Formation of iiplanethi ezigcinwe nokwanda fu.

Ulwazi Multona and Chamberlin

Abaphandi US Multon ngeenkwenkwezi kunye komhlaba Chamberlin ecetywayo Cingela efanayo ngemvelaphi yoMhlaba kunye wezijikelezi, ekuthi ngawo iiplanethi lithatyathwe amasebe igesi eziphathekayo ahamba, "utsalo" kweLanga inkwenkwezi engaziwa, leyo lwenzeka ukusondela kuye.

Izazinzulu ziye lwaqaliswa cosmogony Umba "planetesimal" - ihlwili incitshisiwe yeegesi iziyobisi yokuqala eyaba sisihluma iiplanethi kunye izijikelezi.

izigwebo Ijini

ezisemajukujukwini, British J. Jeans (1919) bacebisa ukuba indlela zelanga kwenye inkwenkwezi lokugqibela watsala i Buze isiga-ezimilise, nto leyo kamva zibe izixa ezahlukeneyo ahlukana. Yaye phakathi kwenxalenye yatyeba le "isiga" kwakhiwa amakhulu, kwaye emancamini - encinane.

hypothesis Schmidt

Xa izinto kwindawo yokuqala umbono ngowe-1944, Schmidt wavakalisa imvelaphi kwethiyori Umhlaba. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba hypothesis esibhakabhakeni, ngoko ngokwasemzimbeni ngokwezibalo nisekelwe abafundi ye-nzulu esidumileyo. Ngendlela, xa hypothesis ye zokusekwa kwe-Sun akujongwa yingxaki.

Ngokutsho ithiyori, ilanga kwelinye izigaba zalo zophuhliso wathimba (wamtsala) ebandayo gas-uthuli lilifu meteoric. Ngaphambi ukuba wayenazo bambalwa kakhulu ilifu CDM esijikeleziswa kwi ngeqondo ebalulekileyo. Siqinile intsimi omxhuzulane kwelanga yaqala kumahluko Meteor ilifu ubunzima, mninzi kunye nobukhulu. Inxalenye izinto eziwe beza ekukhanyeni, omnye, ngenxa yeenkqubo nokwanda eyenza amahlwili-sisihluma iiplanethi kunye Hewana zabo.

Kulo hypothesis, imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso Umhlaba, kungakhathaliseki impembelelo "umoya solar" - uxinzelelo imisebe yelanga, nebagxothayo amacandelo irhasi ukukhanya kwimida kwenkqubo elanga. Ngaloo ndlela kwakheka Earth umzimba ebandayo. warming Further ezinxulumene nobushushu radiogenic, iyantlukwano omxhuzulane kunye neminye imithombo yamandla yangaphakathi kulo mhlaba. Abaphandi ethile hypothesis enkulu bakholelwa ilanga amathuba ephantsi kakhulu lungabanjwa kwalo ilifu Meteor.

Benze emigodini Sobotovich

Imbali imvelaphi Umhlaba basemi Iyandonwabisa izazinzulu. Kuthelekiswa kutshanje (ngo-1984) kunye E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich thaca uguqulelo yalo imvelaphi iiplanethi nelanga. Ngokutsho umbono wabo, aqalise iinkqubo ngelifu igesi-uthuli ezisenokusebenza supernova yesiqalo osenyongweni. Iziganeko emva, ngokutsho abaphandi, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Phantsi isiphumo dubulo yaqalisa ucinezelo le nebula kwaye kwasekwa iqela central - ilanga.
2. Sun asakhulayo ukusuka IRAs kwiCEMIS izijikelezi-langa umoya okanye convective sophazamiseko-by.
3. Waqala ukwakha amakhonkco isigebenga efana ring iSaturn.
4. Ngenxa yoko le ukunwebeka amakhonkco eziphathekayo planetesimals kuqala ukuvela ngoko kwasekwa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

yonke kwemvelo kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu - kwisithuba seminyaka malunga 600 million.

Formation lwesakhiwo koMhlaba

Kukho ukuqonda ezahlukeneyo ngokulandelelana lokusekwa iingontsi iplanethi yethu. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, Protoearth emelwe engalungiswanga yeMetro eziphathekayo yentsimbi-silicate. Kwixesha elizayo, ngenxa yokuzahlula gravity kwenzeka kwi engundoqo yentsimbi yokwaleka silicate - isenzeko nokwanda eyohlobo olulodwa. Abaxhasi nokwanda owahlukeneyo bakholelwa ukuba eliyinjubaqa lokuqala sele efunde core intsimbi, unamathele kulo amasuntswana silicate fusible ngakumbi.

Kuxhomekeka isisombululo sale ngxaki siyakwazi ukuthetha malunga nobungakanani kufudumala lokuqala Umhlaba. Eneneni, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba lasungulwa umhlaba waqalisa shushu ngenxa yesenzo odibeneyo izinto ezininzi:

• Planetesimals bombardment of umphezulu wawo, nto leyo wayehamba ndenzile ubushushu.
• Kuwohloka radioactive izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, kuquka alumina izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezimfutshane waphila of ayodini, neplutoniyam kunye nabanye.
• Omxhuzulane kugcwele kuphakanyiswa (ukuba sime nokwanda yohlobo olunye).

Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, ngeli nqanaba okuqala planet ukubunjwa iindawo yangaphandle ube ukwimeko kufutshane anyibilike. Iplanethi photo Umhlaba kukhangela njengebhola ebomvu-eshushu.

Ucutheko theory of ukuyilwa amazwekazi

Enye yeengcinga zokuqala imvelaphi amazwekazi yaba ukusikwa, apho isakhiwo intaba inxulumene Ukupholisa uMhlaba kunye nokuncitshiswa radius yayo. Ukuba sisiseko kwezifundo zokuqala zejoloji. Kwi ineziseko zayo le komhlaba yaseOstriya E. Suess nokulungelelanisa zonke ezikhoyo ngexesha kolwazi malunga ubume kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwi ngodaba "I-Face woMhlaba". Kodwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX. kukho ubungqina bokuba kwenye inxalenye qweqwe lomhlaba bukaThixo zixinaniswe kwezinye - kunawo. ekugqibeleni theory ucutheko uwa emva kokufunyanwa radioactivity kunye nobukho kuqweqwe lomhlaba xa koluhlu lweempahla ezinkulu lweziqalelo eqhumayo.

drift lizwekazi

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini. asakhulayo hypothesis of kokushenxa lizwekazi. Izazinzulu ziye kudala waphawula ugu Ukufana Umzantsi Melika kunye Afrika, eAfrika kunye Arabhu Peninsula, oweeneem Indiya kunye Afrika, kunye nabanye. Eyokuqala wathelekisa data Pilligrini (1858), kamva Bihanov. kanye ingcamango kokushenxa lizwekazi laliqulunqwe yi komhlaba yaseMelika Taylor kunye Baker (1910) kunye German geophysicist kunye nesangoma Wegener (1912). Sekela ophelileyo lo mbono xa ngodaba yakhe "The Origin of amazwekazi neelwandle", eyapapashwa ngo-1915. Le iimpikiswano ukuba ezicatshuliweyo ukuxhasa lo mbono:

• Yokufana kucacile kumazwekazi kumacala omabini i-Atlantic, kwakunye kumazwekazi owayamene Indian Ocean.
• ukufana ezithile kumazwekazi abakufuphi amacandelo wejoloji yamatye emva Paleozoic zaBasaqalayo Mesozoic.
• Iintsalela ezingamathambo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iintyatyambo bamandulo kunye nezilwanyana amazwekazi wasezantsi kwasekwa iqela elilodwa: ngokukodwa kungqinwa iintsalela ezingamathambo iidayinaso lystrosaurus hlobo afumaneka eAfrika, India ne Antarctica.
• data Paleoclimatic: umzekelo, ubukho imizila ice ilanga inshorensi.

Formation of kuqweqwe lomhlaba

Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso Umhlaba kuhlangene ekwakhiweni entabeni. Wegener uthi ukuba amazwekazi iqanjwa iingqimba kwezimbiwa ukukhanya kakhulu, ngokungathi ukuba kwakudada phezu engundoqo zeplastiki enzima abangelwe izinto ebhedini. Kuthathwa ukuba maleko wokuqala ubhityileyo izinto granitic kuthiwa wambu yonke Earth. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ingqibelelo yakhe uphazanyiswe yimikhosi baphumelele umtsalane zeNyanga kunye Ilanga esebenza phezu komhlaba umhlaba ukusuka empuma kuye entshona, kwakunye imikhosi centrifugal ukusuka ukujikeleza komhlaba, echaphazela ukusuka izibonda-ikhweyitha.

Igranite (yezizathu) yaba supercontinent enye, Pangea. Ivela kude kube phakathi kwexesha Mesozoic waquleka kwithuba സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. Abaxhasi lo mbono yaba imvelaphi woMhlaba isazinzulu Staub. Kwandula ke kwabakho komdibaniso amazwekazi ze kumntla ikhweyitha - Laurasia, kwaye umanyano kumazwekazi ze ikhweyitha kumazantsi - ajenos. Phakathi kwabo sabanjwa nasemaweni umgangatho Pacific Ocean. Phantsi amazwekazi overlie kolwandle daka leyo yodwa. Laurasia and ajenos bafudukela ngesingqi kwi-ikhweyitha, ngoko izibonda. Xa uhambisa le supercontinent ikhweyitha zixinaniswe frontally, ngaloo ndlela ihlaba ubunzima emihlubulweni wePasifiki. Ezi nkqubo zejoloji abaninzi ingqalelo imiba ephambili benza Ezintabeni yentaba. Intshukumo kubenzi ikhweyitha nto yenzeka kwada kwakathathu, ngexesha Caledonian, Hercynian kunye Alpine orogeny.

isiphelo

On isihloko lokusekwa kwenkqubo solar luvelise ezininzi non-fiction, iincwadi zabantwana, iimpapasho ezizodwa. Imvelaphi Umhlaba abantwana amagama alula ayichazwa kwiincwadi. Kodwa ukuba uthatha uncwadi kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, kucacile ukuba ezinye iingxaki izazinzulu mihla akhangele enye indlela. Ngokuma, yokuma kunye nenzululwazi ezinxulumene abayi bemi ngxi. Ngenxa ukoyisa Umhlaba isithuba abantu sele ukwazi oko kubonwa Earth photo umhlaba sisemajukujukwini. ulwazi olutsha kudala ukuqonda entsha imithetho iphela.

Kucacile ukuba indalo le isiphithiphithi lokuqala Umhlaba, ilanga kunye langa iyababandakanya le imikhosi yamandla endalo. Akumangalisi ukuba izinyanya bamandulo ukuzithelekisa nabo eziyimpumelelo kaThixo. Nkqu ngokomfuziselo akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuthelekelela imvelaphi Umhlaba, imifanekiso leyinene kunokwenzeka udlule neminqweno kakhulu nobuganga obukwanjalo. Kodwa wayemana ulwazi ziqokelelwe zizazinzulu, ngokuthe ngcembe bakha yonke umfanekiso kwehlabathi.