Greek Euclid sezibalo: a biography of sisazinzulu, izibakala ezivulekileyo kunye umdla

Sinikezela ukuba uqhelane kunye sezibalo enkulu Euclid. Biography, isishwankathelo umsebenzi wakhe ongundoqo ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla malunga nale Isazinzulu zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku. Euclid (iminyaka yobomi - 365-300 BC ..) - kwezezibalo, ibhekisela lolawulo zawo. Wayesebenza e Alexandria phantsi uPtolemy I Soter. Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini ezingundoqo apho ndandizalelwe khona. Ngokutsho yokuqala - eAthene, ngokutsho lwesibini - eTire (Syria).

Biography of Euclid: Interesting Facts

Malunga kubomi beli Scientist yaziwa hayi kangako. Kukho umyalezo elisetyenziswa Pappa Alexandria. Le ndoda yezibalo owayehlala kwisiqingatha ye2 AD yesi-3. Waphawula ukuba unomdla sisazinzulu wayenobubele nokuthantamisa nabo bonke abo banako ukwenza igalelo kuphuhliso abo okanye nezinye izifundo zesayensi zemathematika thile.

Kukho kwakhona banentsomi yokuba athi Archimedes. oyinhloko Its - Euclid. biography emfutshane abantwana uqobo kubandakanya ilivo, njengoko ukwazi kakhulu kwaye evusa umdla kwi izibalo xa abafundi abatsha. Ithi uKumkani uPtolemy wayefuna ukufunda geometry. Noko ke, kwenzeka ukuba akukho lula ukuyenza. Waza ke ukumkani wabiza umphengululi Euclid, waza wambuza ukuba kukho nayiphi na indlela elula ukuqonda inzululwazi. Kodwa Euclid waphendula wathi akukho ndlela yasebukhosini kwageometry. Ngoko ke ibinzana iye enamaphiko, beza kuthi ngohlobo amavo.

Ekuqaleni le BC yesi-3. e. Waseka Alexandria Museum and Library of Alexandria Euclid. biography esifutshane kunye ezifunyaniswe bakhe zinxulunyaniswa nala maziko mabini, nto leyo nayo amaziko oqeqesho.

Euclid - umfundi kaPlato

Le Scientist ocande Plato Academy based (umfanekiso wakhe ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi). Wafunda indlela ingongoma ephambili enxulumana ngayo uRhazes bulumko, nto leyo yaba kukuba kukho ihlabathi eyahlukileyo iingcamango. Kukhuselekile ukuthi Euclid, ogama engobomi na ekumnikeni kunye iinkcukacha, yaba bulumko Platonist. Le inzululwazi setup bya baqonde ukuba yonke into wadala kwaye zichazwa nguye lakhe "Principia," uye phakade.

Thina banomdla njengomntwana onengqondo owazalwa kwiminyaka 205 emva Pythagoras, kwi-'63 - Platon, 33 - Eudoxus, 19 - Aristotle. Wahlangana ngezenzo zabo zefilosofi kunye zemathematika nokuba ngokuzimeleyo okanye nge njengabalamli.

Unxibelelwano "Elements 'of Euclid kunye imisebenzi ezinye izazi

Proclus, sobulumko-Platonist (iminyaka yobomi - 412-485), izimvo umbhali kwi "ekuqaleni", wacebisa ukuba lo msebenzi ibonisa ngokuma uPlato kunye 'imfundiso kaPythagoras ... ". Esifundweni sakhe Euclid echaza imfundiso kwicandelo yegolide (iincwadi 2nd, 6 kunye 13) kunye ezimacala rhoqo (Book 13). Njengoko lweli iimfundiso zikaPlato, ISAZINZULU waqonda ukuba "Isiqalo" lakhe negalelo ngokuma uPlato kunye nezimvo ziqulunqwe ababengaphambi kwakhe, ibe ngokuvumelana ngamanani oluphawula indalo.

Akukho namnye Proclus kuthakazelelwa eziqinileyo zikaPlato kwaye icandelo segolide. Iogann Kepler (iminyaka yobomi - 1571-1630) nalo unomdla kubo. Le ngeenkwenkwezi German kuqatshelwe ukuba geometry na ubutyebi ezimbini - lulwahlulo wegolide (division of isiziba embindini kunye ngokunxulumene kude) kwaye theorem kaPythagoras. Ixabiso lokugqibela aye kuthelekiswa ngegolide, owokuqala - ngelitye anqabileyo. Iogann Kepler wasebenzisa eziqinileyo zikaPlato ekudalweni hypothesis yakhe khozimologi.Sonke.

Ixabiso lika "Qalisa"

Le ncwadi "Isiqalo" - lo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo, eyenziwe yi Euclid. Ngobomi yale ingcali yenzululwazi, Kakade ke, wathi kunye neminye imisebenzi, leyo uchaze kamva kweli nqaku. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi ebizwa "Qala", nto leyo ebekwe zonke iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ze arithmetic ithiyori kunye nejiyometri, kwaye mayiqulunqwe neyezingaphambili. Omnye wabo - noHippocrates saseChios, a yezibalo owayephila BC ngenkulungwane 5. e. Kwasuka (isiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane yesi-4 BC. E.) Yaye Leontes (kwinkulungwane 4 BC. E.) Kwakhona wabhala incwadi leyo isihloko. Nangona kunjalo, nokufika Euclidean "Ndaqalisa" zonke ezi imisebenzi bayacalulwa ukusetyenziswa. incwadi Euclid yaba incwadi esisiseko kwi geometry kuka 2 eliwaka. Scientist ukudala umsebenzi wakhe, esebenzisa abaninzi ngempumelelo ababengaphambi kwakhe. Euclid iye kusingathwa ingcaciso ekhoyo kunye umbandela ndawonye.

Kwincwadi yakhe, umbhali wasishwankathela esi uphuhliso kwemathematika Greece yamandulo kwaye sele kudale isiseko esiqinileyo eminye kwesayensi. Oku intsingiselo yomsebenzi Euclid ezingundoqo ukuze ihlabathi-bulumko, imathematika, nabo bonke inzululwazi xa iyonke. Bekuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ukukholelwa ukuba ukomeleza nobugqi uPlato kunye kaPythagoras e psevdomirozdanii zabo.

Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye liqikelele "ekuqaleni" Euclid, kuquka Albert Einstein. Waphawula ukuba lo mveliso emangalisayo yayisenza ingqondo yomntu lokuzimela bazithemba ngokwaneleyo ukuze umsebenzi ngakumbi. Einstein wathi umntu othile ongenayo imangaliseke ebutsheni bakhe kule indalo engazalwanga ngeenjongo zophando theoretical component.

indlela axiomatic

On inowuthi eyahlukileyo ixabiso yokwaphuka sisazinzulu nomdla umboniso okhanyayo indlela axiomatic kwi "Principia 'akhe. Le ndlela kwimathematika mihla ke ezimbi ezo asetyenziswa ukuzithethelela mbono. Xa ukukhanda, oku kwakhona isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. -Nzulu omkhulu Newton walakha "Principles of Philosophy Natural" imodeli yabasebenzi awayidalayo Euclid.

Biography umdla kuthi umbhali uyaqhubeka ukuchaza imiqathango eziphambili msebenzi wakhe uphambili.

Eyona engundoqo izibonelelo 'ekuqaleni'

Kwincwadi "Imigaqo" ezichazwe ngokucwangcisiweyo geometry Euclidean. inkqubo yalo nokulungelelanisa isekelwe iingqiqo ezifana-moya, ngqo, ingongoma, intshukumo. Relations ezisetyenziswa kulo, oku kulandelayo: "kwindawo ebekwe kumgca othe ngqo lulele moya," yaye "indawo ifumaneka phakathi kwezinye iingongoma ezimbini."

System amalungiselelo geometry Euclidean, zanikezelwa intshumayelo mihla, ngokuqhelekileyo kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela 5 elikuwo: eshukumayo, umyalelo, ukuqhubeka, kwaye indibanisela indlela engumzekelo Euclid.

Iincwadi anamathathu aza kukhululwa ngokumiselwa "ekuqaleni" Izazinzulu thaca nasekubaleni, stereometry, planimetry, ubuhlobo Eudoxus. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ntetho kulo msebenzi ngqongqo deductively. Le nkcazelo iqala yonke incwadi Euclid, noboya bokuqala kubo walandela elikuwo kunye postulates. Ngapha koko kukho neziphakamiso ukwahlula imisebenzi (apho kuyimfuneko ukuba nayiphi na ukwakha) kunye theorem (apho kufuneka ukungqina nantoni).

Ukunqongophala wokupasa Euclid

Le ethile ephambili kukuba le Isazinzulu axiomatic uswele hetiseka. Akukho saziwe yokuhamba, inkqubela nocwangco. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi basoloko bathembele iliso, ukusetyenziswa intuition. 14 Books and 15 - ezongeziweyo yakutshanje ngakumbi kumsebenzi, umbhali apho - Euclid. ngobomi bakhe kuphela emfutshane kakhulu, ukuze siqiniseke ukuba uqinisekise ukuba iincwadi-13 zokuqala yenziwa ngumntu omnye okanye zisisiphumo yomsebenzi adibeneyo yesikolo, eyayikhokelwa zezenzululwazi.

yophuhliso lwezinto zenzululwazi

Ukuvela Euclidean geometry unxulunyaniswa kukuvela izimvo olubonakalayo yehlabathi elisingqongileyo (imitha yokukhanya, wolula olulingana njengoko umzekeliso imigca ethe ngqo njalo njalo. N.). Bona ijula, kangangokuba kwakukho nokuqonda izinto ngaphezulu kwale nzululwazi, njengoko geometry. N. I. Lobachevsky (iminyaka yobomi - 1792-1856) - yezibalo Russian owenze ubhaqo ebalulekileyo. Waphawula ukuba kukho geometry olwahlukileyo Euclidean. Oku kutshintshile izimvo izazinzulu 'ngokuphathelene nasemajukujukwini. Kwenzeka ukuba akukho priori. Ngamanye amazwi, wew ezibekwe "Elements" ka-Euclid, ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ichaza kuphela iimpawu indawo esingqongileyo. uphuhliso zenzululwazi zendalo (ingakumbi nesayensi yemvelo) lubonise ukuba lichaza isakhiwo kuphela ngokuchanekileyo ethile. Ukongeza, mayingabi sakhululwa isetyenziswe kwisithuba lonke liphela. geometry Euclidean - oku indlela yokuqala ukuya ukuqonda kunye nenkcazelo kobume bayo.

Hi ndlela leyi, Lobachevsky kwekamva waba buhlungu. Akazange kwamkelwa kwihlabathi ngonzululwazi sokuba iingcinga zabo nobuganga obukwanjalo. Nangona kunjalo, le kumzabalazo sisazinzulu akulambathanga. Ngokoyisa iingcinga enikiweyo Lobachevsky, Lo, ogama imbalelwano iye yapapashwa kule minyaka 1860. Phakathi oonobumba kwakukho izigxeko Rave malunga sisazinzulu Lobachevsky geometry.

Okunye isebenza Euclid

umdla omkhulu kwixesha lethu biography of Euclid zezenzululwazi. Kwimathematika, wenza yezinto ezibaluleke. Oku kungqinwe kukuba ukususela 1482 "ekuqaleni" ncwadi iimpapasho abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, biography of yezibalo Euclid iphawulwe kungekuphela nje indalo kule ncwadi. Enakho iqela imisebenzi kwi ngokukhanya, ngeenkwenkwezi, logic, umculo. Omnye wabo - ethi "Data", nto leyo ichaza iimeko ezenza kube lula ukuba siqwalasele "ukuba" le nto okanye loo mfanekiso yezibalo ezinintsi. Okunye isebenza Euclid - incwadi ngokukhanya, equlethe ulwazi malunga nekamva. Thina abanomdla ISAZINZULU babhala isincoko kunye catoptrics (Wayibeka kulo msebenzi imfundiso igqwethwe evela esipilini). Eyaziwa nencwadi Euclid ebizwa ngokuba "hlula amanani." Umsebenzi kwimathematika "Le kwizigqibo bobuxoki", ngelishwa, iye yachitheka.

Ngoko ke, Wadibana izazinzulu ezinkulu ezifana Euclid. biography emfutshane ngaye, ngethemba, kuba luncedo kuwe.