Iindlela zomzimba Basic. ZeziFundo kunye zomzimba ingxaki

Yazi iimpawu ukusebenza komzimba, yonke inxalenye yaso, isakhiwo, ukuba abe nako ukuba baphonononge kwaye aqikelele utshintsho kunye nezifo --mngeni bezempilo. Kukho inzululwazi ojongene ukufunda imibuzo enjalo. Ibizwa ngokuba zomzimba. It is a inzululwazi iinkqubo ezihambisana eqhelekileyo yokusebenza komzimba. Umba lixesha elide, noHippocrates kuqala baba nomdla ekusebenzeni eziphilayo. Namhlanje, kukho iindlela ngeendlela zokufunda amalungu ezinceda ngokupheleleyo ukuqonda ezi okanye ezinye iindlela kunye iimpawu eziphilayo.

Le ngcamango jikelele amalungu

Kufuneka uqale ingqiqo jikelele. Physiology - inzululwazi yomsebenzi ebalulekileyo umntu ophilayo, ulwalamano zayo iimeko zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo, ifuthe lazo nobume bempilo kunye eqhelekileyo yokusebenza amalungu kunye neenkqubo. Ngokubanzi, uluvo oluphambili kule inzululwazi - ukuchonga iindlela yenkqubo a ophilayo, ukuze siqonde indlela yakhe ukuzeyisa, yaye zonke ezinye iinkqubo.

Physiology lo mxholo esiphilayo, kuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukubona bonke abantu abanomdla imithetho isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza. Iinjongo uqeqesho ingalandwa kwinkcazelo ngokucacileyo.

Ngoko ke, lo mbandela, iinjongo kunye neendlela amalungu - ngamacandelwana amathathu iziseko theoretical component kwinzululwazi. izazinzulu ezininzi maxa onke amaxesha bezama ukuqonda kakuhle emzimbeni, kuquka abantu, utshintsho. Noko ke, kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba kuphela kwasungulwa izixhobo zale mihla kunye nezixhobo, oko kukuthi, uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo inzululwazi laliqalisa kuphela kwinkulungwane XX.

Oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba ibe yenye yeenkokheli phakathi wenzululwazi yebhayoloji. Physiology, nokwakheka amayeza - ezintathu iinkalo ngokusondeleyo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano leyo isiseko omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, iindlela komzimba kunye amalungu kwezinye iimeko ezifanayo.

Forums zomzimba

Ngokwawo, le science iinkalo eziliqela ezingamalungu. Ngoko ke, ukubeka zomzimba:

• jikelele;
• lokuthelekisa;
• wedwa.

Total sele efunda iinkqubo ubomi jikelele. Oko kukuthi, ucinga regularities ezi zinto ezo ezibonisa yobomi. Umzekelo, isondlo, yokuphefumla, zinomgutyulo, ulawulo, ukutshintsha ebuthongweni kunye kuvukwe, kunye nabanye. Kwakhona iquka icandelo, iseli amalungu, esingethe isifundo eneenkcukacha zonke obubonakala ebalulekileyo.

zomzimba lokuthelekisa ithelekisa iinkqubo ubomi zohlobo olufanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo inkqubo ontogenesis. Ngenxa yoko, ngokunjalo yenza yonke isebe - zomzimba yokuzivelela.

nezahlulo zabucala kunye uphando elimxinwa ethile. Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela ezininzi iinkalo zifakiwe kweli qela.

1. zomzimba zabantu, nto leyo izifundo ngeendlela siza kuqwalasela kamva.
2. Physiology kwamaqela ngamnye eziphilayo (izinambuzane, neentaka, ezanyisayo, ezirhubuluzayo, njalo njalo).
3. amalungu ngamnye kunye namalaphu.
4. Systems zomzimba (amalungu of ukwetyisa, ukujikeleza, yokuphefumla, njalo njalo).

Ingakumbi uphuhliso ebanzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje bafumana isifundo kwabantu ngokwe-science. Ngapha koko, umzimba wakhe kubume olunzima kakhulu. Iindlela zomzimba ngabantu kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo ngempumelelo, ukuchonga zonke eziyimfuneko ukuze aqonde kakuhle izinto. ihloniphekile:

• Age zomzimba;
• amandla;
• zabasebenzi;
• kwezemidlalo;
• isithuba;
• yezifo;
• lwezonyango.

idatha kwezi nkalo kusinceda ukuba amkele olukhulu zonke iinkqubo eziqhubeka ngaphakathi umntu afumane ufikelelo kubalawuli.

Ndlela Research in Physiology

Esineendawo kukho ezininzi. Kukho ngokwembali ezithelekisekayo ezisetyenziswe kumaxesha amandulo. Namhlanje endiyibumbileyo, ezitsha, ezisekelwe phezu kwimpumelelo yakutshanje yezenzululwazi kwinkalo elektroniki, ukufunda radiation electromagnetic.

Kukho ezi ndlela zilandelayo zomzimba.

1. Extirpation - enye yeendlela zindala ukufunda. Oku kubandakanya ukususwa sitho a ophilayo ngendlela ebonisa ngakumbi indlela iziphumo omzimba kunye nitrogen.
2. indlela Fistula. ineziseko zayo - kwintshayelelo yimizimba ukuba kwimibhobho em- ngesinyithi okanye iplastiki kunye ngaloo ukulungisa iziselo eziphilayo. lwazi ezithathwe kwi umchiza uhlobo ukutshintsha kwezinto, oko kukuthi uphando umsebenzi secretory umzimba.
3. Catheterization indlela - ukusungulwa tube ezingcakacileyo ibe amalungu kunye nempahla iziyobisi ezizodwa ezibangela utshintsho kulo msebenzi. Ngoko sifunda umsebenzi intliziyo, imithambo yegazi, amadlala of secretion lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle (hayi bonke).
4. indlela Denervation. Isetyenziswa ukuphanda ubudlelwane phakathi luvo kunye namaqumrhu zokusebenza. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho indlela yokuba inkanuko kunye neziphumo nitrogen elandelayo.
5. Iindlela ukufunda amalungu, ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. Oku kuquka umzila amalungu kunye nezihlunu olukhulu kunye Izakha, ubhaliso neemvakalelo-luvo, ukungakhuseleki kwemitha, ukufundwa of the intliziyo nengqondo, njalo-njalo.

, Sithatha Ezinye iindlela yophando amalungu a khangela ku ngakumbi. Zezona ngoyena usetyenziswa rhoqo kwaye ebalulekileyo.

ukubukela

Ezi ndlela komzimba zazisetyenziswa eYiputa yamandulo, eRome, China, eMpuma Ancient. Noko ke, kwakukho abaphandi abanomdla iinguqu ezenzeka ngayo izinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, eYiputa ngexesha ngoofaro bomisa kunye neentsapho zabo lwenziwa notyando kunye notshintsho-bume lwangaphakathi ezisisigxina. Kuhlolwa imiba efana:

• umgangatho Umbala kunye eziphilayo ulwelo kunye nobunzima;
• imibala izidumbu;
• sclera umbala amehlo;
• umgangatho kunye umbala isikhohlela;
• ukudumba kwesikhumba, isakhiwo sayo kunye turgor.

Ezi mpawu ziye xa kuthelekiswa nalawo abaphile ngayo abantu kunye nezigqibo. Mhlawumbi kwakuhlwa beka, kwezinye iimeko unobangela wokufa loo mntu.

Namhlanje, mkhanya bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa ukufaneleka kwayo, ingakumbi xa kufikwa psychophysiology. ukuziphatha kwabantu, iimvakalelo zakhe, ubuntu, imbonakaliso yangaphandle lafa, ukubila - zonke ezi mpawu ethile ekufundweni ezintsimbi. Benza ukucima ukuzalana lwesakhiwo kunye mpawu zangaphandle iziphawuli ezahlukeneyo kwemisebenzi komzimba, iinkqubo apha emzimbeni.

Ngemfundiso senhliziyo yaloo mntu yasekwa Isazinzulu Pavlov isekelwe phezu ukufunda inhibition kunye excitation, esizibonakalisa ngaphandle ngokwayo ukuncwasa ezahlukeneyo emphefumlweni kwi ukuziphatha kunye nendlela ayibona ngayo iziganeko ezithile, ngamazwi, nangezenzo. Ungqinile ukuba isiseko ukwenza izinto choleric, sangvistichnogo, melancholic kunye phlegmatic ngco iinkqubo zemithambo ezinxulumene nomsebenzi yengqondo zobuchopho, ukusabela yayo.

Ezi ziphumo ziye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuqiniselwe zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo kunye kwengqondo, abaphandi. Ngoko ke, le ndlela amalungu oluntu ezifana lokuqaphela kunye experiment, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi, yaye kwakukho ezifanelekileyo, kubalulekile nesebenzayo.

lokulinga

iindlela zovavanyo ukuba isifundo amalungu zizinto eziphambili kwaye ngokwembali kakhulu amandulo nezaziwayo. Eneneni, indlela enye ukufunda, ukuba anithanga nibone? Ngoko ke, kunye kusakhelwa luyaqhutywa ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zovavanyo, ubukhulu becala kwizilwanyana. Bona banikwa japan phantse Wagqibelela izifundo ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha inokuthenjwa.

Kukho iindlela zovavanyo kulungiselelwa ukufunda nokwakheka amalungu, wayicola amaqela amabini eziphambili.

1. imifuniselo olunamandla. Loo indlela yophando eyasetyenziswa de ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, xa nzulu Russian Ivan Petrovich Pavlov akazange ukufumana enye indlela. Yintoni eli kuphazamiseka emzimbeni? Le lokulinga lwaqhutywa kwi ophilileyo umzimba wesilwanyana, nto leyo ebotshelelwe umatshini ethile. Waza waqhuba vivisection ukuya kwizifundo organ efunekayo yaye ngaloo ndlela abhalwe iziphumo ebona umsebenzi wakhe. Nangona kunjalo, inani lokusilela ebalulekileyo wenze le ndlela azibi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inxalenye ukuziphatha kakubi yaye ukhohlakele, kuba isilwanyana yathotyelwa kwimeko nxaniso eyoyikekayo, kwaye sentuthumbo uqhaqho ibuhlungu kakhulu, asakulungiselela nkqu zomzimba, ngoko ngakumbi kunye neentlungu zomphefumlo, iintlungu emzimbeni ezifunyanwa ixhoba olu lingelo, kakhulu wagqwetha iziphumo. It is a isangqa eqhubekayo. Ukuze ukuze umzimba wakho, kufuneka kubangela ukubandezeleka. Nabo ke, bayasigqwetha zesiqhelo nokomzimba, kwaye isiphumo yaba kakuhle kakhulu.
2. eksperimenti Chronic. Yiyo le ndlela yaye wacebisa Pavlov. wenjenjalo imifuniselo etsolo ngenxa yenkohlakalo yabo kakhulu, mhlawumbi oku kwabangela ukuba umnqwazi ngokuvelisa ukhetho enobuntu ngakumbi. Of eziphilayo uvavanyo kwakhona ukuba sisilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo kwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Phambi kokuba ukusebenza, uhlobo zoqhaqho a Ukubulawa qualitative. Emva koko, eludongeni organ olifunayo fistula implantable - ityhubhu iiplastiki okanye ngentsimbi leyo sutured nolusu evela ngaphandle. Emva koko, izilwanyana banikwa ixesha ukuze, ukuphilisa inxeba yaye ayila ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zobomi. Ngaloo ezifunyenwe ulwazi fistula malunga ikhondo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo inxalenye uphando lomzimba, ngoxa ichanekile kakhulu, ekubeni umsebenzi umzimba ngokuqhelekileyo. Studies lwenziwa ixesha elide, ngaphandle kokuhlutha ilungelo kwimpilo yezilwanyana ngokungqinelana yonke imithetho ubukho zendalo.

Ngaloo ndlela zomzimba ezisisiseko iindlela zokusebenza, umphefumlo kwezinye iimeko, kwaye unanamhla. Nangona, Kakade ke, izinto ezintsha zobugcisa zale mihla kancane indawo ngokupheleleyo uphazamiseko ngqo kwi umzimba lo mntu. Kuyenzeka ngoku ukuze ufumane ulwazi oludingayo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, ngaphantsi buhlungu, zichanile yaye ezifanelekileyo iindlela zabantu.

ukubhaliswa graphic

Iindlela amalungu oluntu ezisekelwe ngqo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ethile. Phakathi izixhobo igxile indawo ebalulekileyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

1. ECG. Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukulungisa le nekhono amanyathelo intliziyo. Ngenxa imveliso ye isixhobo rhuthu kwiphepha electrocardiogram ezi, sisazi ukuba oyingcali yonyango decrypts yaye yagqiba malunga nempilo wentliziyo kunye nenkqubo kwegazi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, esi sixhobo isindise ubomi izigidi zabantu. Ngapha koko, le ubhaqo kwangethuba iingxaki - isitshixo kunyango ngempumelelo.
2. Microelectrodes. Isakhiwo omncinane esimele na ukuba usenze ngqo kwi yeseli inwebu kwaye ukulungisa izakhono amanyathelo. Namhlanje ke yenye yenkqubela eze ibalulekileyo elektroniki ojongene amaphononongo komzimba omzimba womntu. Ezi electrode angamana nkqu ubuchopho bomntu ekuvumela ukuba ugcine kunye notshintsho irekhodi meko zengqondo yempilo kunye nobomi.
3. iindlela zomzimba iradionuclide - esetyenziswayo ukufumana iimpawu ubungakanani nokomzimba.
4. izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ayikhuphi amaza. impendulo Reverse ngohlobo pulses zombane omiswe isixhobo ezikhethekileyo - oscilloscope - waza wadlulisela kwikhompyutha ukuze iqwalaselwe. Kukho sele isenzeka processing oluneenkcukacha ulwazi kunye nefomu izigqibo. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukucwangcisa xi eekhemikhali ion ezahlukeneyo, isixa koxinzelelo, ubushushu, eshukumayo kunye nezinye iparameters).

Ngenxa yoko, inzululwazi yanamhlanje ngeendlela amalungu ngokusekelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, zezona echanileyo, elula yenzululwazi kunye efundisayo sonke kuxoxwe ngasentla.

Chemical kunye neendlela kwemichiza

nokwakheka zomzimba iindlela azikho ezifanayo kuphela omnye komnye. Kananjalo Bakha kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Ngoko ke, kukho zebhayoloji amalungu, ezinto zomzimba emzimbeni. Ezi efunda ngesayensi iinkqubo ngaphakathi umzimba umbono wakhe, ngamanye amazwi kunye umchiza, ngokwasemzimbeni kunye begazi.

Ngoko ke, besebenzisa ezi ndlela ifezeke impembelelo kwento (neurotransmitter, hormone, enzyme) kwi kwiinkqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni. Chemistry kunceda ekusekeni iimpawu kule ezimbaxa, physics utyhila thermodynamic parameters zayo onokuba nefuthe kwi emzimbeni. Physiology ufuna ukufunda zempembelelo nje kuphela inkqubo ethile, kodwa jikelele kwi emzimbeni, umzimba kunye iseti iimeko zangaphandle. Kunye, ezi nkalo zidibene phantsi kwesihloko zeBhayoloji Chemistry.

Indlela Physiology kwizifo

Iindlela kwizifundo amalungu ezinento kwaye lixhomekeke kwelinye kwezinye izinto ngalinye. Nakuba kunjalo, inzululwazi eqhelekileyo ukuba ufunda baphilileyo ephilayo - ukuba asingabo bonke. Kukho kwakhona pathophysiology, okanye lwezidumbu, eliphanda waphula umthetho iinkqubo ebalulekileyo, ikhondo labo, umphumo umzimba xa lilonke ngamnye igunya layo, njalo-njalo. Ngoko ke, olu qeqesho iza awayo yeendlela apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba ukufunda imiba echongiweyo.

Ziziphi ezi ndlela amalungu?

1. Ukulinganisa. Yahlulwe amaqela amabini: phezu into ephilileyo yokufunda kunye in vitro, okt inkqubo yokwenziwa emzimbeni. Ukwakha imodeli inkqubo yayintsholongwane eyosulela kakhulu usebenzisa ikhompyutha okanye izibalo ephepheni. Kwakhona kusoloko kusetyenziswa le iziphumo logic aqhelekileyo kunye nezigqibo. Le modeli kudla yakhiwe ngokusekelwe data yeengcingane nasiphi na isifundo.
2. Uhlalutyo theoretical component. Ngokususela kwidatha afunyenwe (ophilayo) Izifundo laboratory eziphathekayo, theory zakhiwe. Oku kuquka a iimpendulo okungekaqini le mibuzo: "Yintoni ephosakeleyo isigulane inkqubo sifo Yintoni Indlela iwonga nakubungakanani nempembelelo Ngawaphi amanyathelo zolawulo ezifanelekileyo kulo mzekelo ukuze ayeke yayo ???"
3. izifundo Clinical. Ngukhuleka ndlela, apho kuyimfuneko ubukho bonke abanye. Ngapha koko, kukho ulwazi theoretical ngokususela ekliniki yesigulane. Ngenxa yale ndlela isebenzisa eziliqela iindlela ezinxulumene:

• eziphilayo;
• chemical;
• ngokomzimba;
• histochemical;
• morphological;
• zamanani kunye nezinye.

Kuphela ngenxa yokuba izinto ezifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa zonke iindlela, ugqirha ungenza afunyaniswe isifo kwaye zibeka unyango.

zomzimba emifuno

Yeyona inzululwazi umsebenzi yobomi (nokusebenza) zezinto eziphilayo zezityalo. Esithetha ngazo zonke iintlobo zobomi ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kolungaphezulu, kuquka ulele. Iinjongo ze yeziTyalo Physiologists zezi zilandelayo:

• ingqalelo uze uchonge indlela yokusebenza plant;
• ukuseka iziseko theoretical component amathuba photosynthesis kwiimeko eyenziweyo;
• ukwakha imodeli ebonisa kakuhle neendlela zokufumana izivuno eziphezulu zezityalo ebalulekileyo.

Ewe, imisebenzi ayikho konke elula. Emva koko, izityalo zizinto eziphilayo ngokwenene, apho amaninzi ezinokuthathwa kwezinto ezinokwenziwa kwezinto ezinokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo zenzeka rhoqo kwisibini, njengomntu. I-physiologist kufuneka ifunde nganye nganye. Izityalo ziphefumula, zitya, zenze inkqubo ye-photosynthesis, yande, ikhule kwaye ikhule - ezi ziintlobo eziqhelekileyo zento ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Ukufundwa kwazo zonke ezi nkqubo kukusebenza kwabafundi be-physiologists.

Ukuxazulula ingxaki yokwenza i-photosynthesis kwiimeko ezibonakalayo kuthetha ukunika abantu ithuba lokufumana umthombo omkhulu wesondlo. Emva koko, ngoko indlala ehlabathini iya kubonakala, umgangatho wabomi babantu uya kwanda kakhulu. Kodwa le ngxaki ayizange ixazululwe ngokupheleleyo, nangona imibuzo emininzi yecala le-photochemical yenkqubo sele isisombululo.

Izindlela zesayensi

I-physiology yezolimo ixhomekeke ngokukhawulezileyo lulwazi lwesayensi lulandelayo:

• Biotechnology;
• Biology ye-molecular;
• Ubunjineli bezityalo;
• Biophysics;
• Ubunjineli beselula.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kubonakaliswa kwindlela iindlela uphando olwenziwa ngayo izinto zityalo. Ngaloo ndlela, iindlela zephysology yezityalo zilandelayo.

1. Ukulima.
2. Izindlela zokukhanya kunye ne-electroscopy.
3. Electrochemical.
4. Opto-acoustic.
5. Chromatographic.
6. Spectrophotometric.

Ngokucacileyo, zonke zijoliswe ekulinganiseni izibonakaliso zamanani: umveliso, ubunzima, ukukhula, uphuhliso, iziphumo zeplastiki kunye nokutshintshiselwa kwamandla. Yintoni evumela ukuxazulula iindlela ezifanayo? Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yezolimo, njengale:

• Ukuzalisa izityalo;
• Ukufumana iifom ze heterotic;
• Isingeniso;
• I-Acclimatization;
• Ukucinywa kwezityalo;
• Nkce nkceshelo;
• Iindawo zokukhula kwezityalo.

Ngaloo ndlela, i-physiology yezityalo yenye yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekileyo indima ebalulekileyo ebomini babantu.