Earth imvelaphi. yeengcinga Various imvelaphi Yomhlaba

Xa uphume ekuseni kusasa frosty ngaphandle kwaye uzive i iqhwa egramza ngeenyawo okanye ukubulisa kokusa phezu komlambo kwi kaJulayi eshushu, kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukucinga ukuba kanye phezu ixesha nto enjalo. Akukho nto; nokuba ikhephu, okanye umlambo, okanye ingca, okanye nkqu ilanga. Bekukho isithuba olukhulu apho amasuntswana eluthulini zigugile, kokungqubana enye ngesantya kakhulu. Eli xesha kunzima ukubiza ngandlel 'ithile. Akazange kokubhalwa kwembali, ukuba ezinye uhlobo ahistorical: kangaka ndilawulwa yimpazamo enkulu yokumana kwakudala Kwathi, kunye nendawo lithemba kangangokuba lifile ngoko ...

Noko ke, imvelaphi umhlaba ngokusondeleyo enxulumene nale nqanaba ukuyilwa iphela. Iimeko kamva kwakhokelela ukuvela umhlaba wethu waqalisa ukwenza ukusuka nomzuzu Big Bang. Various yeengcinga imvelaphi yoMhlaba kunye ukuzalwa ihlabathi Wavuka ezingqondweni zabantu ukususela ngoko, xa umntu wokuqala baqalisa ukucinga endaweni yakhe iphela kwaye ikhona ngaphandle kwindawo yakhe eqhelekileyo.

ezafakwa

Zonke iintlanga ilivo yehlabathi kwenzeka. Xa zizonke isimiso saphezulu engunobangela indalo wentsomi. Out of isiphithiphithi kukho isithixo yokuqala, leyo ezikhokelela chromosomal nezinyanya, yaye yonke into: ulwandle, umhlaba, imini nobusuku, nabantu. Earth ingqiqo imvelaphi iintlanga ezahlukeneyo badla enxulumene umnqweno kaThixo ukudala sisibhakabhaka phakathi amanzi ehlabathini. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo iintsomi malunga nokudalwa zelimiweyo yongezwe, okanye kuvela iinguqulelo ezintsha. Umzekelo, ubuHindu imvelaphi yoMhlaba kwaye yonke indalo ibonwa lunee ntlobo ezintlanu. Isiseko iphela, ngokutsho amavo ezahlukeneyo, ingqalelo isandi engcwele Om, umntu wokuqala Purusha, kunikelwe yinxalenye yomzimba wakhe ukudala ihlabathi, umoya Maha-Vishnu. Kwakhona, njengoko imvelaphi bonke ubukho wenza "ubushushu zaseprayimari" yaye "qanda yangaphandle".

cosmogony nokuxubana

Imvelaphi nokuxubana Umhlaba yamandulo kakhulu njengezinye iinkolelo nangqondo. Ekuqaleni, lo ode iphela. Ngelo xesha kwakukho nje enye uthixo Rod, ngubani ezilungiselelweyo wesiphithiphithi eziqala. Wadala umhlaba nolwandle ukusuka ambaxa izinto zasezulwini. Ke unyana wakhe Svarog waqalisa ukulungiselela isithuba. Akutsho wabaphefumlela ubomi yaya kulo lonke ihlabathi, yaye indoda wadala yachaza abantu bokuqala imithetho leyo ukuze baphile.

Ngenxa yempembelelo ubuKristu intsomi silungiswe noko. Encwadini yeembali legend ngoThixo wafumana edada emanzini yamandulo ngephenyane wadibana ngumtyholi. UThixo ithumela idimoni emazantsi olwandle ngenxa kangangesandla zesanti wakha ngayo kwesibhakabhaka emhlabeni.

igama

Phezu ntsomi wentsomi komyalelo ihlabathi ngenxa nemvelaphi igama "Umhlaba". Xa ndicinga izinyanya zonke iintlanga mihla kwakungekho mbono shape ungqukuva le planethi, kwaye uninzi umhlaba, nabo. Imvelaphi yegama "Umhlaba" kubangelwa, kwelinye icala, kunye ilivo yeflethi ngathi esosini, kunye nomhlaba nolwandle, ebambe imiqolo yezilwanyana ezinkulu. Abantu ezahlukeneyo baba iindlovu, ufudo okanye whale. Kwelinye icala, imvelaphi elithi "umhlaba" linxulunyaniswa kwisahlulo iphela zibe kumanqanaba amathathu: esibhakabhakeni, isithuba kumiwa ngabantu kunye nezilwanyana, kwaye nengcwaba, okanye kwelabafileyo. Zombini ezi zinto ziye ngayo imbonakalo ukonyulwa eliqhelekileyo ihlabathi ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Imvelaphi yegama "Umhlaba" kwi nokuxubana yamandulo enxulumene ingqiqo ka "phantsi" yaye "umhlaba". Umhlaba - kukuba phantsi kwezulu, ngezantsi: uyatyibilika, basis. Ngoko ke, imvelaphi igama "Umhlaba" isekelwe ukuliqonda ihlabathi babantu njengoko "iisosi caba" kunye kwizithuba ibekwe ngezantsi yokuhlala yasezulwini woothixo.

Ukongeza, xa inkcubeko elithi "umhlaba" wethu amadlozi esidityaniswe nentsapho iphela, kunye kummandla aqhelekileyo. Alien kwaye idla uxabene omiselwe kude, yaye igama lakhe imvelaphi efanayo. "Kuba isiphelo sehlabathi" - ". Kude kakhulu kude" iqhalo elithetha I nokuxubana amandulo zidla yonyulwa ubukumkani kwabafileyo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba efanayo iingcambu Slavic kunye nokubaluleka, kwafika igama emhlabeni kwezinye iilwimi kuzo. Ngoko ke, imvelaphi elithi "umhlaba» (Umhlaba) e IsiNgesi nayo enxulumene ingqiqo ezantsi emhlabeni phantsi kweenyawo zabo.

Njani into yokuba akukho

Ngokwendalo, ukuqonda mihla zenzululwazi ukuvela iphela zahluke kakhulu kwezo kuba sisiseko nayiphi inkolo. Namhlanje, zonke iimodeli iphela nakhelwe phezu ngemfundiso Big Bang. Ngokutsho kwakhe, malunga 13,77 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo indalo kubangelwa esinomfaneleko nzima ukwanda lwabo amandla. A karhulumente apho ihleli kwada kwaba ngongoma kuthiwa sisebunyeni. Ngokutsho iimpawu zaso, yayahlukile yonke ngoku ukuba nkqu izazinzulu abakwazi ukuqonda oko iinkqubo kwenzeka kulo.

Kungekudala emva kokuba Big Bang, indalo baqala ukwandisa abatsha. Huge yokusebenza iqondo lobushushu kunye nesantya amasuntswana enqila akavumi ukuba zidityaniswe zibe ezikhoyo ezinkulu. Noko ke, njengoko ubushushu uhle ukwanda. Kwathatha malunga nesigidi esinye iminyaka de indalo iphela ku-4000 ° C, yaye amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo baqalisa ukwenza atom. Okokuqala wabonakala helium yehayidrojini, bamlandela athom ibunjiwe izinto nzima.

Xa inyathelo elilandelayo iphela kwamasuntswana othuli kunye negesi, wamisela ukuba waqalisa ngobuso kwaye enze izinto ngakumbi esikhulu. Kancinci kwakheka iminyele kunye iinkwenkwezi langa. Ngenxa yoko yonke iqhubeka ukwandisa, yaye le nkqubo iza kude.

kwisilayi Native Milky Way

Ukuboniswa "The Origin of the Umhlaba" eklasini kucala kunye ibali malunga ngembali kwenkqubo elanga. Iqale malunga 4.6 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Imbonakalo intwana wethu kumnyele lawo iinkqubo ezifanayo, nto leyo yakhokelela kwiindawo ezininzi iphela imiswe. The Milky Way ngokwayo wabonakala malunga 7-8 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka ngaphambili. Ngu ukuyilwa kwenkqubo solar ekuweni omxhuzulane wakhokela inxenye incinane efini ezinto oluphakathi. Ulwazi lweenkqubo behamba kule ndawo yalo yonke - ilula ngenxa kwizikolo ezikude zazo kwangethuba. , Ukuze bazigwebe iziganeko ababekhonza njengoko umfutho lokusekwa kwenkqubo elanga njengoko sisazi ukuba kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokwakha ithiyori esekelwe ekufundeni imithetho yesiqalo kwaye yendalo masihambelane iziphumo zabo kunye noko ngokwenene bagcine.

"Hot" hypothesis

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX imvelaphi yoMhlaba kunye wezijikelezi, ngeenkwenkwezi bethatha wafunda Chamberlain T. kunye F. Multon. Benza phambili ebizwa ngokuba yi-hypothesis eshushu. Ngomhla ekudalweni kwithiyori yabo ebeka owenziwa ngelo xesha. Safumanisa ukuba nzulu ngaphantsi komhlaba i Umhlaba kukuba ngokoqobo uxabisa esihogweni ubushushu: amaqondo obushushu amanzi ehamba ukuya ku 1000 ° C.

"Hot" hypothesis gcisa ukuba Earth, njengezinye iiplanethi, ekuqaleni yaba ibhola etshisayo, nto leyo ke ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukuba aphole. Imbonakalo ezi egazi ezishushu mbandela wamchazela ilanga oselula zakudibana nezinye, enokuthelekiseka neyamanye amandla omxhuzulane eliganukejako into. Star ebanjwe kufutshane kakhulu sokukhanyisa yethu. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi kwabo zenza uhlobo ibhulorho, equka osisiqu zombini imizimba yasezulwini. Ngokuthe ngcembe iinkwenkwezi saa, yaye ibhulorho liwa, ibe "nemisele" separate ashushu zenkqunto, ebizwa planetesimals. Kamva baba iiplanethi Hewana, aziwa ngoku.

Ekuqaleni, bekubanda

Noko ke, le mbono kuphela echaza imvelaphi Yomhlaba. Yeengcinga ehlabathini zobunzululwazi ukuqala ukulawula xa ukucacisa inani elikhulu endaba ebonakalayo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane lokugqibela, ngeenkwenkwezi kunye zesayensi ziye ingqalelo yabo kwakhona ingqikelelo iiplanethi abandayo ekuqaleni.

Ngokuba lixesha yokuqala ingcamango nebular laliqulunqwe kwinkulungwane XVIII. Wavele, ichazwe zimnyaya Swedenborg, ngoko wathabatha Immanuel Kant. Hypothesis eliyinhloko ekuphuhliseni imisebenzi Pierre-Simon Laplace. Izigaba imvelaphi umhlaba nommandla wesijikelezi luphela, ngokwale ithiyori, siye umgca thile ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba kuchaziwe apha ngasentla kwaye lokuqala kula ukuyilwa kwento nebula okanye fu. Yaba ihlwili igesi-uthuli, nto leyo isabelo kunazo kwawa welifu ezinto oluphakathi. Fu, ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni imikhosi yomtsalane osuka kwiziseko omelene ezifanayo, waqala ukujikeleza. I fu ujikeleziso wabonakala womxhuzulane, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekuncipheni radius yayo. Umphumo waba ukwanda ngesantya. fu Young zifana icentrifuge, yaye kufutshane kwayo imilo sisitya yokuqala kuba ngathi ellipse. Emva kwexesha elithile, amandla centrifugal kwi-ikhweyitha lizinzise amandla womxhuzulane, yaye indawo umndilili nebula waqalisa uxobule omnye khonkcweni linye. Bathi izilingo onke amasuntswana othuli efanayo kunye negesi ngokuthe ngcembe ezidityanisiweyo ukwenza izinto ezinkulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuba "umdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba" iiplanethi, yaye iqondo lobushushu imizimba amatsha cosmic akazange avumele ukuba ukubabiza shushu.

Ubushushu ongaphantsi

Namhlanje, ithiyori nebular ithathwa le meko kungenzeka ukuba ukuyilwa kwenkqubo elanga. Uphuhliso yeengcinga kwenzeka kunye nxaxheba lwamacandelo ezininzi ngenzululwazi, ezinye izibonelelo Laplace zaye zenziwa izilungiso okanye zongezwe. amaqondo obushushu aphezulu angaphakathi zomhlaba wafumana ingcaciso ongavelisi eziphikisana imfundiso.

Kukho izizathu ezibini eziphambili ukuzifudumeza: i ukubola radioactive nokuzahlula omxhuzulane kwezibonelelo kwezimbiwa. Imvelaphi inikeza malunga ne-15% ye ukufudumeza. Ukubaluleka engundoqo ukwahlukana lweziqalelo ekuqaleni ixutywe maleko eziliqela womxhuzulane. Le nkqubo iye yabangela kungekuphela yokwanda iqondo lobushushu ongaphantsi, kodwa ukuyilwa kobume lwangaphakathi emhlabeni, ukuba sonke sifunda esikolweni aphakamileyo: undoqo, nengubo enkulu, uqweqwe.

Young Umhlaba emelwe kufutshane ibhola ezimilise into isithuba ebandakanya izinto ezininzi ngokuzenzekelayo, ogalelwe. Imigqaliselo Noko ke, kutshanje, kubonisa ukuba ubume planethi isakhiwo ngokwanelisayo ngocwangco. izinto ezingundoqo ezenza emhlabeni, - oxygen ubunjwe oxides, lesilicon, intsimbi kunye aluminium. Ngamnye kubo ngexesha elifanayo kuchaphazela lexinene mbandela.

kuphakanyiswa

Ubunzima kunye nomthamo yoMhlaba, abanye ngxi kwinkulungwane XVIII, wavumela ukuba izazinzulu ukubala mninzi yayo avareji. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba malunga 5.5 g / cm ^3. Ixabiso parameter ngenxa kumphezulu - 2.8 g / cm ^{3 kuphela.} amaxabiso sithole lubonisa ukuba izinto nzima ucukene kumbindi zomhlaba, ukhanyise zamafu ngaphezulu.

Hlela izinto yaqala ukubonakala planethi. Phantsi yempembelelo womxhuzulane yentsimbi waba 'ehle "embindini, kwaye i-aluminiyamu kunye lesilicon iikhompawundi, phezu koko," edadayo "phezu komhlaba. Iron, ukutshintsha indawo isikhundla sakhe, yaye imenza kumbindi nondiliseko planethi. Ngenxa imithetho ethile emzimbeni ngexesha elinye, isixa esikhulu ngamandla obushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubushushu zomaleko angaphakathi Umhlaba. Umlinganiselo wamandla eyenziwe yeyabahlali. Ngelo xesha uphando lubonisa ukuba planethi elingazange kunyibilike ngokupheleleyo. kanye kwakhona Oku kungqina hypothesis nebular.

Ukupholisa nawamaziko

Kakade ke, ubushushu ongaphantsi ngokuqhubekayo kudliwe ngokushushubeza komhlaba kunye inxalenye amandla elahlekile. Nangona kunjalo, iye babuyekezwe ngempumelelo imisebe yelanga. umahluko wamandla isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezenzeka ehlabathini: kumazwekazi ezihambayo, ukuyilwa ezintabeni, mlilo.

Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kube ngoku, inkqubo lweziqalelo eyahlula kugqitywa ngowama-85%. Emva kokuphela umahluko le Umhlaba uza kuba umhlaba ngokwejoloji lutho, efanayo kule nkalo eNyangeni. Kuya kwenzeka kwiminyaka eli-1.5 billion.

eqhuma

Further iyantlukwano ongaphantsi ukubola leziqalelo lwemitha kwi sikwinqanaba lokuqala lokusekwa Umhlaba, nenxaxheba ubushushu lamanqanaba angaphakathi badlale izijikelezi. ukwanda lobushushu negalelo yangqubana rhoqo izidumbu isithuba ezincinane emhlabeni. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo elinye, inkoliso onomtsalane ezi yangqubana kwakhokelela ukuya enyangeni. C. Nge Umhlaba nemoto ubungakanani umzimba Mars. waba Ngenxa yomhlaba yeni isiziba omhle onomtsalane belaphu, nto leyo ekugqibeleni waba naye. Komdlalo wabo waba ezinye iziphumo: landa kakhulu isantya ojikeleza ngaso komhlaba nimthobele axis yayo. Kwakhona, izijikelezi-langa ezincinane kunye nethala zithathwa njengenye imithombo yamanzi kunokwenzeka.

Ukufika wamanzi anika ubomi

Imvelaphi yamanzi on Earth - ngesihloko kumba kakhulu. Umhla kakhulu amathuba kuthathwa ukuba inguqulelo "unikezelo" izijikelezi yayo. data engathanga ngqo ukuqinisekisa hypothesis kophando isithuba, ngenxa apho amanzi ibonakele kwimizimba eziliqela encinane kwinkqubo elanga. Izazinzulu ungqiyame kule khutsho zibonisa ukuba amanzi - kakhulu into ekucaphukisayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kwiimeko eshushu Umhlaba oselula, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngumphunga ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, amathuba aphantsi imvelaphi eziphila emanzini. Mhlawumbi ke kuyimfuneko ukuba yonke into ephilayo ufanele umhlaba kunye astroid kunye nethala ukusuka ibhanti engundoqo ibekwe phakathi iMars Jupiter.

Noko ke, imvelaphi ngqo amanzi on Earth - kodwa kusekho umbuzo ngaphandle impendulo ecacileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba indima edlalwa yimiba ezininzi kule nkqubo. Phakathi kwabo kunye degassing daka ukunyibilika amacandelo aziphethe kulowo. umphunga wamanzi kunye nezinye kusitsha waphoswa kumphezulu womhlaba ngexesha mlilo. abe ngumphunga kunye uyajiyiswa, iilwandle ngokuthe ngcembe lokwandisa kwakhiwa kwehayidrosfere.

Inkangeleko emanzini, kwakunye ingxaki ngemvelaphi yomhlaba - ayenziwanga de kube sekupheleni mbuzo. Mhlawumbi, indima yawo ebidlalwe ziinkqubo ezimbini: iziqhushumbisi, kunye degassing iziqina. Le yokugqibela kwakhona negalelo ukuyilwa emoyeni.

Imvelaphi yokuphila on Earth

Omnye umba kuxoxwa ngokubanzi enxulumene nophuhliso wembali Umhlaba - na ukuvela eziphilayo. Namhlanje, kukho yeengcinga eziliqela, ezichaza imvelaphi yobomi on Earth. Biology, wafundisa kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, umphakamisi ikhuselo kuyimfihlo kubafundi bakhe: kwavela amanzi elwandle, kwi isuphu ekuthiwa-ekwakuphila. Ukususela ngoko, lo mfanekiso utshintshile, ifumene iinkcukacha ezintsha.

Isifundo "The Origin of Life Emhlabeni" iqala namhlanje kunye ibali malunga ihlabathi RNA. Ribonucleic acid, ngokutsho izifundo lwakutshanje - imolekyuli yokuqala kwiplanethi kunye ukukwazi self-phindaphinda. Inyathelo elilandelayo endleleni ukusuka ezingaphiliyo ehlabathini ephilayo kwakuya imida. iimolekyuli RNA unakho ngendlela abanye ngaphakathi amanqwanqwa ezibuhlazarha ukuba nzulu emanzini olwandle akhekha asidi okunamafutha. Ngoko kwakukho umatshini elula iseli: yomoya RNA engqongwe inwebu.

Formation of nethe phakathi yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye RNA kwenzeka ngenxa ekukwazini yokugqibela ukutsala ezinye nucleotides dudula abanye. Ngemvelaphi yobomi on Earth eziphilayo kunye nenzululwazi enxulumene khange bafunda de kube sekupheleni. Kusekho imibuzo emininzi ingasonjululwanga. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, ukwenzeka yoqhekeko ukuyilwa eziphilayo multicellular.

ngokuncedisana enkulu

elingazi ngaphantsi ngoku kwimbali ukuvela organelles ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwi seli. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye imbonakalo eziphilayo zokuqala ekwaziyo phagocytosis, ukufunxeka kwezondlo ukusuka kokusingqongileyo ukwenza vacuole ukutya. Indlela entsha ngokutya kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni ubukhulu iseli: umhlaseli ukuba babe ngamaxhoba kakhulu. izinto ilifa ngoxa zigcinwa ngendlela genofor zofuzo lwakuqala. Bona apha ngqo ndizayo. Phagocytosis sakhatshwa yi ukuvela ngoku yomelela kukho icytoplasm, apho wabonakala genofory zone kunye. Kukho ingozi zokulahleka yinxalenye genetic material okanye ukuhlukunyezwa kobume bayo. Ngenxa yoko, kweli iseli zenza umngxuma, wahlukana kukho icytoplasm yi inwebu. Ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba similise okwaloo ngumongo. Ngoko ke wabonakala kuqala iiseli eukaryotic.

Organelles ezifana mitochondria kunye zeflagella kusenokwenzeka ukuba singathi kwavele kwinkqubo phagocytosis. Ababengaphambi leeseli namhlanje, iginya ukutya, ndafumana eziphila, iintsholongwane lobuhlobo. Baya usebenzisa izondlo nghena kukho icytoplasm, baqala ukubathwala imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo nokulawulwa kweenkqubo intracellular. Ngokutsho symbiogenesis ingqiqo, ngoko kwiseli ekuthiwa mitochondria sele kunye misila yabonakala. izifundo ezininzi kutshanje ukuqinisekisa hypothesis lobulungisa.

ezizezinye

RNA umhlaba siphu- zonke izinto eziphilayo "ukhuphiswano." Phakathi kwazo kukho theory chithi and hypothesis zenzululwazi. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi apho kungamampunge malunga nobomi isizukulwana ezizenzekelayo: iimpukane nemibungu zivela anokungenwa inkunkuma, impuku - kule amadlavu endala. Ukulahlwa iinkcuba XVII-XVIII iinkulungwane, iye yafumana ukuzalwa yesibini kwinkulungwane yokugqibela imfundiso Oparin-Haldane. Ngokutsho kuyo, ubomi kusisiphumo impefumlelwano iimolekyuli kwi isuphu ekwakuphila. Benze izazinzulu ziye ngokungangqalanga ziqinisekiswe yolingelo Stenli Millera. Yiyo le ngcamango yaye zathathelwa indawo ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane, hypothesis le ihlabathi RNA.

Ngaxeshanye, kukho inkolelo yokuba ubomi imvelaphi ekuqaleni komhlaba. wamngenisa Thina ukuba iplanethi yethu, ngokutsho kwithiyori panspermia, loo izijikelezi efanayo kunye nethala leyo "wathabatha anyamekele" ukuyilwa iilwandle kunye neelwandle. Enyanisweni, lo mbono ayichazi imbonakalo yobomi, kwaye ithi ibe enyanisweni, impahla okusegazini mba.

Ukuze siyibeka ngentla, kuye kucace ukuba imvelaphi Umhlaba kunye nobomi kuwo namhlanje - kodwa nangoku umbuzo evulekileyo. Izazinzulu Modern, Kakade ke, lisondele kakhulu ekusombululeni iimfihlelo umhlaba wethu ngaphezu yawona ka Antiquity kunye Ages Aphakathi. Noko ke, kusekuninzi ufuna ingcaciso. yeengcinga Various imvelaphi koMhlaba balandela enye kwezo zihlandlo xa sifumana ulwazi olutsha ezingangeniyo kwakuloo mzekelo endala. Kunokwenzeka ukuba oku kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo akakude kakhulu, yaye emva koko endaweni mibono esekwe kakuhle kuza ezintsha.