Swedish koroleva UKristina: engobomi, olunomdla

Biography of Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689), owayelawula lizwe ukususela 1644 ukuya kwiminyaka 1654, siye sapapashwa kwaye ihlala yenye mlonyeni kulo mhla wethu. Abaninzi ababephila kunye mbali walimisa umzekelo umlawuli, bathandiweyo abantu, oko akuthethi walala phantsi ubomi bakhe phezu kwesibingelelo yemicimbi kawonke njenge.

Koroleva Kristina Sweden - enye abafazi yobomi bakhe amnikayo eyaziwa ukuya isangqa ngeentlobo zabantu, yaye malunga neminye akukho data ngqo. Ngenxa yoko - iinyaniso ezininzi ngobomi bakhe bafumane lwesimo namarhe.

Ukuzalwa the Queen elizayo

Wazalwa elizayo koroleva Kristina Sweden ngoDisemba 18, 1626 (New Style). Abazali bakhe baba * uKhesare Gustav Ii Adolf Brandenburg Princess Maria Eleonora, ngexesha lokukhulelwa zonke iimpawu, oogqirha xesha walatha kwazalwa unyana wakhe - yindlalifa elizayo etroneni. Kufana ngazwi-nye, bathi abaninzi abaxeli-thamsanqa nakoosiyazi, wavuma ukuya enkundleni.

Nkqu nangoko emva ngamagosa kokuzalwa, ukubona umntwana usana, wamthabatha naye lo mfana. Apha uqala kuqala kunye ukungangqinelani ngobomi yakhe Christina. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, kwisigqibo kwenziwa ngenxa yokuba umntwana lalilikhulu kakhulu. Abanye bathi i ngezwi elikhulu ngokungaqhelekanga, ukuba wabonwa njengophawu wezempilo inkwenkwana ezinamandla ngendlela engaqhelekanga ngayo. imithombo yesithathu ibonisa ukuba umntwana uzelwe ezininzi iinwele, nto leyo nayo zitolikwe ngokuthanda eyindoda. Enoba lwalunjani, kodwa uKumkani Gustav waxelelwa ngokuzalwa indlalifa kumfana, ephupha kunye ukumkanikazi.

Xa kwacaca besini yokwenene umntwana, ngobuchule ukumkani wathi emva kokuba yonke le ntwazana wazalwa. Kodwa nangona zonke uloyiko, lo mlawuli wathabatha ngobubele iindaba, xa ndabona intombi kuqala, wathi xa yena waba ekuzalweni tlhela yonke kwinkundla yakomkhulu, ngoko kwixesha elizayo kufuneka ukuba ulinde izinto ezinkulu.

Iminyaka yokuqala yobomi

Swedish koroleva UKristina, engobomi eyaqala nobugocigoci kunjalo, intombi ka-kwenye ngookumkani sifunde kakhulu ixesha. Wavusa umntwana ngokuhambelana iimbono zakhe kufuneka ibe yintoni umlawuli yokwenene. Yaba ezihlangwini yakhe etroneni Gustaf sibonile, yintoni waxelela izidwangube zakhe, izifundo - Ukuba oko kuya kuba ziindlalifa eyindoda, uba ukumkanikazi Christina. I balwa Wafunga sokuzinikela, xa Christina waba unyaka omnye kuphela.

imfundo yokuqala basebenza buqu Gustav, nto leyo Queen Maria Eleonora, nto leyo ilindelwe kanye unyana, wavuya kakhulu nje. Apha ilandela ngobomi ukungaqiniseki ibonakala. Esengumntwana, koroleva Kristina Sweden wafumana umenzakalo eziliqela, ngenxa nguwuphi egxalabeni lwalulude kunolunye enye, yaye endleleni eboniswa limp obonakalayo.

Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, oku asilotyala Queen, ngubani na esweni kakuhle umntwana nangoku benza kwimfundo amantombazana ukumkani ... Enye inguqulelo yeBhayibhile ithi ukuba oku negalelo nguyise kuye, lowo ephethe Christina usoloko kunye naye, kodwa ahlawulwa ingqalelo njani yaye phi umntwana unokuwela, kubangele ukulimala wahlala uncured waza washiya uphawu ubomi.

Lwabantwana kunye nezifundo kwiKumkanikazi

Imbali kusoloko iingozi - inzala ukuze bazi eli gama, njengoko uKumkanikazi Christina yaseSweden. Biography amantombazana kuqala wajika elibukhali emva kokufa kukayise kwakhe - ngo-1832 Gustav wabulala omnye iimfazwe kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi, kwaye enika urhulumente abe yindlalifa. Queen Maria Eleonora akazange unomdla kwimicimbi yoluntu, ngoko ke yaseSweden Yeengwevu ngazwinye wayefuna ukwenza intando kayise Christina kunye intombazana yaqinisekisa intloko karhulumente, abusa ngaphambi lokuvuthwa iya kuba ibamba Graf Aksel Oksinshtern. Njengoko yindoda emcebisayo, abekuyo Christina umzekelo ezintweni zonke, yenza kakhulu iKumkanikazi abatsha bafumana imfundo esemgangathweni.

Yintombi ifanelwe uyise, indlalifa ingako etroneni ukususela ebuntwaneni nqa ababephila yi esasenza apho ukufumana ulwazi olutsha. iilwimi zasemzini, ubugcisa, inzululwazi imbali - bonke kunikwa intombazana ngokulula. Sele kule minyaka ili-12 awayeza onokuzixela intetho lomlilo isiLatin, kunye nenzululwazi yendalo kujongwana nayo yena Rene Dekart, owathi ukuba Swedish koroleva Kristina - umfundi wakhe, waza wahlala naye de wafa.

Ukufa-nzulu enkulu iye yafumana amahumhum. Inguqulelo elisesikweni kukuba wafa yinyumoniya ngenxa yemozulu embi emantla, kodwa kukho intelekelelo ukuba tyhefu, njengoko abathile ngamagosa babesoyika impembelelo yakhe phezu ukumkanikazi entsha.

Umlinganiswa yomphathi

Ukuze ufumane okuphawulekayo ababephila ulwazi olunzulu iilwimi zasemzini, imbali, ezopolitiko, umfundi kuqeqesho ufuna yoxinaniso ethile, ukuzinikela kunye nothando lokwenyaniso inkqubo yokufunda izinto ezintsha. Zonke ezi mpawu ke Christina kuninzi, kodwa ngaphandle ingqondo brilliant, intombazana azithabathele kwenye, ndatyala izizukulwana ezininzi ngumqolo wasembewini yookumkani, bezibona ebalulekileyo bobukho ilungelo ukwenza kanye njengoko ebona kufanelekile. UYise wambiza kuphela "ngukumkani" (kunokuba "I Queen"). Xa intombazana ekhula, ngoko ingananwa xa sigqibo ukwenza ityala esomeleleyo kunene kuphela.

A udumo kakhulu kwi ukuyilwa kuChristine ihlabathi waba iyazazi biography of Elizabeth I - Queen Ngilani Ireland kule minyaka 1558-1603, nto leyo sinoMthetheleli ubugcisa nenzululwazi kwaye sakhunjulwa isigqibo sayo ukuba umthwalo ngokwazo kunye izibhambathiso, yaye nantoni na namadoda. Njengokuba ngokwenene, akukho bani owaziyo, kodwa ngokusesikweni, bobabini iKumkanikazi akuzange wayetshatile yaye baye bashiya ngasemva abantwana.

Umongameli we Sweden, igrafu Oksishtern esemncinane baqalisa ukulungiselela ukulawula Christina etroneni, ukunxibelelana nayo kwizihloko zoluntu. I-Queen elizayo kakhulu waba nomdla onzulu kule miba, kwaye yembalelwano yayo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo mba sele kakuhle kakuhle ngokwaneleyo xa eneminyaka elishumi.

Ukuqala kobukumkani

Kwanangaphambi kokuba ibekwa ka koroleva Kristina Sweden ithathe inxaxheba kubomi karhulumente. Ngenxa ngamakhono enkulu, sele eneminyaka eli-16 ka-mvume lakhe kwintlanganiso yeeNgwevu, apho kudla livelise yezigcawu intetho yakhe, izimvo neembono kumgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya.

Xa ngo-1644 eneminyaka eli-18, nangona phambi kokuba ibekwa olusesikweni kuya kufuneka alinde iminyaka embalwa, iNdlu Yeengwevu utsho abantu ubudala kwezomthetho Christina, yaye de facto iba umlawuli kuphela ubukumkani.

Ukuza ukuba amandla phantse ayizange iguquke-ajenda, nto leyo ngqo koroleva Kristina Sweden - izibakala umdla nobomi, ngocoselelo adweliswe memoirs ababephila, yithini, umzekelo, ukuba ndivuke ngentsimbi 5 kusasa ngokufuthi yafuna kwayona utitshala wakhe - Rene Dekarta. ixesha Personal yahlulwa phakathi kwimicimbi yoluntu kunye self-uphuhliso, ukumkanikazi abaselula bedla musa ukunikela ingqalelo le ndibano. Ukongeza, wayedla ayenxiba iimpahla zomntu, ecinga ukuba oko kuwe. Amagcisa ukuba apeyinte naziphi na iimpahla, kodwa ukuba Paparazzi ezazikho ngelo xesha xa yena a yaseSweden koroleva uKristina, ifoto ukuba zifake kakuhle kwi amabala ayo isinxibo inki, ebe inabo indawo zixhaphakile umlawuli.

Zokwala komtshato

Emva kokufika ubudala, bekhumbula ukufa mbilini Gustav, yeeNgwevu iceba umbusi wakhe ukuba kuzekwe, ukunika urhulumente yindlalifa. Bekucingelwa ukuba le yenye yemisebenzi ilungu wokugqibela yaka elawula ka Vasa, yena Christina, uKumkanikazi yaseSweden. Le ngenkulungwane ye-17 yaba endala kulo mba, kodwa nangona zonke, ezifana umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo, uElizabeth I, Christina yabhengeza ukuba wayeya kuze ke ukutshata uze ube nabantwana. Esi sigqibo weza Njengokungeniswa lonke Sweden - ukusuka abaqhelekileyo kwi asebukhosini, engafuni utshintshelo lolawulo ezandleni "ephosakeleyo,". wenza kwazanywa ukutshintsha ngokokubona Queen - i Riksdag wayefuna amasoka zakhe, yena gqolo ebebacekisile. Enye amaqela ngokubanzi kwabonakala ukuba yonke iphelele - umzala iKumkanikazi kaThixo Carl-Gustav, koko, ukuba umthetheli kwasekwa (Kakade ke, hayi esixhenxe, njengoko Christina, kodwa iilwimi ezintathu bolunye wayesazi), entle ngenkangeleko yaye kulula uthando uChristine emva intlanganiso yabo . Noko ke, lo yoko, sekunjalo waba efanayo - ukushiya ukumkanikazi wala ukuba kuzekwe, kodwa wacela ukuba abe yindlalifa kwitrone emva kwakhe.

The lover Carl-Gustav, ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-27 ubudala, wala, esithi akazekeleli isithsaba Swedish kunye isandla inkosikazi.

Ngexesha lokulawula

Ukuze ukhondo Prince ukuba ucinga ngomtshato, leyo wathi kunye Riksdag, Cristina uthumela uKarl-Gustav eJamani, apho wachitha iminyaka emi-3 njengoko ndingumthetheli imikhosi Swedish. Kwathi kanti, ukwahlulwa kudala nafuthe iimvakalelo zakhe - umthetheli zange umva phantsi waza waqhubeka inyanzelise emtshatweni. I Queen, kuba inxalenye yayo, naye akazange ukuguqula imbono - yaye kwathi ngokulandelelana - kungekudala waba kumaxwebhu Yeengwevu ukuba wamiselwa Carl-Gustav ezihlangwini ukuya etroneni.

Kukhubeka iimvakalelo zabo, inkosana engekaphumi kwindlu, waya kwisiqithi Öland, nto leyo eye wathembisa ukuba ulinde ukuba umzala wam akayi ukutshintsha isimo sayo kuyo. kwafuneka alinde ixesha elide, njengoko yaseSweden koroleva Kristina of kwakhe wacinga - kuqala, ukuba wendele yi lamalungiselelo ibekwa (eyayibanjwe ngo-1650), kwaye ke ukumkanikazi oselula wathabatha imisebenzi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle of Cristina ngokuyintloko yamakishwa ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi, yabulala uyise. Kule nkalo, iye ithathe malunga akuhambisani ngokuphathelele kulo mqeqeshi Earl Oksishternu isikhundla sakhe, ababekholelwa ukuba ukuqhubeka impi siyingenelo Sweden. Ngokwahlukileyo kulo, ukumkanikazi ithumela German uxolo kwinkongolo ummeli wayo, kwaye isivumelwano soxolo sisayinwe. Kulo mzekelo, ababhali-mbali kunye ababephila bayavuma ukuba iimeko zayo wawunesisa ngokungaqhelekanga ukuze Sweden - ngaphandle kwakhe wahlala ezinabantu (West Pomerania, Bremen, Verden, City of Wismar), kwi isivumelwano soxolo kwabhalwa ukuba afumane i-indemnity kwi mali talers 5 million.

Ukongeza ulawulo lwemisebenzi zomkhosi, Christina negalelo kuphuhliso inkcubeko - ukuba kwafika ixesha legolide amagcisa.

Ukwala kwetrone

Ngo-1654 kwakukho isiganeko ibonwe - Juni 6, kwintlanganiso ye-Riksdag, i-Swedish koroleva Kristina uthi shela ekhumbulekayo. Uthi yena akafuni ukukhokela urhulumente ubomi enqanaweni uhambo ukubona kumazwe akude, kwaye endaweni yakhe, njengoko kulindelekile, washiya umzala kakumkani, uKarl Gustav.

Njengokuba kude njengokuba konke wathi yinyani, kwaye ngoku sinako unokuthekelela kuphela, kodwa ubungqina ngqo bubonisa ukuba yonke into Ubuthelezi kunjalo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-uguqulelo esemthethweni. umlandeli ukuba itrone leyo "abamiselwe" elide phambi kokuba shela, ukongeza, zathi zavela ngokukhawuleza ibekwa yomphathi omtsha yaqhutywa (Carl-Gustaf waziwa Korol Karlom X) - oko yabanjwa kanye ngala mhla nokongeza ofisi UCHRISTINE.

Konke oku kubonisa ukuba Riksdag ibeka uxinzelelo ukumkanikazi, ezama ukunyanzela ukuba ukutshata uze uzale indlalifa, kodwa iingxelo ezininzi, iindima bomfazi kunye nomama Cristina phantse aphakuzele aphetshwe ubomi bakhe bonke. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba xa lo mbuzo bakukhutshelwa ungaguquki - ukutshata okanye oyiyekayo etroneni, ngoko Christina ifumene ukhetho wesithathu, kuba emva kokuba betshatile, kunjalo Carl wayeza waba ngukumkani, yaye naye yaba ngumfazi nomama. Ngelo xesha, ukuba zange zihambe kunye abantwana, ngoko uvule iziganeko ezibe wonke ... Ngendlela, into efanayo - ukumkani omtsha, nangona 'uthando "lwakhe Christina, ngokuxhomekeka yindlalifa lizwe phantse ngoko nangoko, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ngexesha, kuba ndisuke ndanibambisa kunomoya wafa emva kweminyaka emi-5. Kwakhona, umntwana uba ngukumkani (ngoku ezine), kwaye ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka elishumi isininzi enyanisweni lizwe lilawulwa Riksdag.

A ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe

Italy yaba lilizwe lokuqala, apho wayehlala emva shela le ngoku yangaphambili Swedish koroleva uKristina. facts umdla ngobomi wakhe wayengekho ekupheleni ngokumka kombane, kunye nobomi obutsha nenenekazi lukhuni kwaqala inguqu kukholo yamaKatolika (kuthathelwa ingqalelo namasiko xesha, yaba sisiganeko ezinkulu kakhulu uhambo eItali ngokwayo ngamahashe abanxibe njengendoda). Ngenxa nkolo entsha, Christina (ngasendleleni, emva kobhaptizo entsha, wanikwa igama Agasti), e-Italy yamkelwe kakuhle Pope ngokwakhe, kodwa emva kwexesha "wabuza" iphuma lizwe, njengoko ukumkanikazi yangaphambili iye yaziwa njenge kwakungekho nenkani - wayehlala, akabonisi nayo nayiphi na imithetho ukucwangcisa i Roma kuye.

Ilizwe elilandelayo apho ukuthumela uKristina, France ebesoloko ebonakala ukuziphatha evakalala. Apha, owayesakuba iKumkanikazi Kwakhona, ukwathulelw ngaphezu ngendlela engaphucukanga - utshintsho rhoqo abathandi, ulwalamano olusondeleyo nabanye abafazi, nokubulala (kodwa hayi ngezandla zakhe, yaye emva kokuba close). Nangona kunjalo, kunye yokugqibela njengesiqhelo kucacile - nkqu ngaloo mihla, ukumkanikazi wangaphambili banelungelo isohlwayo enkundleni kunye ukuxolelwa bakhe, ngoko yonke ulungiselelwe nokunyanzeliswa yesivakalisi (nokuba ukufumana ubungqina bokuba kuthwalelwa phandle ethile uphando). Kodwa inyani - i Marquis of Monaldeschi, njengoko amarhe, othanda owayesakuba kuChristine, abaxhokrozwe ngekrele, waza wabuyela eItali.

Ukuzama ukuba aphinde itrone kunye neminyaka edlulileyo

Ngowe-1660 wafa ekuziseni ukumkanikazi yangaphambili - Charles X, eshiya ngasemva unyana oselula. Kwakhona, uyakwazi ukucinga izizathu ukwalela Christina, ukusuka etroneni, emva kokuva iindaba ezivela kwilizwe labo, kwangoko waya kwilizwe lakhe, apho amabango ukuba abuyele etroneni yakhe. Kodwa Riksdag uyala, ekubeni Christina Augusta ngoku enye inkolo, kwaye yindlalifa Sweden ngoku, kwaye ngokunjalo (njengoko na ukumkanikazi amahasa umba akunakwenzeka ukuba isigqibo).

Emva ukukhalimela yeeNgwevu kwiminyaka yokugqibela elalisakuba iKumkanikazi Christina of Sweden (1626-1689) kwenzeka eItali, yaye cwaka. Kuxhomekeke ekupheleni kwemihla yakhe, ukubukelwa iimvumi, iimbongi kunye namagcisa. Christina wafa Augustus Aprili 19, 1689 kwaye ngomnye wamabhinqa abathathu wangcwatywa kweRoma eSt uPetros Basilica.