Izinto zangaphandle kuqoqosho kunye nokulawulwa kwazo

Namhlanje eli ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho kwimarike kwi Russian Federation. Market - oku sphere eyodwa yomsebenzi apho ubudlelwane zorhwebo nakhelwe phakathi abathengisi kunye nabathengi. Izinto zangaphandle kuqoqosho kwimarike badlale indima ebalulekileyo. Ubudlelwane phakathi abavelisi kunye nesiphelo-abasebenzisi ngokusekelwe kwindlela amagunya isiginali ngexabiso.

Zeziphi zangaphandle?

Economy - yinto iseti ubudlelwane ephuhlisa ekuveliseni, usasazo kunye nomthengi neenkqubo. Izinto zangaphandle kuqoqosho - kuba nefuthe a arhente othile, okukhathaleleyo-ntle yabantu eRashiya, ngoko ulawula umsebenzi zabavelisi. Yonke imveliso kufuneka nokusingqongileyo kwaye yenziwe ngokungqinelana nemigangatho karhulumente.

Xa zangaphandle ezimbi umntu wesithathu, ngubani na inxaxheba intengiselwano, ziya kubizwa ilahleko ethile. Oku kuquka abathengi nabathengisi. neziphumo ezihle lwangaphandle - kukuba ukufumana iinzuzo ngamaqela esithathu. Ixabiso kunye ixabiso lemarike ubagqwesa abathwali ulwazi kwicandelo rhwebo. Ngenxa yoko, nxaxheba kurhwebo uza kukwazi ukufumana uphawu efanelekileyo kwaye baqhube iinzame ezinxityelelanisiweyo. Ukuba kukho nefuthe elibi iimpahla okanye iinkonzo umsebenzi zorhwebo akayi kuyitshabalalisa ingeniso elindelekileyo, kunye nexabiso lawo elipheleleyo akubonisi izilangazelelo nxaxheba ngamnye. Kulo mzekelo, i lizama imarike ayisayi kuba kangangoko.

Isenzo zangaphandle ezimbi nezilungileyo

Ukuze ngokufanelekileyo ukuvavanya impembelelo isiphumo lwangaphandle kwi lwesilinganiso yangoku market kunokwenzeka, kuyimfuneko ukwenza ishedyuli ngqo kwaneliswe nemfuno. Imfuno - ukuzimisela umthengi ukuba ukuhlawulela iindleko kwempahla okanye iinkonzo. Yena uyakwazi ukukhetha ezahlukeneyo iinketho ukwanelisa umdla wabo abathengi. Ngaloo ndlela, ebonisa zonke izibonelelo zabucala aseludinini.

abathengisi turnover ngenxa kufuneka ithuba ukubonisa zonke iindleko ukwenzela uhlalutyo inkqubo yemveliso. Izinto zangaphandle kuqoqosho zorhwebo kuba negalelo kwinkcazelo umdla abangabhaliswanga zabangeneleli, leyo kuthiwa ngaphandle.

Indima neziphumo ezibi lwangaphandle kwimveliso

Ungcoliseko Environmental kuba yingozi kwimpilo yabantu. Kwaye okokuqala zonke liyiqaphele inxaxheba loshishino efana kuqoqosho. A externality ezimbi kukuba uninzi izono ezinkulu izityalo mveliso yokulahla amanzi emilanjeni ezikufuphi. Oku ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera ngayo izinto eziyingozi ezifana carbon dioxide. Yena lingena okusingqongileyo kunye nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu. Ngenxa yokuba la esilimaza kakhulu iimfuno zabo. Abahlali kwizixeko nakwiidolophu ezincinane ayikwazi ahlambe emanzini omlambo okanye ukuphefumla umoya ococekileyo. sites zokumba abosulelekileyo kunye besifa iintlanzi emanzini. Zonke ezi zinto kunye neziphumo ezingaqukwanga kwi ixabiso lokugqibela imveliso, apho iveliswa zizityalo.

Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba ukuthatha unonophelo kuphela malunga nomgangatho imveliso eyenziweyo, kodwa ukuba iliso okusingqongileyo kucocekile. Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinobungozi emoyeni namanzi kuphathelene emibi.

Ingcamango yokuba zangaphandle kutshanje

Namhlanje, ubudlelwane kurhwebo kunokubonwa kunxibelelwano ngqo oluthe ngqo, loo nto ayithethi ukuba iziphumo ze-arhente kwintsebenzo enye. Le iziphumo lwangaphandle kuqoqosho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iziphumo ezinjalo akholiswe okanye nezinzima.

neziphumo zangaphandle waqala ukuthatha ingqalelo ngenxa yokuba wonke umntu ufuna ukuphila kwindawo ecocekileyo. Abemi bafuna ukuba abenzi-mveliso omkhulu phantsi kolawulo, kuba ukukhutshwa lingaba nefuthe elibi bobume abanye abantu.

Izinto zangaphandle kuqoqosho ingaqala phakathi kwabathengi kunye nabavelisi kwempahla. Umzekelo imiphumo emihle - yinto design Ingaphandle izakhiwo ukuze babe imbonakalo kakuhle abanembeko nomtsalane. Abadlulayo abantu baya kuba nako babubone kwemi kwaye Ungakhathazeki kukuba emaxongo kakhulu. Impembelelo embi kukuba ngexesha inkqubo yokuvelisa iimpahla kwenzeka ungcoliseko.

WokuLawula imiphumela zangaphandle

Kwezinye iimeko, ekhoyo iindlela zorhwebo musa ukunika izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze umntu ukuba esisiso zagutyungelwa zonke iimfuno. Kukho iimeko phakathi umthengisi, umthengi nomakhi, leyo zigqalwa ukusilela okanye ungonakala. Kulo mzekelo, imarike abakwazi ukumelana yonke imisebenzi yayo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, hayi ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo imveliso elungileyo. imiphumela zangaphandle kuqoqosho kunye nokulawulwa kwazo ikhutshwa phandle ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo olunzulu.

Iingcali siqwalasele ifuthe lutshintsho amanani kuzo zonke iinkalo kwimarike yomsebenzi. Umzekelo, ukwanda zalathisi umthamo ngezitena eveliswa zingachaphazela kakhulu imveliso eziphathekayo kunye nengeniso. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuhlola ifuthe yemisebenzi yabo rhoqo. A iziko ishishini kufuneka ukulimaza kwamanye amashishini kunye nabathengi.

Imali ye nemiphumela zangaphandle

Ukuncipha yenzuzo kwimarike nga kwenzeka kwimeko apho kungekho mali zangaphandle. Intlawulo singenziwa ukuba imarike engenazo izixhobo okanye inzuzo eziye zakhokelela ukuphunyezwa lwemvelaphi lwangaphandle ezithile.

A indima enkulu nebalulekileyo edlalwa zangaphandle umrhumo kuqoqosho. Imizekelo ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke meko. Ukuba imveliso ye mveliso iphepha usebenzisa inani mda amanzi emfuleni, abaphathi musa ukuba uthenge ngayo. Isiphelo japan akwenziwa intlawulo ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo. Ngelo xesha, abantu balapha zedolophu, abalobi okanye iindadi awukwazi ukusebenzisa emlanjeni iinjongo zabo. Kulo mzekelo, amanzi Umlambo kuphela ukusebenzisa kuba akukho umniniyo, yaye oko kufuneka ukufikelela simahla kubo bonke. Kodwa xa mveliso imveliso ukulungiselela ukuveliswa iphepha akuthethi ithathele ingqalelo yonke imiphumo zangaphandle ezivela ukukhululwa kweempahla kwaye ibandakanyeka umqulu angasebenzi.

Coase theorem

Ingxaki zangaphandle kuqoqosho yeyona ndlela zemveli ngenxa izisombululo engaphezulu. yezoqoqosho yaseMelika ntliziyo Ronald Kouz ngo-1991 wafumana itayitile Nobel Peace Prize. Wabhala inqaku elinomxholo othi "Ingxaki Iindleko ekuhlaleni". Yayichongwe ngokucacileyo ingxaki zangaphandle, ezinxulumene zombini abathengi kunye nabavelisi.

Imiphumela emibi lwangaphandle kwiimeko ezininzi kwenzeka ngexesha kuphuhliso ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela, ezisebenzisa imithombo yobutyebi yendalo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi kwiimeko apho kwisifundo ngasinye kungekho ilungelo lokusebenzisa umthombo yendalo. Nobel Peace Prize kunye yezoqoqosho Ronald Kouz wagqiba ukuba naziphi na iziphumo yangaphandle kufuneka internalized ngokusebenzisa ekufumaneni amalungelo obunini ukuba izinto ezithile. Exchange kwamalungelo ubunini nkqubo yenziwe kwimeko apho ke musa ukuba kukhokelele ezinkulu iindleko zentengiselwano. Ngale ndlela ibandakanya zonke iinkalo kobudlelwane, ukufumana isisombululo olusebenzayo.

Iinkalo Coase theorem

izibonelelo ezininzi eziphambili zezi:

• phakathi kwamaqela iindleko ngemvumelwano kufuneka ibe phantsi. Okt isixa esiqingqiweyo ingabi esikhulu ekuphumezeni iinjongo ezithile kweso sivumelwano. Ezi imiphumela emibi, loo nto ayithethi ukuvela longcoliseko lomoya, impembelelo impilo jikelele kunye nempilo abahlali. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bacinge nto-nye nokusombulula zonke iingxaki.
• Dlala lo theorem Coase kuba xa wonke umnini ishishini uyakwazi ukubona yonke imithombo umonakalo kubangela ukuba abantu abakufutshane kubo. Usomashishini kufuneka alungise umonakalo ngokwabo kwaye ngokusemthethweni, ngokunjalo zonke imiphumo. Xa sele zikhutshiwe ngokusemthethweni ilungelo ukucoca umoya, kuba kunzima ukumisela, imisebenzi yakhe imveliso baphatha sivumelwano. Izinto zangaphandle kuqoqosho Russian kuya kunceda oosomashishini aphephe umngxuma ozone kunye nemvula asidi emoyeni.

Internalization ukusebenza yangaphandle

Ukwenza oosomashishini kunye namaqumrhu zoshishino esweni zonke ezikhutshwayo emoyeni, kufuneka ngaphakathi yonke imiphumo zangaphandle. Internalization yindibaniso ngokupheleleyo ngokupheleleyo bonke abachaphazelekayo.

Namhlanje kukho enye indlela eqhelekileyo eyokuba kunceda usomashishini osakhasayo ukulandela okusingqongileyo kucocekile. Urhulumente yangoku ingalungiswa kuwiso-mthetho, ukuba mveliso kunye neenkampani ukuba ahlawule zonke iindleko ezifunekayo ukubuyisela ukusulungeka wendalo.

irhafu yokulungisa wabelwe kwibhetshi nganye zokukhupha imveliso, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukulungelelanisa zonke iindleko zentlalo mda zabucala. Ngoko ke, singenza entrepreneur sengqondo ilungelo zonke iindleko zangaphandle.