I-Battle of eGaugamela. Aleksandr Makedonsky noDariyo: Idabi eGaugamela

I-Battle of eGaugamela kwenzeka ngo-331 BC. e. Yaba umlo yokugqibela phakathi izintlu ukumkani wasePersi uDariyo III kunye Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Idabi kwenzeka kunye noludumileyo ebonakalayo yamaPersi. Kukho amakhulu amawaka abantu aba, baze balwa amashumi amawaka amajoni omkhosi zamaGrike-Macedonian. Ekuqaleni longquzulwano Parmenion - kukumthetheli-mkhosi kuwela Enkulu - iye ubunzima nelahleko ebonakalayo kakhulu. Alexander wayalela ephangweni ekunene kwaye wenza kushenxa ezikhohlisayo engalindelekanga ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela nasekudaneni ukumkani wasePersi, waza wemka edabini. Ngenxa yoko, umkhosi Macedonian iphumelele. Yaphelela phi? Kwaye njengoko idabi wahamba, nto leyo olityelweyo, yaye namhlanje?

Aleksandr Makedonsky

inkokeli edumileyo emkhosini babehlala kwiminyaka 356-323 BC. Le ukoyisa Aleksandra Makedonskogo waba ngomnye iziganeko mkhulu kwimbali lonke uluntu. On kwazo epics ezolile namabali, iyaqhutywa kunye ithisisi yenzululwazi ebhaliweyo. Alexander inganga kwelaseMakedoni umsunguli kukarhulumente yehlabathi lamaGrike. Omkhulu unyana kaKumkani uPhilip II kunye intombi kumkani Molosser Olympics. Umntwana ukhulele umoya yeengcungcu: wayefundisa kwimathematika, ukubhala, ukudlala uhadi ngofefe. Utitshala yakhe Aristotle. Isigwebo kunye nonobumba karate, Alexander wayesele ebutsheni bakhe. Njengoko umlawuli elizayo nako ndoqhayisa amandla amakhulu emzimbeni, nokuba nako okumdambisa Bucephalus - ihashe, Nezingathanga engabumbeki nabani na uqeqesho.

Nazi ezinye imihla ephawulekayo kwimbali, leyo balizukisa ukumkani Macedonian:

• Ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti 338 BC. e. - umlawuli umkhosi oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala woyisa umkhosi Greek;
• Kuntshule 335 BC. e. - nephulo wazisa uloyiso phezu Alexander ntaba Thracians, Illyrians kunye triballi;
• ebusika iminyaka 334-333 BC. e. Macedonian ikwaze kwelasePamfili, waseLikiya.

Kodwa ke nangoku hayi kuluhlu lonke zoloyiso lenduna enkulu.

uloyiso

Zonke ukudliwa ka-Alexander Omkhulu akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuchaza izivakalisi ezimbalwa, kodwa ezinye nangoku ekubalulekileyo ukuzikhankanya. Kanye ngonyaka wama-335 BC. e. wavakalisa Alexander yena ukumkani, yena subordinated ukuthanda kwakhe labo onesibindi ukusiphikisa: ezi nabaphumi kumntla kwelaseMakedoni. Kwakhona wabetha Illyrians waziqhubela ukuba weDanube.

Emva koko ke Omkhulu bacinezelwa kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo kwanamaGrike. Waboyisa IThebes kunye abazange nanceba Athens onamandla. Kungekudala emva koko, kunye nomkhosi wakhe elikhulu yokumkani yamaPersi woyisa umkhosi, kanjalo yabeka intando yalo lonke Asia Minor. A umhla kwimbali zibonisa ukuba Alexander eyilwela ngokuphindaphindiweyo uDariyo III kunye enobungangamsha phezu kwayo. Okokuqala ngqa oko kwathi ngo-333 BC. e. Emva koko, ukunqumla Taurus, eIssus emfazweni zenzeka phakathi nabaphumi-iinjengele ezimbini ezinkulu. Ke yena waphumelela Enkulu, ukumkani wasePersi kunyanzeleka ukuba abalekele eBhabheli.

umlawuli ngobuso Alexander wenza eminye imiqathango yoxolo. Kodwa akazange ayakholeka. Wagqiba ukoyisa lizwe, ibekwe kunxweme empuma yoLwandle iMeditera. Bona i usaman Illyria Enkulu, ngoko ePalestina, uze emva koko eYiputa. Elizweni iiphiramidi Wakha Alexandria. Kwaye ngoko ke Idabi vulavuriweke eGaugamela.

Izizathu ukulwa

Njengoko umfundi sele uyazi, ezi ziganeko zenzeka ngowama-331 BC. e. Kuba embalwa iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uDariyo III kuqala boyisiwe umphikisi wakhe. Ke Persian wayefuna uxolo wanika Macedon 10,000 eetalente abe yintlawulelo intsapho yabo kwikhompyutha. Ngaphezu koko, ukumkani wasePersi uDariyo wayekulungele ukuhlawulela intombi yakhe Alexandra uvuthondaba. ikhazi wakhe bekucingelwa njengelifa ivela abethe, kwaye ukusa kumEfrate. Kwakhona, uDariyo III wayelungele umfela noxolo kunye utshaba lwakho.

Yintoni wahambisa wasePersi, ngeyona ndlela kubalulekile ukuba Alexander, wenjenjalo ngazo zonke oku kunye namahlakani ayo. Enye nowokupheliswa Macedon, Parmenion, wathi uya kuzamkela zonke iimeko, ngelo kwindawo Alexander. Kodwa hayi indlela jikelele sikhokelwe ngomnye umntu. Ngoko ke wathi naye wavuma isiphakamiso, ukuba babe nethuba lokuba babe kwindawo Parmenion. Kodwa njengoko - uAleksandr Veliky, hayi omnye umntu, kwanabo sokuyeka umlilo uya kuhamba.

UDariyo uthumele ileta ohambelana, esasisithi akukho namnye unalo ilungelo lokuba umthetho umphathi omkhulu. Ke intombi umfazi basePersi bekuya kuba Enkulu kuphela xa yokugqibela ngokwakhe lithanda, kuba yonke intsapho utshaba ngamandla akhe. Alexander wabhala ukuba uDariyo ufuna uxolo, ngoko mabeze enkosini yakhe njengoko isifundo sakhe. Emva myalezo uDariyo III waqalisa ukulungiselela imfazwe yokwenene.

impi bangi

Ukulwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo basoloko bamagazi kuzisa ezininzi ilahleko bamelene. Ngapha koko, umkhosi Macedonian laba likhulu. Ukulungiselela kwedabi eGaugamela, oko wababala amawaka 40 nomkhosi namawaka asixhenxe mahashe. Kodwa ke namaPersi waba ukongama ngamanani ezinzima. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi ukucaphukisa Enkulu, njengoko uninzi-mkhosi wokumkani yayiquka amajoni abaqeqeshwe kakuhle kunye namava. UDariyo III umkhosi wababala amawaka 250. Abantu, phakathi apho kwakukho amawaka-30. Mercenaries evela Greece ne-12 amawaka. Baktrians kakhulu ihashe.

Njengoko badlula umEfrate

I-Battle of eGaugamela waqalisa nesibakala sokuba, emva edlula i-Aram, umkhosi Macedonian weza kumEfrate. Umkhosi Persian wawuza kukhusela ukunqumla. Kodwa ke namaPersi wanyamalala kamsinya nje bakubona imikhosi eziphambili abaphikisi babo. Ngoko ke, Alexander wakwazi ukoyisa emEfrati lula yaye siqhubeke uzithi ngasempuma. UDariyo akuzange kumthintele Enkulu. Yena, ekunye nomkhosi wakhe iintshaba ebilindile ethafeni, leyo inayo ukuba ukutyalwa yomkhosi kunye ngokoyiswa nabaseMakedoni. Kwidolophu encinane eGaugamela yayimi kumnyango olandelayo kule ethafeni.

Tiger kwaphucula umkhosi kukaDariyo

NgoSeptemba, waya emlanjeni vekele uAleksandr Makedonsky (Battle of eGaugamela, omnye zobuqhawe bakhe abaninzi, waba ngeenxa nje ikona). Amabanjwa, owayesele ukundibamba, wathi uDariyo livimbela ekudibaneni nabaseMakedoni ngale ndawo. Kodwa emva kokuba Enkulu waqalisa ukuwela umlambo, kwakungekho omnye nganeno ngaseludinini esahlukileyo. YamaPersi sasilungiselela uhlaselo kwelinye.

Ngelo xesha, amajoni ka uDariyo III zaye zaphucuka iphuculwe izixhobo zabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ibe likhaya kunye neenqwelo drawbar anamathela icebiso ziloliwe. Bekucingelwa ukuba ezi iiyunithi kufuneka kubangela ilahleko enkulu utshaba umkhosi. izixhobo elihamba nalo libe namandla kakhulu.

Le mpi yaqala

Ephangweni lasekunene Omkhulu tye, obliquely ukuba phambi komgca engundoqo. UDariyo wayalela iphiko lakhe lasekhohlo ngeenxa ephangweni ekunene yotshaba. Mabutho indulumbane ukuba sifezeke. Alexander wayalela kwamabutho Greek lokuqhankqalaza, kodwa abantu baye basilela. Ukanti izicwangciso uDariyo angakhange.

Alexander Winning

I-Battle of eGaugamela yavuthela. Ekugqibeleni uDariyo III babaleka ledabi ibutho cat nashkodivshy. Nangona umkhosi bakhe ezininzi Macedonian wakwazi ukufumana ngenxa ingqondo yakhe nobuhlakani. Le mpi kwaphawula ukuphela uBukhosi bamaPersi kunye nomlawuli walo wabulawa namahlakani okuyo yakhe. Aleksandr Makedonsky, emva kokuba idabi ebalulekileyo enjalo iye yaphumelela uloyiso ezininzi kwaye yandisa ubunini akukho ngamandla.