Kwaba njani ubunye France: izinto, izigaba. Yayingubani umdlali welinye iqela lombutho French

Middle Ages, ngokucotha kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo Siqubisana phantsi wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Empire wanda waquleka. Umlilo kunye nobunzima azalwe ukuqonda bengatshatanga ofuna igunya namandla engundoqo. Ngendlela efanayo, ozeka kade yaye kunzima, kukho kunxulumano France. Kweli lizwe kwezolimo wakhula Wazomeleza umzi, kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kunye norhwebo kwakunye noshishino. Njani i-Association French, waxelela kweli nqaku.

In nenkulungwane yokuqala

ngenkulungwane yesithoba aphelise ubukhosi Karla Velikogo. Sazaphula ngathi elibonakayo emgangathweni - laziinyama amancinci. Enye yezi ngamaqhekeza - lizwe franc zasentshona - yaba ubukumkani, apho wafumana inzala loMlawuli Karla Velikogo wolawulo - ubukhosi Carolingian buthathaka, ziphawulwe esenza itywina. amandla Royal ngexesha babengamele kubizwa ngokuba buthathaka - akwabakho phantse akukho ngamandla. Yayingubani umdlali welinye iqela lombutho French? Ngaba elo xesha.

Ekufeni kwakhe, i Carolingian lokugqibela, bonke France ingalingana a engxoweni yomalusi - isiziba omncinane Ile-de-France kunye namazwe ngeenxa Orleans kunye Paris. Ngowe-987 ukumkani othanjisiweyo Gugo Kapet. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho Hugo okanye ezinye Capet etroneni eFransi akazange nje le meko, xa akhonze zabo - inkosana eNormandy, umzekelo, baba kubabetha nje ngaphezu kookumkani, kodwa komelela na kunabo izihlandlo eziliqela. Ingaba kukho ezinye izizathu lokumanywa France?

Capet

Wasinda Capet yokuqala etroneni, ukuba ngokoqobo balancing ngomlenze omnye, kodwa sixhathise, usinde, babe namandla, yaye walawula de 1328, rhoqo priraschivaya indawo futhi ibe yecela umngeni akhonze. Intsapho ophile kakhulu ixesha elide, nto leyo inyanzele ukuqhubeka-nkqubo engundoqo. oonyana endala zidla jize ngakumbi ubomi babo, ngoko imbambano ngokulandelelana akukenzeki.

Kakade ke, "lonke usapho enemvu yayo emnyama," asingabo bonke Capet lazibonakalisa abalawuli yokuluka ke lowo. Nangona kunjalo, le meko kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokungaqhutywa luluvo. Njani ubudlelwane French phantsi apho iimeko? Ihlabathi medieval yi saa kakhulu kwaye ezincinci kakhulu nawuphi na umzamo akumangalisi, njengoko amafa (i domain royal) ikwazile ukwandisa kangaka. Iimpumelelo yokuqala lombutho French ngokufanelekileyo ukubhalisa Capet.

iintshaba ezinamandla

Akakwazi ukuhlawula Louis VI imvukelo baronial, ethatha njengoko umthetho ukuxhasa batyunjwe abantu, ebanika nkqu ofisi iphakamileyo yoluntu ukubalwa ukunyaniseka elizayo; yakhiwe nje ibandla Carolingian endala kwi cloister yokuqala Gothic ngokwenene Saint-Denis, bewasa kwaye kungoku lomcebisi Abbe Suger, e eNormandy wabonakala Duke uWilliam. Ewe, efanayo - koloyiso.

Imeko yezopolitiko esiphelweni lokugqibela nzima kokoyiswa eNgilani nguWilliam ngo1066. Njengoko ingumbuso yokumkani French, uWilliam ngokwakhe waba ngukumkani - yaye ukumkani unamandla kakhulu ngakumbi ekhaya, ikhula ngamandla kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu Capet. Henry II sele waba "mini-Angevin Empire", waba ngumlawuli eNgilani, eNormandy, Anjou, Aquitaine kunye amazwe amaninzi enza phezulu kakhulu France yanamhlanje. Eyona kubanikazi kukuba xa sicela ngubani ngowelinye iqela ubunye eFransi, kuya kufuneka aphendule - akhonze zabo.

Young, kodwa ekuqaleni

Ishumi elinesihlanu Korol filipp II wathabatha ngenkalipho nasekubalungiseni le meko. abakrelekrele kakhulu, raschotliv kwaye maxa wambi nkqu ukusetyenziswa ishishini akruqulayo, wayengomnye kakhulu nomonde kude ngubani khangela ezopolitiko Middle. Akulolize Philip Augustus yaziwa. Umntu ngowelinye iqela ubunye eFransi, waba lutshaba yokumkani.

Ukukhetha nkqubo angaphandle yayikukuhlanganiswa emazweni ummandla usondelisa, i - izakhe okufunekayo. ngokulinganayo uFilipu kwakuko koko, kunye nabanye. Kuso kwakukho ezahlukeneyo leetalente - inkokeli enkulu, esikhulu ubuqili kunye mthetho olumkileyo nomphathi esikhulu phezu izidalwa abaselula, kodwa bubuthathaka.

Philip ne England

Henry II, uKumkani of England, eNormandy, kwaye njalo njalo, ezithwaxwa ngumlawuli omtsha yaseFransi. Nangona isibakala sokuba phakathi amagunya mabini olunxantathu, uFilipu nomdla ngempumelelo ukuba oonyana Henry yasenza kakhulu Angevin ubukhosi neemvukelo rhoqo.

Ngomhla ezihlangwini Henry - Richard I - mna kuvuthwa yi ixesha Philip ngamayelenqe aluphumelelanga, kodwa wajika ubuhlobo kunye namalunga impi. Kodwa ke irhuluneli elilandelayo - Yohane anganayo bakwazi ukusingatha ngokukhawuleza, ngokulula kunye nelahleko iphantsi kakhulu. Injongo umbutho French leendleko.

Okokuqala nguFilipu uYohane ematyaleni ngenxa kokubulawa umtshana wakhe, uArthur, owathi, noko ke, wafa phantsi kweemeko angaqondakali kakhulu. UYohane akabonakalanga. Ke uFilipu, athimba yonke impahla yakhe, ezibe mpumalanga, kuba waphula isifungo sokunyaniseka.

Emva kweminyaka emine yemfazwe yaye emva kokoyiswa i yaseBritani 1214, uPhilippe wajoyina amazwe French ka eNormandy, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa Anjou, yaye ukongezelela inani lemimandla ngasentla. Ezi impumelelo yokuqala yombutho French.

yenkolo

I Albigensians yayingabantu fun. Pope ngoko nangoko akazange ungathanda: i troubadours, amaqhawe, iimbongi ifihle ngokucacileyo ngu sisiphambusa, ukuba bathi iNkosi asingabo bonke-elungileyo yaye unamandla onke. Of le qhekeko Albigensian tixi amaphondo eziliqela kumazantsi eFransi - Toulouse, Languedoc, Provence. Kwinkundla Count Raymond of Toulouse wahlanganisa abantu zezona ngcali zinetalente okhanyayo ngexesha lakhe.

French North kwi ikhwelo le Pope wamatsha nxamnye ze-. Ke uFilipu, elingumthombo, waqinisa kumda osemantla, ngoxa akhonze bakhe batshoniswe egazini inkcubeko Languedoc.

zizigwili Ukholo baba nenkani, nokubawa banceda kakhulu. Southern Region kunye, ingakumbi, kwi Languedoc - wabatshabalalisa aze abulawe, kakhulu, beza phantsi kwegunya France. UFilipu, nangona kunjalo, oku engasekho Ayifumaneki. Ngowe-1224 yenkolo yoku ifunyenwe, njengoko inyathelo elilandelayo endleleni yonxulumano France.

Ngokutsho yayiba uKumkani Philip Awugusto of France ingalandwa ngokuhlanganisa amanyathelo. Ukongeza, le ngongoma entle yaba ekuqiniseni kunye nokudityaniswa igunya elinye kunye nokusekwa kwenkqubo yolawulo kwizimvo kunye ngempumelelo. Kodwa ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba uFilipu ayikho eya ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo.

ngekhulu nantathu

St. Louis walawula France ukususela 1226 ukuya 1270. Yena wayesaziwa olungenanceba, esisilumko, waza wamisela yi ibandla laseRoma. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo waba nomabi kwi kwesimangalo phakathi ngookumkani, kodwa ibe nenzuzo enkolo komsindo for union France Zange ndiphoswe zange womelezwa gqitha umbuso.

France xa wakhahlela ezweni elihle, iziko kwinkcubeko, kusahleli eYurophu kunye nehlabathi lonke unanamhla. Kwaye ngoko ngaphantsi iphiko lokumkani olumkileyo bathontelana ezivela kulo lonke best abaphengululi, troubadours, nababhali. Zazakhiwe icawa zobungangamela Chartres, Amiens kunye saseReims. Nantsi indlela manyano kwenzeka eFransi ebudeni bolawulo St. Louis.

Nangona ubungcwele bakhe elizayo, kunye neRoma kwi-Louis IX saveza ubudlelwane ezintsonkothileyo. Ngowe-1269 wapapasha le Isohlwayo obambekayo, leyo wakhulula France evela irhafu kunye iminikelo yobuncwane waseRoma yaye ibhengeze ukuzimela kwebandla French ukusuka ibandla laseRoma. Iintshukumo uPopu Innocent IV, Louis walahla ngamandla.

Philip IV i Fair, kunye nesizwe akarhulumente

Umzukulwana St. Louis ayikwazanga kubizwa ngokuba uFilipu ukunganyaniseki. Kodwa ingqalelo ezintle. Beauty uyakhathazeka kakhulu. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ngakumbi nangakumbi ngenxa lokulawula kaFilipu yaba lixesha ukuhla kwamandla feudal, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqiniswa ukumkani kweli lizwe, oko waphumelela. Umsebenzi wooyise ngandlela zonke, wahlabela mgama, kangangoko oku kunokwenzeka. Ubangelwa umbutho French akayi kubashiya. Philippe ukulungiselela le lizwe Ukuvuma zindawo ezintsha.

Kwezopolitiko, lo kumkani kweyisa ndlongo kunye nokuhlukunyezwa. Abanjalo nemiqathango kwexesha. Kodwa nantsi eyona nto umdla: ekuqaleni ongumhlolokazi, waphinda watshata, ethembekile iqabane ongasekhoyo. Izisa ndawonye abaninzi nkqu namabhongo yakhe ngaphandle kwesizathu. Amanqanaba ubunye waseFransi emva bolawulo kaFilipu ayizange iphele khona. Le nkqubo wathabatha phantse lonke ixesha zamaXesha Aphakathi.

Impembelelo ye-French phantsi uFilipu womelela eYurophu, nokuba iilahleko - imfazwe kunye eFlanders kunye yobubi Templars - lizwe kunye nomkhosi walo baye bafumana dip elungileyo, esongeza nebhajethi kunye nezixhobo. Nolu- ungquzulwano kunye British added France Gascogne - ilifa Edward I. eFlanders kwakhona ayiphumelelanga ukumbamba. Kodwa nantsi uPopu Boniface VIII, uFilipu, nokuba wabanjwa. Kwaye ngoko ke engumFrentshi wasilela ukunyula uPope Clement V, eliphakamise yokuhlala eRoma ukuya Avignon. Yaba loyiso enkulu, ekubeni kukho kunxulumano France - ukuba indawo, kodwa yesizwe kunye confessional.

Iziphumo lombutho France

Ngokuthe ngcembe ndaqalisa ukuba wabaza ulwimi olufanayo, ngoko ezweni UMgalili waqalisa ukuziva njengoko bantu banye. Kudalwe iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu sokuphuhlisa inkcubeko, ezobugcisa unamathupha na, ukuqinisekisa imfundo.

Kodwa kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV, France wakwazi ukufumana zonke iimpawu lobukhosi kwindawo enye. Phantsi Louis XI wegqitha utshintsho elide kunye notshintsho. Imizi yaba uxolelwa emkhosini. Akhonze bakwazi ukuthenga indlela azo emkhosini. umkhosi nanceba baba, phezu kwayo kwakukho zavedon irhafu ekhethekileyo.

Itshintsha phantse yonke yolawulo karhulumente. Relations kunye namanye amazwe ziye kwenzeka kuphela kwi phezulu - yasebukhosini - i akhonze kwinqanaba akuvumelekanga.

Irhafu ziye zaba abasisigxina. Kwakukho amagosa zokulawula zonke olu qoqosho. Jikelele States bayeka wabiza. basemzini bacelwa ukuba udale i imboni negalelo ekukhuleni izixeko kunye norhwebo.