Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20: kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho

Imbali Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20 kakhulu ukutshintsha indlela yayo: izinqumo ukuba mayikhule kwezoshishino, rationalism kunye nobuzwe. Nkqu imbono yokuba 'nempucuko "inguqulelo enkulu intsingiselo yalo. Kukho imisebenzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle uKarl Marx, kuba lowo lonke uphuhliso abantu kuhlangene ukuze zingaxhatshazwa indoda nendoda.

Ulyanov-Lenin, kwangaxesha nye, wathi le impucuko kunokwenzeka kuphela ngexesha xa nabaxhaphazi ziya kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngamafutshane, yaba lixesha elinzima. Yintoni eyenzeka Russia yethu Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20? Imbali eli lizwe ngeli xesha na usizi, inzima, ezele eziphikisanayo ebulalayo.

Ingozi izwe elitsha

Ekuveleni iinkulungwane, yonke ubukho boluntu lifikile phantsi umbuzo omkhulu, kuba ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze iimfazwe ezininzi ezoyikekayo kwimbali yawo. Ngeendlela ezininzi oko kwenzeke ngenxa yokuba capitalism wafika ibakala bodwa. abenzi ezinkulu ngcembe nabalawuli zomthonyama, kwakukho Asmal, ikuyo le eyinkunzi. Izilangazelelo nabarhwebi baqalisa ukuthobela kuphela uqoqosho, kodwa imigaqo amazwe amaninzi.

Ngelishwa, Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20, iye basinde inkqubo efanayo. Kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba uqaphele ukuba imali bodwa kuye kwasekwa kwilizwe lethu ngenxa ezi zinto zilandelayo: okokuqala, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba kobungxowankulu eRashiya kwakukho emva kwexesha; okwesibini, indima edlalwe yi uphuhliso olungalinganiyo lomhlaba; Okwesithathu, igcina sikweni ngokupheleleyo abasebenzi kunye nabalimi maleko ke yokuzahlula ekhulayo phakathi kwezakhi lwezentlalo lweli lizwe.

Kwenzeka ntoni kubomi bentlalo kwexesha?

Kwi-yentlalo isakhiwo sezopolitiko utshintsho slow but ezibalulekileyo ezenzekileyo eRashiya. isakhiwo Social yabantu bakhona owahlukeneyo kakhulu. Asebukhosini, nangona abambalwa xa uthelekisa, kodwa waqhubeka zityumbe abantu bonke akwizikhundla zolawulo. Kodwa kwixesha siye echaza abanumzana ngakumbi ngokuzithandela waya adibane oohlohlesakhe.

Oku yayahluke Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20. Ngokufutshane nixoxa ngale topic, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba, "esesiphelweni" lombutho olululo abalimi ndisiya, kodwa ayikho. Kutheni?

Ubuncinane 80% yabantu base abalimi. Phantsi yempembelelo lweentsingiselo nkulu yesakhiwo yaba owahlukeneyo ngakumbi: malunga-20% yamanqaku ewonke wavelisa ukuqokelela imali kunye nomhlaba, ukuba, eneneni-analogue of kubanini amancinci; kodwa ke uninzi lwabantu indlela yobomi efanelekileyo kwinkulungwane 15-16 ophilileyo.

Ukususela phakathi kwabo kwaphuma inani elikhulu labasebenzi abenza zidalwa rhoqo ubomi kwizixeko ezikhulu. Kodwa bonke abalimi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba 'uhlobo' zabo, wahlanganisa umbuzo kwezolimo. Enyanisweni, ukuba ebotshelelwe ilizwe labo, nto leyo wajika umwewe ilahleko nkqu azizityebi phakathi kwabo. Ngoko ke ukuba abalimi aba abanomdla mncinane kuphazamiseka zentlalo ezinkulu: baba cala kwezopolitiko, abanamdla ingakumbi ezigxeka elikhulu. Konke oko kwatshintsha ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, xa iirhafu abasisigxina kunye mboleko karhulumente baye abaninzi kubo nganeno ngaseludinini ukusinda.

Ke ukuba oohlohlesakhe, okhule phantsi neenkcukacha zamanani, kodwa indima yezopolitiko kule ezinawo zikaRhulumente yaba okungenamsebenzi. yayilula indima yayo: a elikhulu, ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba nempumelelo wabonisa ukunyaniseka amandla yedwa, ngoxa amancinci naphakathi wabiza utshintsho engephi kubomi yezopolitiko eli lizwe.

isigaba sabasebenzi

Kunazo zonke eziyimfuneko ukuya kubasebenzi. Ngo-1913, abasebenzi wenza i-20% abemi, kunye neemeko ubomi babo kunye nomsebenzi wambi ngokwenene "bestial" ngokungenabuntu. Eneneni, kude 1906, akukho mntu onomdla ukuze ubunokwazi ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Ngoko Russia kwiinkulungwane 19-20, kude isuswe Russia ka ngenkulungwane ye-18. Le migaqo ezifanayo yezolimo, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo kanye nokudelela ubomi babantu ...

Okubalulekileyo! Nangona yokuba ngoku mbali ezininzi Western kwaye pro-Western ime, nangona abasebenzi e Western eYurophu United States yaba ngcono kakhulu zokuphila kunye neemeko zokusebenza, ukuba akunjalo, ke phambili sabasebenzi Western kwenzeke nje emva 1917, xa urhulumente, boyikiswa amathuba ngokwenene ngezantsi lithemba yoluntu, wamenza ubabonisa ezininzi.

nezikhulu

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka kunokuthiwa kwelo xesha wayephila yaye liphuhlise ezinawo kwezentlalo ingenalo novelwano. Enyanisweni, kuba aba bantu yayilawulwa Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20. Enkosi kwi amagosa karhulumente Russian baseka bodwa, xa imiyalelo nokuba incinane kwi iimfuno lizwe zabekwa kuphela iinkampani "abo", adla babebiza iindleko zomsebenzi inqwaba izihlandlo.

Ingakumbi umkhondo ngokucacileyo bodwa ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo malunga iibhanki: babanika mboleko kakuhle kuphela iinkampani zayo enye, leyo ndathintelwa kakhulu kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye mveliso. Ngoko ke, lo maleko liphathelene ngokusondeleyo umnini oohlohlesakhe enkulu kunye wabanumzana, iminqweno akhuselwe kuyo yonke indawo. Oku yayahluke Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20. uphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho kumazwe of Western Yurophu waya kakhulu ngokukhawuleza, kuba kula mazwe iibhanki kakhulu bakulungele ukunika imali kwicandelo labucala kunye mveliso ezincinane, ngubani Ndizakwenza kwaye ukuvavanya iindlela ezintsha kwimveliso.

abefundisi

Kwaba elinye kwiklasi nelungelo. Ngethiyori, obekumele ukuba alandele ukuziphatha oluntu, kodwa enyanisweni kwenzeka ukuba abefundisi eganiweyo phantse kuphela ukuxhasa lobuzwilakhe. Ngokubanzi, eRashiya Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20 yaba ilizwe, ngoko ayimangalisi kwamadoda zonqulo. IBandla iyaqhubeka ukuba ezingqondweni abalimi abangafundanga igalelo elikhulu.

Ukuvela zizifundiswa

Lo maleko ngokhethekileyo njengoko wambumba eminye imibutho, kwaye ukuba nawuphi na ezibophelelayo incindi abahlukene kwezoqoqosho. Ngokubanzi, nezazi yinto isenzeko yasekhaya sezentlalo ngokukodwa lubonakala kuphela ngexesha Alexander II.

Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, abaphandi abaninzi imibhalo yabo bacinga ukuba iRussia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20, wafika "enzonzobileni revolution 'kuphela ngenxa kolu hlobo, kodwa eneneni oku. Isimanga, kodwa nezifundiswa ngelo xesha lee kude iingcamango yotshintsho olululo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abameli kwale maleko inkxaso ingcamango yentando yesininzi, yaye wakhuthaza ukuba utshintsho ngokuthe ngcembe nenguqu maleko kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ngaphandle elirhabaxa, nezidubedube wamagazi.

Enye into kukuba ngenkulungwane yokuqala amabini, zizifundiswa ezininzi, eziva ukungabinakuzikhusela lwabo maluvakalise utshintsho lokwenyani, ndize ukuba lisithathe nobundlobongela "ububi sokuxhaphakileyo", ngaphandle oko akusayi kuba nako ukuyenza.

Indima capital angaphandle

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iRussia ithagethi ubenomtsalane kutyalomali angaphandle, njengokuba omkhulu izinto ekrwada oovimba kunye nabasebenzi phantse ezamahala uvumelekile ukufumana inzuzo enkulu ngaphandle kweendleko kakhulu. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ikomkhulu amazwe inxaxheba spliced basekhaya, nto leyo ebe negalelo ukutyebiseka ngakumbi amagosa kunye ezithile ngokwezinga.

Ngoko ke, ukuba oko Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20? Ngamafutshane, yaba lilizwe kunye ezithile ngokwezinga yentlalo nezoqoqosho eningenakukholwa yoluntu, ukungabi namdla kwi kwizangqa abalawulayo utshintsho lokwenene kunye nenguquko. Ngelo xesha, ilizwe kufunwa ngamandla maxesha nangoko kwemizi-mveliso. Ukuchitha konke oku ngendlela oosolusapho, uluntu elondoloza, kunye nokunqongophala rhoqo kwaye ezondeleyo imali kwi yobuncwane.

Ixesha lobunzima ngokwalo eziphikisanayo

Emva kwentlekele ka-1900-1903, i-lizwe "kwi iimbotyi," kwakungekho mali kwaphela. Emva kokuba imfazwe kwamatyala angaphandle yaseJapan lenyuka ukuya engange gidi ezine zegolide. Sum ngaloo mihla nje emangalisayo. Urhulumente wazama ukunciphisa intswelo-mali karhulumente ngu umthwalo werhafu ngokwandisa, ukunciphisa iindleko ngamaphulo ezoqoqosho, yomkhosi kunye nenkcubeko. Investments ixesha elithile ukuba ukugcina kuqoqosho udlule, oko nje kwi olwandulela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, intlawulo yonyaka engange million 450.

Eneneni, kuphela isiqabu ityala kunye norhulumente Nicholas wangena imfazwe kwicala le Entente. Inyathelo wagula-wamitha kwaye kwakhokelela engozini enkulu. Yiloo nto waphawulwa yi Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20: kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho waqhubeka ngesantya a nkumba, firmed kwi iimfundiso kwinkulungwane edluleyo, abasemagunyeni wenza ngokucotha kakhulu kwaye lula.

"Indaba sokudla"

Indlela ukubonelela iimveliso Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20? Agriculture liqulunqe ngendlela ebanzi kakhulu, abalimi akuzange kufuneke ayibobuchule nobu-, lonke ilizwe akasayi zitsalelwa kanye pair iitrektara. Izivuno okwanele, kodwa kwimarike yehlabathi, iRashiya akazange uthando; yena wayethengisa imithamo emikhulu okuziinkozo kwi amaxabiso yinto esisibambiso, bathathe inxaxheba inkunkuma ngokwenene. Le grain abantu ezingenalo kwiphondo leemeko yindlala yinto eqhelekileyo.

Ngoko Russia wahlala Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20: uqoqosho yayisekelwe ekuxhatshazweni ongalawulekiyo kwezibonelelo zoluntu ezitshiphu, iifektri zisekelwe kwizinto mali zasemzini ukuba "ugxile" ngamagosa efanayo, kukhokelele kuphuhliso ngqo siphantse khona.

Umgaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi karhulumente

Lonke Politika Nikolaya yayakhiwe phezu kwemimiselo ngamandla amakhulu. Inkqubo yonke karhulumente yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iRussia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20 (imbali lubonise besimo ngale ndlela) yaqhubeka kuba ilizwe yedwa. Phantsi kwale mvelaphi, siyaqhubeka nzulu msantsa lwentlalo phakathi maleko ezahlukeneyo yoluntu Russian.

Owayesakuba bomhlaba kuqhubeka efumana ilizwe ilungileyo, lo gama abalimi babekunye kwi, zorhwebo ezizezona aseludinini. Amagosa zigcinwe kweendonga zayo kunye ixabiso yemveliso Oku iphanga belizwe lakhe, yaye ishishini ngokwenene.

Qala refocusing on abavelisi basekhaya

Oko yaba Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20. iimpawu ngokubanzi angenza ufifi ukuba urhulumente wenza nto ukugcina imveliso yazo. Ngelishwa, kwiimeko ezininzi le okunene kunjalo, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha imeko sungule ku cinca. olucothayo kakhulu, kodwa inkqubela.

Ngenxa yoko, uluhlu lwamaxabiso phambili (1891), ngo-1900-1903, urhulumente wazama ukuxhasa imboni yasekhaya kunye necandelo leebhanki (uyakwazi ukuthelekelela imali apho waya) yaye yaqaliswa. Urhulumente wazama ukugcina ulawulo lwentshukumo lutsha, abalimi kunye nabasebenzi, nokuhlela union zabo zomthetho.

inguqu zezopolitiko

Ngowe-1905, ekugqibeleni siseko-Democratic Party kwabunjwa kwi ekudalweni leyo wathi zonke progressives loo xesha. Party ukuba 'lokutyhala' ingcamango yokudala ephalamende amagumbi amabini, kwakunye ukubuyiselwa imigaqo ebekwe phantsi ngokutsha sesigwebo 1864 ngonyaka.

Le epalamente ukuba bafuna lokubhangisa ngokupheleleyo kwintlawulo kwetu amafama (a oyidingayo lokwenyaniso yobukhoboka kwinkulungwane yama-20!), Kuxoxwa ukwabiwa komhlaba abadinga kuyo, ecetywayo ukuvalwa ixesha, umsebenzi nonnormable yabasebenzi, kwakunye ligxininisa kusungulo uxanduva yokwenene mthetho kwabo osomashishini iyangqubana nemigaqo yoMthetho yabasebenzi.

Oko yaba Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20 (isishwankathelo). ukufunda nemiba efanayo kwiBakala 9 kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kodwa inkqubo yemfundo lunika uhlalutyo engaphelelanga oonobangela ezakhokelela kwanda omkhulu kwintlalo ixesha.