Ngoobani na Khmer Rouge?

Ngowe-1968, ngokuchasene olawulayo wamaKomanisi Party of Kampuchea (CCP) elasekwa ngaphakathi empi, eyaba ngomnye emacaleni imfazwe yamakhaya Cambodia. Yaba Khmer Rouge. Benza Cambodia lomsele enye ngaphezulu Socialism mpuma Asia.

Ngemvelaphi ye-flow

Lamentably odumileyo "Khmer Rouge" wabonakala unyaka emva kwasekuqalekeni yemvukelo yamahlwempu kwiPhondo Battambang. Ngabavukeli bafuna urhulumente kunye ukumkani Norodom Sihanouk. ukunganeliseki yamahlwempu uthathwe kwaye ezisetyenziswa CCP. Okokuqala, imikhosi abaziinjubaqa babesebancinane, kodwa kukho into ngenyanga Cambodia waziphosa isiphithiphithi yemfazwe yamakhaya, nto leyo ngokufanelekileyo kuthathwa episode enye ngaphezulu IMfazwe kunye nomzabalazo phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini yezopolitiko - ubukomanisi nkulu.

Emva kweminyaka embalwa wabhukuqa Khmer Rouge yolawulo esekwe kweli lizwe ukususela ukuzimela yalo eFransi. Emva koko, ngo-1953, Cambodia yaba ubukumkani ogama ababusi Norodom Sihanouk. Ekuqaleni, wada gqitha kuthandwa phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni. Nangona kunjalo, le meko e Cambodia destabilized imfazwe elingummelwane Vietnam, apho ukususela ekupheleni 1950., Engamabhodlo ukruthakruthwano phakathi ndawonye, zixhaswa yi China kunye USSR, kwaye yedemokrasi norhulumente pro-American. "Coli Red" wafihlwa izibilini koninzi Cambodia. Communist Party Local wasekwa ngo-1951. Ngexesha kwiMfazwe Civil, yaba inkokheli Pol Pot.

Uchazo lwe Pol Pot

iziganeko ezimbi e Cambodia ngo-1970 kwi engqondweni yoluntu (kubandakanywa ilizwe lethu) zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu ngemifanekiso emibini. Pol Pot kunye Khmer Rouge ziye zaba uphawu lonya and kohlanga. Kodwa ke inkokheli ye revolution yaqala athobeke kakhulu. Ngokwekhalenda kwigosa biography, ke wazalwa ngo May 19, 1925 encane ingathi yimimangaliso Khmer lali, ifihlwe kwenye indawo emvula emazweni mpuma Asia. Ekuzalweni, akukho Pol Pot wayengekho. Igama Real inkokeli Khmer Rouge - Salote Sar. Pol Pot - elakho iqela, ngubani wathabatha revolution abaselula iminyaka umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko.

Social zekheshi nomfana elingene abakubo imfundo. Ngowe-1949, i-Pol Pot oselula wafumana inkxaso-mali yokufunda urhulumente, elathi ukuba afudukele eFransi babhalise kwi Sorbonne. EYurophu, umfundi bahlangana ndawonye waza waba nomdla izimvo yotshintsho olululo. E Paris, wazibandakanya isangqa abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Imfundo, ke, Pol Pot abazange bayifumane. Ngowe-1952, yena wagxothwa kumabakala ihlwempu yunivesithi wabuyela ekhaya.

E Cambodia, Pol Pot wathabatha yaBantu Revolutionary Party of Cambodia, neyathi kamva similise wayeliKomanisi. umsebenzi wakhe okuququzelela mafikizolo kweli isebe ubuxoki abaninzi. Revolutionary yangena yapapashwa print yaye kungekudala abe nendumasi kakhulu. Pol Pot ebezisoloko namabhongo emangalisayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe waqabela leri bepati, yaye ngowe-1963 waba jikelele yayo unobhala. Kohlanga Khmer Rouge kude, kodwa ibali wenze umsebenzi wayo - Cambodia wayesondele imfazwe yamakhaya.

Le ngcinga Khmer Rouge

Ndawonye unyaka emva konyaka, ukuba nempembelelo ngakumbi. Inkokeli entsha wazibeka iziseko ezintsha yembono, waza wafunda Comrades Chinese. Pol Pot kunye Khmer Rouge beseka maosizma - izimvo ezintsonkothileyo samkelwa yimfundiso esemthethweni kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Enyanisweni, amaKomanisi Cambodian kuvakaliswa iimbono olukhulu leftist. Ngenxa yoku, i-Khmer Rouge bedidekile behlelo eSoviet Union.

Kwelinye icala, Pol Pot wavuma USSR sakha wamaKomanisi yokuqala Oktobha Revolution. Kodwa abalweli Cambodian kwaye amabango amaninzi eMoscow. Inxalenye uhlulo yembono kuye kwavela kwimihlaba efanayo phakathi kweUSSR kunye neTshayina.

I-Khmer Rouge e Cambodia wagxeka eSoviet Union ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo revisionism. Ingakumbi, baba nxamnye ukulondoloza imali - enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo yonxulumano zongxowankulu eluntwini. Njengoko Pol Pot wayekholelwa ukuba eSoviet Union ngenxa ngezoshishino ngenkani kwathiwa kakubi yolimo. E Cambodia, ombane kwezolimo wadlala indima enkulu. Nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke babe kweli lizwe, uninzi lwabantu. Ngenxa yoko, xa amandla e Phnom Penh kuza "Khmer Rouge" korhulumente, Pol Pot akazange acele uncedo eSoviet Union, kodwa kakhulu ngakumbi ezijolise eTshayina.

Race amandla

Ekuqaleni ngo-1967, imfazwe yamakhaya inkxaso Khmer Rouge Urhulumente wamaKomanisi of North Vietnam. elinye iqela nalo got emanyene. Urhulumente Cambodia yayikhokelwe United States kunye noMzantsi Vietnam. Ekuqaleni, urhulumente kazwelonke waba nguKumkani Norodom Sihanouk. Noko ke, emva kokuba yazibandakanya kwegazi ngo-1970, yena wabhukuqwa yaye urhulumente waye ezandleni iNkulumbuso Lon Nol. Nayo, i-Khmer Rouge walwa kwiminyaka emihlanu.

Imbali yemfazwe yamakhaya Cambodia ngumzekelo yongquzulwano lwangaphakathi, nto leyo ngenkuthalo wangenelela imikhosi amazwe. Kwangaxeshanye, longquzulwano eVietnam. AmaMelika waqala ukunika uncedo eninzi yoqoqosho yomkhosi urhulumente Lon Nol. I-US akazange afune ukuba ilizwe Cambodia, leyo uye lokuphumla utshaba kwaso abe echache ngokwaneleyo imikhosi Vietnamese ngaphandle naziphi na iingxaki.

Ngowe-1973, moya US waqalisa aseMelika izikhundla Khmer Rouge. Ngelo xesha umkhosi US wemka eVietnam, ukusuka ngoku zijolise ekuncedeni Phnom Penh. Noko ke, isigqibo ilizwi Congress wathi. Sizoku lwisana okukhulu abavakalelwa anti-militarist kwimigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu American efunwa ngu Mongameli Nixon ukuba ayeke kuqhuma Cambodia.

Iimeko edlalwa ezandleni Khmer Rouge. Kwezi meko, imikhosi karhulumente Khambodiya baqalisa baleka. January 1, 1975 waqala lohlaselo yokugqibela Khmer Rouge kwikomkhulu Phnom Penh. Usuku nosuku umzi, ndayihluthwa yonke imigca ezintsha yobonelelo, kwaye umsesane ngeenxa iye yaqhubeka ukuze unciphise. NgoAprili 17, i-Khmer Rouge kusekwa ulawulo ngokupheleleyo phezu ingqukuva. Kwiiveki ezimbini phambi kokuba Lon Nol isaziso sokuba uyarhoxa yaye wafudukela eUnited States. Kuyabonakala ukuba emva kweMfazwe Civil kuza ixesha uzinzo kunye noxolo. Kodwa enyanisweni, Cambodia phezu esengozini nkqu ntlekele ezoyikekayo ngakumbi.

Democratic Kampuchea

Kanye ngamandla, amaKomanisi uqambe lizwe Democratic Kampuchea. Pol Pot, owaba intloko karhulumente, libhengeze ezintathu ezicwangcisekileyo kwiinjongo zakhe zikarhulumente. Okokuqala, wayeza ukuyeka yokwaphuka abalimi kwaye ukuba ashiye ngasemva le nzala kunye norhwaphilizo. Injongo yesibini yaba ukuphelisa ukuxhomekeka Kampuchea ukusuka kwamanye amazwe. Ekugqibeleni, lo wesithathu; kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubuyisela ucwangco lizwe.

Zonke ezi amazwi abonakala efanelekile, kodwa enyanisweni yaba kukudala ngeqhudu engqongqo. Ilizwe waqala ingcinezelo, ezaqaliswa ngephulo le yi-Khmer Rouge. E Cambodia, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, kwabulawa phakathi kwabantu-1 no-3 million. Facts malunga zolwaphulo yaziwa kuphela emva ukuwa Pol Pot urhulumente. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, Cambodia enqatyiswe angabikho ehlabathini le "umkhusane intsimbi". Iindaba ubomi bakhe engaphakathi ukuba ngenkankulu avuza phandle.

Bawelwa ntsuku

Emva kokuba uloyiso emfazweni yamakhaya, i-Khmer Rouge liqalise ngokutsha epheleleyo yoluntu Kampuchea. Ngokutsho ideology zalo ezinkulu, akwala imali mazwe sixhobo yongxowankulu. abahlali City waqalisa ukuhamba ngaphandle endle emaphandleni. Intshabalalo kwenziwa ezininzi amaziko zentlalo karhulumente ngokwesiqhelo. Urhulumente uyekwa kwinkqubo yamayeza, imfundo, inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi. Zavalwa angaphandle iincwadi kwiilwimi. Nkqu zibuko enxibe kukhokelele ekubanjweni kwabantu abaninzi kweli lizwe.

I-Khmer Rouge, inkokheli ogama kakhulu kunene, kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa Akazange ashiye, azafunyanelwa ndawo umyalelo omdala. Ingcinezelo ezehlele zonke iicawa. Kuvuthelwa inamandla kwaye kwasetyenzwa ukuya AmaBhuda, ngubani e Cambodia baba ephawuleka kakhulu.

I-Khmer Rouge, ifoto iziphumo zocindezelo leyo kungekudala, lwavakala kulo lonke ihlabathi, wabahlula abantu ngokweendidi ezintathu. Iqela lokuqala inkoliso abalimi. Kule yesibini abemi kwimimandla ixesha elide yenqaba lohlaselo wamaKomanisi ngexesha leMfazwe Civil. Okubangel 'umdla ngoxa kwezinye izixeko, nditsho amajoni US zazisekelwe. Zonke ezi dolophu zaye phantsi "imfundo-kwakhona", okanye, ngamanye amazwi, uthe abaninzi.

Iqela lesithathu baba zizifundiswa amagosa Abefundisi ababekho kwinkonzo karhulumente yi kwimo yangaphambili. Kwakhona, zangamawele, zithabathela ngamagosa umkhosi Lon Nol. Kungekudala, phezu isethi aba bantu baye bazama ya nxaniso olukhohlakeleyo Khmer Rouge. Le ingcinezelo olwenziwe phantsi kwesigwagwiso yomzabalazo neentshaba zabantu, abancethezi kunye abahlaziyi.

Boqobo e Cambodia

Ngenkani bahlohlwa niye emzaneni lo bakhona abahlala communes, zizakubalulwa imithetho engqongqo. Ngokomthetho Cambodians Sizibandakanye ukuba etyalwe irayisi kunye bachitha ixesha na ezisezantsi abanezakhono. Inkohlakalo Khmer Rouge babeza isohlwayo zokufeketha naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaphandle akukulinga shot amasela kunye nezinye violators ezingephi komthetho. Lo mthetho usebenza kude kuse ukungaphumeleli kumasimi iziqhamo, ephethwe ngurhulumente. Kakade ke, lonke ihlabathi, kunye namashishini kweli lizwe uhulumeni.

Kamva, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe yachaza zolwaphulo-Khmer Rouge kohlanga. Kubulwa lwenziwa kwimigca zentlalo kunye nobuhlanga. Abasemagunyeni yabulawa bolunye uhlanga, kuquka i-Vietnamese and Chinese. Esinye isizathu sokuba ngodlame imfundo ephakamileyo. Ukuya kwi ngxabano bayazi basemzini, urhulumente ayinabantu ngokupheleleyo ihlabathi ngaphandle Kampuchea. nabo eyakhiwe Bagciniwe kuphela Albania, China kunye North Korea.

Ezibangela kutshabalaliso

Yintoni i-Khmer Rouge kwango kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa kohlanga, ebangela umonakalo afike nomnikelo walo elizayo? Ngokutsho kwiimbono esemthethweni karhulumente ukuze kwakhiwe iparadesi bobusoshiyali kwakufuneka kwesigidi abemi omeleleyo yaye unyanisekile, yaye bonke abanye abantu izigidi ezininzi kutshatyalaliswa. Ngamanye amazwi, kohlanga ayikho 'begoba emhlabeni "okanye isiphumo sokungamelani nxamnye bonke abanginizayo abekwa. Kubulawa yinxalenye ikhondo lezopolitiko.

Kuqikelelwa ukuba inani babulawa Cambodia kwi 70s. kakhulu ayiphikisani. Umsantsa phakathi kwe-1 no-3 million okubangelwa imfazwe yamakhaya, ezininzi iimbacu Ukubandakanyeka abaphandi njalo njalo. D. Kakade ke, lo mgaqo- alinayo nayiphi na ubungqina bamatyala abo. Abantu babulawa singagwetywanga, akukwazeki ukubuyisela umlando iziganeko ubuncinane ngokusebenzisa amaxwebhu asemthethweni.

Nkqu bhanya malunga Khmer Rouge azikho ncam azibonisi isikali ntlekele elo, libethileyo lizwe shwa. Kodwa ke ubungqina ezimbalwa ezenziwe esidlangalaleni ngeenkundla ngamazwe, olwenziwe emva kokuwa zorhulumente Pol Pot, kabuhlungu. Uphawu ephambili zocindezelo e Cambodia sele nentolongo Tuol Sleng. Namhlanje kukho imyuziyam. Kule yokugqibela amashumi amawaka abantu athunyelwa kule ntolongo. Bonke bephela ebekumele ukuba babulawe. abantu 12 kuphela abasindayo. Baba lucky - abazange babe nexesha ukudubula phambi kokuba utshintsho karhulumente. Omnye wabo amabanjwa yayibubungqina iqhosha ukuqotywa kwimeko Cambodia.

zenkolo igalelo

Ingcinezelo nxamnye imibutho zonqulo ngokomthetho kumgaqo-siseko, nto leyo wathabatha Kampuchea. I-Khmer Rouge sibonile nayiphi na ingozi ihlelo amandla abo. Ngowe-1975, Cambodia waba 82.000 iimonki yoonongendi zamaBhuda (abaphathi). Kuphela nje ezimbalwa kubo wakwazi ukubaleka abalekele kwamanye amazwe. Kwanokupheliswa ziimonki wathabatha umlinganiswa iyonke. Ukuthintelwa lo awuwiselwe nabani.

Ukutshatyalaliswa emifanekisweni ze Buddha, amathala eencwadi dha iitempile kunye pagodas (phambi kwe kweMfazwe Civil, kukho malunga nezigidi ezi-3, kodwa ke ekugqibeleni akukho namnye). Njengoko ngexesha kwiBolsheviks kwaye amaKomanisi e China, i-Khmer Rouge wasebenzisa izakhiwo zonqulo nje impahla.

Unya ethile abaxhasi Pol Pot awaqhubana ngayo amaKristu, kuba babethwele iimpembelelo amazwe. Ingcinezelo izalwe zombini beNkosi kunye nababingeleli. iicawa ezininzi ethole entshabalalweni nasekonakaleni. Ngexesha ngesothuso, yabulala malunga 60,000 ngamaKristu kunye nenye-20 amawaka Muslims.

Kwemfazwe Vietnam

Kuba embalwa iminyaka ulawulo Pol mbiza Cambodia i-LED kuphuhliso loqoqosho ekuweni. kwiinkalo ezininzi kuqoqosho lizwe zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Huge iingxwelerha ingcinezelo yakhokelela ukungahoywa izithuba enkulu.

Pol Pot, njengazo zonke uZwilakhe, wachaza izizathu ukuwa imisebenzi waphulwe Kampuchea of abangcatshi kunye iintshaba amazwe. Kunoko, le mbono wakhuthaza qela. Akukho Pot Pol kwisithuba yoluntu yayingekabikho. Wayesaziwa ngokuba "enye inombolo umzalwana" kumanani ezisibhozo ezinkulu iqela. Ngoku kubonakala ayimangalisi, kodwa Cambodia, ukongeza, anenkqubo newspeak zabo isiko inoveli dystopian "1984". amagama amaninzi zoncwadi (ukuba indawo yintlama entsha ezivunyiweyo) zasuswa ulwimi.

Phezu kwayo yonke imigudu ezizinzululwazi Party, eli lizwe waba ukuba mbi. Xa oku kwabangela le ntlekele ye-Khmer Rouge kunye Cambodia. Pol Pot, elingumthombo, wayexakeke ikhula ungquzulwano kunye Vietnam. Ngowe-1976, eli lizwe, lingadibananga phantsi kolawulo lwamaKomanisi. Noko ke, ukuba kufutshane kolawulo yali zange ukunceda ukufumana ulwimi olufanayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa lo umda zeenkcuba igazi ngokusisigxina yenzekile. I elikhulu nentlekele kwidolophu Batjuk. I-Khmer Rouge ahlasela Vietnam usike ngaphandle ilali yonke, leyo likhaya abalimi uxolo malunga 3 amawaka. ukungqubana kumda kwexesha yaphela ngoDisemba 1978, xa e Hanoi wagqiba ukuba kupheliswe ulawulo ye-Khmer Rouge. Kuba Vietnam kwenziwa umsebenzi lula ngenxa yokuba Cambodia lifumana ukuwa kwezomnotho. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ayehlasela basemzini kwaqalisa mvukelo sabantu bendawo. NgoJanuwari 7, 1979 i-Vietnamese wathabatha Phnom Penh. Amandla nto nje wadala Kampuchean United Front for National Usindiso, elikhokelwa heng Samrin.

kwakhona luqalile

Nangona Khmer Rouge ezilahlekileyo capital, inxalenye yasentshona lizwe wahlala phantsi kolawulo lwabo. Kwiminyaka engama-20 elandelayo, abo bavukeli baqhubeka ahlukumeze abasemagunyeni central. Ukongeza, inkokeli Khmer Rouge Pol Pot wasinda waza waqhubeka ukuba akhokele imikhosi ezinkulu empi, ukryvshimisya ehlathini. Ukulwa kwabenzi le kohlanga wakhokelela zonke ezifanayo Vietnamese (Cambodia ngokwayo zisala zonakele kwaye kunzima okususa ngobungozi).

Nyaka ngamnye, waphinda enye dabi. Vietnamese spring elinokuvela abantu amawaka ambalwa desyatuov ahlasela amaphondo wasentshona, ukucoca, kwaye ukuwa emva kwizikhundla zabo yokuqala. Autumn lonyaka nezitshi kwenza kube nzima ukuba silwe ngempumelelo luqalile ehlathini. Indida yayikukuba ebudeni balo yamakhaya imfazwe, i-Vietnamese amaKomanisi basebenzisa maqhinga enye, nto leyo ngoku kusetyenziswa nxamnye nawo yi-Khmer Rouge.

lahluleka yokugcina

Ngo-1981, iqela ayegqatse ngokuyinxenye Pol Pot kumandla, yaye kungekudala yona kwaphela lichithakale. Amanye amaKomanisi wagqiba ukutshintsha inkqubo yayo. Ngowe-1982 oko kwasekwa iqela le-Democratic Kampuchea. Oku kunye neminye imibutho eliqela ziye akumanyileyo kurhulumente womanyano, nto leyo ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza yi-UN. Baxhase ndawonye bewakhanyela Pol Pot. Ke wavuma iimpazamo wobandlululo (kubandakanywa entsha non-mali), wacela ukuxolelwa ngenxa zocindezelo.

Radicals, ekhokelwa Pol Pot waqhubeka kuzimela emahlathini kwaye lakhelwe lizwe. Kunjalo, aliselele kwezopolitiko Phnom Penh kwakhokelela ekubeni urhulumente kazwelonke bya. Ngowe-1989 wayishiya Cambodia amabutho Vietnamese. Le zamehlo phakathi kukarhulumente kunye Khmer Rouge yaqhubeka iminyaka elishumi. Ukwehluleka Pol Pot wenza nigwilike zobunkokeli ehlangeneyo ukususa kuye ngamandla. Xa obonakala uzwilakhe eliGorha yabekwa phantsi endlini. Wafa ngo-Aprili 15, 1998. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, unobangela wokufa yaba sisifo sentliziyo, kwelinye - Pol Pot wadliswa abalandeli bakhe. Kungekudala Khmer Rouge lahluleka lokugqibela.