Psychology ekuphileni. bengqondo Humanistic and ekuphileni

ndlela Humanistic kunye ebomini kwavela phakathi kwenkulungwane lokugqibela eYurophu ngenxa kuphuhliso ingcamango yentanda nangokwasengqondweni iinkulungwane ezimbini zokugqibela, xa, eneneni, ziziphumo sublimation lokumpompoza ezifana, njenge "ukuphila ubomi" irrationalism Nietzsche kaThixo bulumko ka Schopenhauer, intuitionism ka Bergson, ontology bulumko Scheler, Freud and Jung psychoanalysis ebomini ka Heidegger, Sartre kunye Camus. Xa kwimibhalo Horney, Fromm, Rubinstein, izimvo zabo iintshukumisa oku kuyabonakala ngokucacileyo. Kungekudala, indlela ebomini kwi bengqondo kuye zithandwa kakhulu North America. Iimbono zanikwa inkxaso ngabameli abaziwayo i 'revolution yesithathu ". Ngaxeshanye ebomini ngeengcinga nangokwasengqondweni eli xesha yaye ngoku humanistic, emelwe yi iisayikholojisti Mbasa ezifana Rogers, Kelly, Maslow. Zombini amasebe counterweight sentsimbi sele-kusekwa iindawo yenzululwazi ngokwasengqondweni - Freudianism kunye behaviorism.

ulwalathiso ebomini-humanistic kunye nezinye trends

Umsunguli ekuphileni-humanistic (EGP) - D. Bugental - ngokufuthi bagxeka behaviorism sokuqondwa lula ubuntu, ukujongelwa umntu, kwakhe ihlabathi wangaphakathi kunye namandla ngenxa oomatshini kweepateni zokuziphatha kunye nomnqweno ukulawula ubuntu. Behaviorists kwakhona ugxeke indlela humanistic ukuba belenza ngcamango overvalued wenkululeko, ecinga ukuba libe yinto yokufunda iyahlolwa kwaye wanyanzelisa ukuba akukho inkululeko, kunye nomthetho ezisisiseko khona stimulus-impendulo. Nabantu nimane ukuhlawula amatyala, kwaye nkqu ingozi ndlela abantu.

Xa abalandeli Freud bakaThixo nabantu naye amabango abo, nangona abaninzi kubo waqala psychoanalysts. Okwesibini wenqaba okuzigwagwisa ngexhanti kunye Determinism ingqiqo ephikisana Ukumiselwa uphawu Freudianism, wakhanyela zingqondweni njengoko umgaqo yonke ingcaciso. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ebomini psychology of ubuntu siseza kumlinganiselo othile ezifana psychoanalysis.

Undoqo zobuntu

Okwangoku, akukho ukuvumelana malunga iqondo wokuzimela zobuntu ebomini, kodwa uninzi abameli bentshukumo bakhetha ukwabelana nabo, nangona wonke uyakuqonda commonality yawo, kuba ingcamango esisiseko kwezi nkalo - ingqalelo inkululeko ngamnye ukhetho kunye nolwakhiwo ikho. Existentialists kunye nabantu bayavumelana ukuba kwaziwe yokuba, inhliziyo oguqula siguqule umntu bawuphakamisela ngaphezu wesiphithiphithi kunye ekubalekeleni bobukho enokwehla, ityhila ungubani yaye ngaloo ndlela enze ingqiqo yena. Ukongeza, isidima ngokupheleleyo le mbono humanistic ayisiyo abstract siyamiliselwa kwimpilo, kodwa kunoko, a kunokufumaneka khona amava lokwenene kusisiseko nentetho equkayo, zenzululwazi. Amava ithathwa abantu njengoba ixabiso eziphambili kunye bomda ephambili. Kwaye psychology humanistic kwaye ebomini nokuvavanya yokusebenza component ibalulekileyo. Kodwa apha ndizilandile nje umahluko phakathi kwale ndlela: ngokuba nabantu practice ebalulekileyo amava lokwenene amava kunye nezisombululo iingxaki ezithile kakhulu zobuqu, kunokuba ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuphunyezwa neethemplethi lwemethodoloji kunye methodological.

yobuntu kwi SE and ES

Xa ingundoqo ndlela humanistic (GP) luluvo lwe undoqo yobuntu, okuhlanganisa imisinga zalo zahlukeneyo kunye eyahlukileyo kwezinye iinkalo bengqondo. Ngu Roy Cavallo, eli ubume boluntu ukuba rhoqo kwinkqubo nokubunjwa kwayo. Xa inkqubo yokuba umntu ezimeleyo, esebenzayo, ekwaziyo self-utshintsho ukuziqhelanisa bokuyila, swi ukhetho lwangaphakathi. Silumkele ukuyilwa rhoqo ukungavumi wobomi sobunyani, "lwabasebenzi mntu."

indlela ebomini bengqondo (EP) nobuntu luphawulwa, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, a qualitative uvavanyo kakuhle eli umntu ujonge nohlobo imithombo yenkqubo ukwakhiwa. Ngokutsho ebomini, eli umntu alinikwa nayiphi entle okanye embi - kuba ekuqaleni cala. zobuntu nawo wazuza kwinkqubo ekufumaneni ubuni balo ezizodwa. Onethuba kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle, umntu ukhetha kwaye abakhetha uxanduva.

ubukho

Ubukho - khona. main osemqoka Its - ukunqongophala kwekamva, predzadannosti enokuchaphazela umntu, ubone indlela eya kubakho kwixesha elizayo. Engabandakanywayo nokunqanda ikamva, ukuthumela imbalelwano uxanduva emagxeni kwabanye, uhlanga, uluntu kunye norhulumente. Indoda isigqibo ngokwakhe - apha kwaye ngoku. psychology ekuphileni igqiba indlela yophuhliso kuphela ukhetho ngamnye ukuba wenza. Person-TAC psychology ngokubhekisele kakuhle ubuntu nje xa kuqwalaselwe ekuqaleni.

Ukholo endodeni

Ukukholelwa ubuntu - basic ufakelo, nto leyo eyenza indlela humanistic ukuya bengqondo kwezinye kwemisinga. Ukuba isiseko Freudianism, behaviorism, kwaye uninzi iingqiqo bengqondo Soviet yi ukungakholelwa ubuntu, ulwalathiso ebomini kwi ngezengqondo, phezu koko, iqwalasela komntu ngokwembono ukholo kuye. Xa Freudianism classical ekuqaleni uhlobo elibi ngamnye, injongo nefuthe kuwo - ukulungiswa kunye nembuyekezo. Bihevioristy kuvavanywa yobuntu cala kuchaphazela kuyo ngokwenza nokulungisa. Nabantu ukubona ubume babantu efanayo okanye kwemibandela HIV kwaye ubone nenjongo eziphembelela uncedo kwi actualization lomntu (Maslow, Rogers), okanye siqonde uhlobo siqu njengendlela elinamalungelo afanayo nalawo-HIV kunye njongo iphambili impembelelo ngokwasengqondweni lokubona uncedo ngokukhetha (psychology ebomini kunye Frankl Bugental). Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa Institute yakhe mfundiso psychology ebomini ibeka ingqikelelo ukhetho ngamnye ubomi bomntu. Ubuntu kubonwa akuboni cala.

Ingxaki kwengqondo ekuphileni

Isiseko indlela humanistic wabeka ingqikelelo ixabiso waqonda ukuba umntu "ukhetha ngokwakhe", sivumele nemiba ephambili yobomi. psychology ebomini umntu ndivakalisa igunya yobukho bomntu ehlabathini. Umntu kwasekuzalweni rhoqo esinxibelelana nehlabathi kwaye ufumana kuye intsingiselo ubukho bakhe. Ihlabathi iqulathe zombini izisongelo kunye nezinye iindlela ezakhayo kunye namathuba abantu bangakhetha. Ukudibana ne-ihlabathi uvelisa kwi mntu ezisisiseko ebomini iingxaki, uxinezeleko namaxhala, nokungakwazi ukumelana leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukungalingani engqondweni yomntu ngamnye. Iingxaki ohlukahlukeneyo, kodwa ngokwalo oko kuncitshiswa ezine "iindawo" ephambili polarities, apho inkqubo yophuhliso umntu kuyimfuneko ukuba benze ukhetho.

Ixesha, ubomi nokufa

Ukufa - zilula kakhulu ukuqonda, kuba icace inyaniso engaphephekiyo ekugqibeleni. Ukuqonda ukuba ukufa ezayo igcwalisa umntu luloyiko. Umnqweno ukuhlala kunye nokwazisa ngaxeshanye ubukho kwexesha - ungquzulwano engundoqo, leyo lifunda kwingcingane ekuphileni.

Determinism, inkululeko, uxanduva

Ukuqonda senkululeko ngo ebomini nayo edidayo. Kwelinye icala, umntu uyabaleka yokunqongophala isakhiwo sangaphandle, kwelinye - esoyika akasekho. Ngapha koko, zikhona ehlelekile, ngokuthobela isicwangciso indalo lwangaphandle lula. Kodwa ke, kwelinye icala, psychology ebomini uyagxininisa ukuba umntu kudala ihlabathi lakhe, kwaye linoxanduva ngokupheleleyo yona. Ulwazi yokunqongophala itemplates ezilungiselelwe kunye nesakhiwo kwandisa uloyiko.

Dialogue, uthando nesizungu

Xa intliziyo ukuqonda kuphela luluvo bohlukaniswe ebomini, oko kukuthi, njengebutho kulo ihlabathi yaye noluntu. Indoda uzayo ehlabathini yedwa kwaye njengoko oku kushiya. Impixano eyenziwe ulwazi ubulolo zabo, kwelinye icala, kunye nemfuneko yabantu kunxibelelwano, ukukhuselwa, endingowakhe kwinto enkulu - kwelinye icala.

Obungenanjongo kunye nenjongo yobomi

Ingxaki yokuswela intsingiselo ebomini avela kwiindawo ezintathu zokuqala. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ulwazi ngokuqhubekayo le ndoda kudala intsingiselo yakhe, kwelinye - uyazi ukuba kude kwaso, ubulolo kunye nokufa ezayo.

Intsulungeko conformism. iwayini

Iingcali zengqondo, nabantu, zisekelwe kumgaqo yokhetho lobuqu, bahlule polarities ezimbini eziphambili - intsulungeko conformism. Xa inqubo umntu authentic ubonisa iimpawu zabo elikhethekileyo, ubona yena njengomntu okwaziyo ukuphembelela uluntu kunye namava abo ngokuthi isigqibo, ngenxa yokuba uluntu lidaliwe izigqibo ezenziwa ngabanye, ngoko, ingahluka ngenxa yemizamo yabo. yokuphila eyoQobo luphawulwa lwangaphakathi orientation, ezintsha, imvisiswano, ahlukahlukeneyo, inkalipho nothando.

Man, Noko ke, ngaphandle komsebenzi, hayi ngokuba nesibindi ukuze athathe uxanduva ukhetho zabo, ukhetha indlela kungqinelwano, alichaze ngokwalo kuphela nje inkqenkqeza ngayo indima eluntwini. Owenza itemplates kawonke ukuvunwa, umntu onjalo ukucinga stereotypically, akakwazi yaye akafuni ukuvuma ukhetho yakhe aze amnike uvavanyo lwangaphakathi. Conformist likhangela elidlulileyo, sithembele yipharadaym esele zenziwe, apho kukho ukunqongophala ukuzithemba kunye ingqiqo ubungento. Kukho zemali ityala nangobunto.

Indlela Value-esekelwe umntu kunye nokholo umntu lamandla alo ivumela ukuba ukuhlola nzulu. On ulwalathiso heuristic kungqinwa bubukho ezahlukeneyo engile kulo. Eyona of them - yemveli ebomini, ebomini-zohlalutyo kunye humanistic psychology ekuphileni. Mei and Schneider kwakhona cell indlela ebomini-ezimanyanisayo. Ukongeza, kukho iindlela ezifana unyango dialogical Friedman Logotherapy Frankl.

Nangona inani yomahluko sengqiqo, ubuntu-TAC kwemali yamanyama humanistic kwaye ebomini kwi ukuthembakala umntu. Ingenelo ebalulekileyo kwezi ntsingiselo kukuba musa ukufuna "lula" umntu, wasibeka iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu embindini ingqalelo yakhe; maningadaki ngemiba enzima amkelekileyo umntu ehlabathini kunye nendalo yakhe ngaphakathi. Eqonda ukuba uluntu ichaphazela ukuyilwa ubuntu kunye uphila ngayo, ngezengqondo ebomini ngokusondeleyo edibene imbali, nezifundo zenkcubeko, isosioloji, intanda, Social Psychology, kwakunye nokuba isebe ecacileyo kunye nathembisayo nenzululwazi mihla ngalo mntu.