Imfundo - yintoni na le nto? Ukumisela umgangatho yobuntu. Indima entsapho ekukhuleni komntwana

imfundo Psychology yi kummandla ngundoqo zombini kwingcingane pedagogy. Ezifana abanegama njengoko NK Krupskaya, AS Makarenko, KD Ushinsky, AP Pinkevich, PP Blonsky nabanye benze iqashiso imfundiso kuyilo pedagogy kwiinkulungwane 19-20.

Yintoni na imfundo?

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uqeqesho kunye nemfundo - zizinto ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu. Kakade ke, abantu namhlanje kufuna zengqondo amatsha neembono ezintsha. ukuba ibango ukuba imigaqo kuyo kwingcingane wemfundo, ngaphandle umhla. Bafuna nje utshintsho kunye nenguqu ngokunxulumene ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Olu daba iye ibaluleka kwihlabathi yenzululwazi lifuna zokwazisela.

Uphononongo lwemiba efana nambeko kwabantu, iindlela isandi kunye neendlela ze nenzululwazi zokufundisa, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo ukuthembeka nokunyaniseka. Nangona yokuba pedagogy - an lenzululwazi elizimeleyo, isebenzisa iindlela lwamacandelo ezinxulumene - ifilosofi, inzululwazi kwezopolitiko, ngezengqondo, yokuziphatha, isosioloji, imbali kunye nabanye.

Imfundo - le yenye ikhomponenti ibalulekileyo axiological, eyinxenye ye ubume ekuhlaleni ubuntu. Kodwa le nkcazo awuphelelanga apho. Kwakhona nesimilo - yinto inkqubo yeendima zentlalo ezichaza ubomi bomntu (umz, zengqondo, iminqweno, imilinganiselo, kunye nezenzo).

Ibinzana yobuntu

imfundo ubuntu idibanisa imiba jikelele kwaye umntu ukuba ziboniswe iimfuno, imilinganiselo, iminqweno, iinjongo kunye nofundiso. Zinelungelo ifomu yokuziphatha ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

• ubudlelwane babantu ihlabathi ngaphandle kunye nobomi babo.
• Ngokumalunga impumelelo impucuko kunye nemilinganiselo zenkcubeko.
• Ukulwela ukuba ekufezekisweni kweenjongo zabo kunye namandla.
• A ingqondo yoluntu kunye nabanye.
• Ngentlonipho yamalungelo nenkululeko yabanye.
• Yokuphila asebenzayo kunye nesikhundla ekuhlaleni.
• Relation ngokwakhe njengoko ubuntu media.

Ukumisela umgangatho wemfundo bangazityeli kuphela kumntu omnye, kodwa amaqela bonke abantu kunye neentlanga. Ukuphumeza lo mlinganiswa iimpawu, sebenzisa inkqubo umsebenzi amaziko karhulumente kunye noluntu, inyathelo ezahlukeneyo ezijolise, ukudala iimeko ezizodwa hlakulela nesimilo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba imfundo.

Imfundo - oku uphawu onika umntu amathuba amaninzi okwenza izinto ezilungileyo abanye abantu, kuba ngokwabo. Ukufundiswa koluntu kwe umntu luquka inkqubo yemfundo, yaye zinikwe kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukumisela izinga yobuntu

Iqela iindlela kunye nobuchule ezijoliswe zikhwelwe kwinqanaba ukufunda, ukubunjwa kwabo iimpawu nobuntu yoluntu ebonakaliswa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, ebizwa uxilongo yemfundo. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ingqiqo.

Ukuhlola inqanaba umfundi lokuzalanisa elungileyo kunzima, kuba inkqubo ngokwalo achaphazelekayo yimiba eyahlukeneyo zangaphandle kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi. Umzekelo, ukungabikho okanye unreliability kwezi ndlela zophando, okusingqongileyo kunye kakhulu ngakumbi.

Ukuze ukwazi ukuqinisekisa inqanaba lomfundi yokuzalela okanye umntu omdala, elingengangani data kuliwa, uxilongo onesiphumo, ngokwemigangatho emiselweyo. Umahluko phakathi Isalathisi sokuqala nesokugqibela isixelela ntoni ukusebenza kwenkqubo yemfundo.

ngokwemiqathango yolwahlulo ukuzalisa

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iimpawu reference iikhrayitheriya zemfundo, nto leyo yahlulwe ngoku zibe iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ntlobo ithandwayo thaca kweli nqaku.

Iinqobo uhlobo lokuqala ihlukane kumaqela 2:

1. Abo unodibaniso kunye nesenzeko alibonakali umkhathaleli - izicwangciso, yaye kwinqanaba ezikhuthazayo iinkolelo bomntu.

2. Abo onxulumene ingcaciso ngohlobo lwangaphandle yeemveliso zemfundo - izigwebo, uvavanyo kunye nezenzo.

Ulwahlulo yesibini yahlulwe ezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo:

• Onenjongo. Bathi bakuchaza nemfundo lebyi yamkelwa liqela (ulwazi, ukuziphatha kwezentlalo, nesimilo kunye nemikhwa emihle).
• Evaluation. Bona ejoliswe isifo ecacileyo uphawu othile, oko kuxhomekeke kwizinga nokubunjwa kwayo.

Ulwahlulo yesithathu ichaza iinqobo lweenkomo elungileyo;

1. Private. Zisetyenziswa ukuba iziphumo eziphakathi kwinkqubo yemfundo.
2. Jikelele. Babonakalisa umgangatho wemfundo, apho sifikelele nemibutho okanye ngamnye.

zikhwelwe technology diagnostic

Uphononongo osemgangathweni ezifana namantshontsho elungileyo, izazinzulu bacetyiswa ukuba ukuthobela ngeteknoloji, equka inani manqanaba.

Okokuqala, lo experimenter acwangcise iintlanganiso iklasi, apho nixoxe umfundi okanye iqela kwintlanganiso nganye. iingxelo kuphela kufuneka ifom ngentlonelo kwaye musa ukuphatha okubi enkulu.

Okwesibini, izifundo bacelwa ukuba ukunika self-evaluation kunye abalinganiswa yena lonke esikalini.

Okwesithathu, ukulungiselela iintlanganiso ootitshala, apho ukuxoxa ngeziphumo zophando uzithelekise kunye imithombo kunye neenqobo lweenkomo elungileyo.

Okwesine, umfundi ngamnye ufumana uhlolo xa lulonke isikali wemfundo.

Okwesihlanu, iziphumo zibhalwa iitafile kunye nemizobo.

Izikolo kunye nootitshala zibaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni wokwenza abafundi, kodwa indima intsapho bekhulisa umntwana ngakumbi.

Njengokuba sifunda imfundo?

Khawuqwalasele ezinye iindlela zokuxilonga:

• Olungenamiqathango. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukufumana ulwazi malunga kwiipropati ngabanye ngenxa ekubonakalisweni zokuziphatha kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
• Incoko. Ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe zokuxilonga le experimenter sele ukuqinisekisa inqanaba usisizalwane lomfundi yobuntu.
• Imibuzo. Izazinzulu aye avelisa uvavanyo eyodwa ebizwa ngokuba "yabucala imfundo". igcwalisa Uvavanyo ifomu kunye imibuzo kwaye phendula experimenter icakaca umxholo.
• Indlela for analysis kunye neendlela manani processing data.

Kwaye ezinye iindlela kokuxilongwa

Ukufunda ziyenzeka phantsi ingqalelo, asimele silibale ukuba, ngokubona kwinqanaba lemfundo, i experimenter kwakhona ukufumanisa imo yokuziphatha yomntu. Ngenxa oku, ezinye izinto ezifunyanisiweyo malunga lokuzalanisa inokuquka ulwazi ebonisa zonke iimpawu yomntu, ngokuba ezi mpawu zihlobene zihlobene.

Uxilongo lokuvelisa kwakhona iquka indlela buqu, iimveliso analysis umsebenzi, njalo njalo Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba akukho namnye ulwamkelo abanalo bhetyebhetye ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba kukho ezinye iimfuno yokusebenzisa yabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba experimenter ufuna ukufumana umthamo data enokuthenjwa, kufuneka usebenzise inani ubuchule kunye uluhlu ngokupheleleyo izixhobo diagnostic.

Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi inika ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1. Uhlalutyo olucacileyo izele neempawu zobuntu.
2. Ukunciphisa ukujongwa kokuhlaziywa lweenkomo, ngenxa yokuba izibakala ifunyenwe ifunyenwe kwi ezahlukeneyo iindlela diagnostic.
3. neengxaki ezithile neentsilelo kwinkqubo yemfundo abafundi.

imigibe

Enkosi kwi computerization kobuchwepheshe yoxilongo ukufumana kunye nenkqubo iinkcukacha amanqanaba Akufuni iye yaba lula kakhulu, kwaye iziphumo jikelele ibonisa ukuchana nokuthembeka data ekhoyo. Kodwa nayiphi na iteknoloji emfundo, kubandakanywa diagnostic, kengoko ezilungileyo nezingalunganga.

Okokuqala, ukufuya kuxilongo - kwisigaba ka ngokwaneleyo ukufunda, yaye ngoko sikhokelo methodological akukho ngokwaneleyo kuphuhliswa. isicwangciso uMfundisi kuxilongo ukuba nobuso unreliability kobuchule ezithile kunye neziphumo ukuba wenza ukuba zichanile ngokwaneleyo kwaye ithembekile.

Okwesibini, uninzi iindlela ezisetyenziswa uxilongo, esibonakala ukuntsonkotha kwaye ifuna isixa esikhulu ngokwaneleyo kwexesha. Umzekelo, ukuchaneka kokwakhelwa iziphumo ziya kuxhomekeka ubude bayo.

Okwesithathu, izixhobo ezithile ezifana iikhweshine nee-ndlebe, abakwazi ukuba mayinike idatha echanekileyo yaye ithembekile.

Ukusebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zobuchule kunye ukuzala nobuchule isifo ivumela utitshala ngokupheleleyo sihlolisisa esi senzeko. Kakade ke, kukho ezinye iintsilelo kunye iimpazamo nobuchwepheshe thaca, kodwa sasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ziingcali emsebenzini wakhe.

impembelelo intsapho

Mhlawumbi kufuneka kwakhona iinqununu ukuba indima intsapho bekhulisa umntwana nje omkhulu, kwaye ifakwe njengomntwana, iba negalelo elikhulu kubantu kunye nobomi babantu kwixesha elizayo. Xa ndandineminyaka uthole, abazali negunya, kwaye ngabo abaya kuba ezininzi iimpawu zomntu. Xa isikolo, sibonakalisa azalwe uyise nonina makings.

Ukuba umntwana usapho ufumana uthando ngokwaneleyo, inkathalo, ingqalelo kunye nesimo sengqondo esihle, iza kuya ikhula emibi. Umoya ezimbi, ungquzulwano kunye neengxabano ezi ziboniswe nokuba indoda encinane. indima usapho ekukhuleni komntwana KAGAWULAYO akabaxwa, ngenxa yokuba kwezi meko kwakhiwa Beliefs baby.

Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba abazali models indima. Ukuba imfundo luphawu unina noyise, uza kuba nomntwana. Ngokomzekelo, omnye ixhala unina-umntwana ngokulula sisasazwa imisonto engabonakaliyo ngokweemvakalelo, kwakunye neminye imiba. imikhuba imbeko xa Abantwana Good kwaye ukufunxa ngathi isiponji kwekhaya. ukuziphatha ndlongondlongo kunye ezihlekisayo uyise okuvakaliswa yokuba umntwana uya kulwa kunye nabanye abafana.

Ukubaluleka kwegunya labazali

Umama kunye notata kufuneka singalahlekani emehlweni imiba eyahlukeneyo yemfundo. Konke kufuneka uchazele itakane ulwimi yena uyakuqonda. Ndandikhula, umntwana uya akusafuneki moralizing lwabazali kwaye ziya baqhankqalaze. Musa ukushiya umntwana wakho yedwa ingxaki, abe khona, ndincede, kodwa musa ukwenza nantoni na ngaye, ngenxa yokuba lo mntwana kufuneka afumane amava abo.

Family - kuba yindawo ekhuselekileyo apho ukwazi ukulungiselela kwaye ufundisa umntu omncinane kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukudala zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo. Abazali kubonisa itakane okulungileyo nokubi, yintoni enokwenziwa kwaye akakwazi. Khumbula ukuba - umzekelo ofanelekileyo ukuba umntwana wakho. Ukuba ufundisa umntwana ukuba oluxokayo okubi, musa ukuqhathwa ngayo ngokwabo.

endaweni yesiphelo

Kuyenzeka ukuba abazali abakwazi ukufumana isisombululo esifanayo kuqeqesho, kwaye kukho ungquzulwano. Umntwana akuthethi ukuba ndiyibone, ndiyive. Khumbula ukuba le yesazisi entsha ukuba izakhono zabo, izibonelelo, iminqweno, hayi nje iingxwaba-umzali, nto leyo ukuqonda amathemba akho kuzaliseka. Imfundo le ngamnye - asiyonkqubo ilula, kodwa ke umdla gqitha!