Indlela yokusebenzisa abantu: izinto eziphambili

I-Socium ikwandisa ukunceda abantu abanokwenza izinto ezinokukwazi ukujamelana nokuncintisana kunye nokuhamba, ubunzima, kunye nokukwazi ukuzinzisa nokuzihlaziya ngokuqhubekayo.

Inomdla kwimibonakalo eyahlukeneyo yobomi babantu kunye nokuvela kobuntu kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwinqanaba lobuntu lweengqondo kunye nokufundisa. Ndiyabulela kuye, umntu ubonwa ngombono wobungqina bakhe, ukuthembeka kunye nesifiso sokuphucula okuqhubekayo. Kwisiseko senkcazo esichazwe ngumbono womntu kubo bonke abantu kunye nentlonipho enyanzelekileyo yokuzimela komntu ngamnye.

Iingcamango eziqhelekileyo zobuntu

"Ubuntu" ngesiLatini lithetha "uluntu." Yaye njengesikhokelo Indlela yokuzibandakanya Ifilosofi yavela kwi-Renaissance. Wayebeka phantsi kwegama elithi "Ukuvuselelwa kobuNtu bokuKhutshwa koBuntu". Le ngcamango yehlabathi, ingcamango ephambili yombono wokuba umntu uyigugu ngaphezu kwayo yonke impahla yasemhlabeni, kwaye ngesiseko salolu hlobo, kubalulekile ukwakha isimo sengqondo kuso.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubomi buntu bubonisa ixabiso lomntu womuntu, ilungelo lakhe inkululeko, ubukho obonwabileyo, uphuhliso olupheleleyo kunye nokubonakala kokubonakalisa amandla akhe. Njengoko inkqubo yokubaluleka kwexabiso namhlanje iyenze ngendlela ngendlela yeengcamango nezindinganiso eziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwendalo yonke kubomi kwaye ngokukodwa (umntu ngamnye).

Ngaphambi kwe ngcamango "Indlela yokwenza abantu Kuloo mntu "ingcamango" yobuntu "yenziwa, ebonisa ubungqina obunjalo obunjengobungqina kunye nomnqweno wokunceda abanye abantu, babonise intlonelo, banenkathalo, banobunzima. Ngokomgaqo-siseko, ukukholwa kohlanga lwesintu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komntu.

Lo ngumgangatho wobuntu, obunakho ukukwazi ukuvalelwa ngomnye umntu. Kwintlalo yanamhlanje, ubuntuntu buyinto efanelekileyo yentlalontle, kwaye indoda iyona njongo ephezulu yokuphuhliswa kwentlalo, ngexesha apho kufuneka idale imimiselo yokuzaliseka ngokupheleleyo kwamathuba ayo okufikelela ekuhambisaneni kwintlalontle, kwezoqoqosho, ngokomoya kunye nokuphakama kobuntu.

Imigaqo ephambili yendlela yokusebenzisana nabantu

Namhlanje, ukuchazwa kobuntu kukugxininisa ekuphuhliseni ukuhambelana kwamakhono omntu, kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe kokomoya, ukuziphatha kunye nokuhleleka. Kule nto kubalulekile ukuqonda kumntu ulwazi lwakhe.

Injongo yobuntu isifundo esipheleleyo somsebenzi, ukuqonda kunye noqhagamshelwano, olukhululekile, olwaneleyo kwaye lujongene noko kwenzekayo kuluntu. Umlinganiselo, okwangoku kufaka indlela yokwenza abantu, Uzimisele ngokubaluleka komntu kunye namathuba anikezelwe kulo. Into ephambili kukuvumela umntu ukuba avule, kumncede ukuba abe mkhululekile kwaye abe noxanduva lokudala.

Umzekelo wokwakhiwa komntu onjalo, ukususela kwinqanaba leengcinga zeengqondo zabantu, lwaqala ukuphuhliswa kwawo e-USA (1950-1960). Kwachazwa kwimisebenzi kaMaslow A., uFrank S., uRogers K., uKelly J., u-Combsi A., kunye nezinye izazinzulu.

Ubuntu

Indlela yokwenza abantu echazwe kwimbali ekhankanywe ngasentla kumntu, kwi- psychology yobuntu, yahlaziywa ngokujulile yenzululwazi-izazi zengqondo. Ewe, akunakutsholwa ukuba le ndawo iye yafundiswa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa iinjongo zeengcali zenzelwe kuyo.

Olu lathiso lweengqondo luvele njengoluhlobo lwendlela ehamba ngayo ebonisa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokukhawuleza ingqondo yengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana. Umbono wobuntu, ubonwa ngombono wezithethe zabantu, ubizwa ngokuba yi-psychodynamic (ngexesha elifanayo, udibaniselwano). Lo akusiyo igatsha lokuhlola lezesengqondweni, elinemibutho equlunqileyo kunye neyobuchule kwaye ihlanganisa lonke ixesha lobomi bomntu. Uyichaza njengomntu, esebenzisa imiqathango yezakhiwo zangaphakathi neempawu, kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha.

Abaxhasayo bemfundiso yobuntu Kwindlela yokusebenzisa abantu, kuqala kokubona konke, ukuqonda nokuchazwa ngumntu wezinto ezenzekayo ebomini bakhe unomdla. Okukhethwa kukho kunikwe ubunzima bebuntu, kungekhona ukukhangela iinkcazo. Ngako oko, olu hlobo lombono lubizwa ngokuba yi-phenomenological. Inkcazo yobuntu kunye neziganeko ebomini bakhe ngokuyinhloko ngoku kwaye ichazwa ngokwemiqathango efana "neenjongo zokuphila", "intsingiselo yobomi", "ixabiso", njl njl.

Ubuntu kwi-psychology yeRogers kunye neMaslow

Kwiingcamango zakhe, uRogers wayexhomekeke ekubeni umntu unomnqweno kunye nokukwazi ukuphucula umntu, kuba unikwe ulwazi. Ngokutsho kukaRogers, umntu ngumntu onokuba ngumgwebi ophezulu.

Indlela yokwenza izinto ezenziwa ngabantu kwi-psychology yobuntu URogers ukhokelela ekubeni imbono ephambili yomntu ngu "I", nayo yonke imibono, iingcinga, iinjongo kunye neempawu. Ngokusebenza kuzo, unokuzibonakalisa ukubonakalisa kwaye uchaze amathemba okuphuculwa komntu kunye nophuhliso lwakhe. Umntu kufuneka abuze umbuzo othi "Ndingubani na?" Yintoni endiyifunayo kwaye ndingakwazi ukuba yiyo? "Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uyisombulula.

Umfanekiso we "I" njengomphumo wobuqu obomi bomntu uphumelela ekuzithembekeni nasekubonweni kwehlabathi kunye nemeko. Oku kungaba yinto engalunganga, efanelekileyo okanye ephikisanayo. Abantu abahlukeneyo "I" -ukubona ihlabathi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ingqiqo enjalo inokuphazamiseka, kwaye into engafanelekanga ithathelwe ingqalelo. Umgangatho wokwaneliseka ngobomi ngumlinganiselo wokuzaliswa kwenwaba. Ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kumanyano phakathi koqobo kunye neyona nto "I".

Phakathi kweemfuno zendlela yokuphila kwabantu kwi-psychology yobuntu ihlukanisa:

• Ukuzimela ngokwabo;
• Umnqweno wokuzibonakalisa;
• Ukuphefumlelwa kokuphucula ukuzenzekela.

Eyona nto phakathi kwabo kukuzenzekelayo. Idibanisa phakathi kwabo bonke ootitshala beli phephancwadi, kunye neendlela eziphambili kwiimbono. Kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu ekuqwalaselweni yayiyimbono yemibono kaMaslow A.

Wayephawula ukuba bonke abantu abazimeleyo babandakanyeka kwimeko. Bazinikezele kuye, kwaye le nto yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kumntu (uhlobo lomsebenzi). Abantu balolu hlobo balwela ukuhlonipha, ubuhle, ubulungisa, ububele kunye nokufezeka. Ezi zithethe ziyimfuneko ebalulekileyo kunye nomoya wokuziphendulela. Ngomntu onjalo, ubukho bubonakala njengenkqubo yokhetho oluqhubekayo: qhubela phambili okanye uphume kwaye ungalwi. Ukuzihlaziya ngokuzenzekelayo yindlela yokuqhubela phambili kunye nokugatywa kweengcamango, ukukhupha iingcamango zobuxoki.

Yiyiphi intsingiselo yendlela yokusebenzisa abantu kwizengqondo

Ngokwesiko, iingcamango ze-Allport G. malunga neempawu zomntu siqu, uA. Maslow ngokuzenzekelayo, uRogers K. malunga neengqondo zengqondo, indlela yokuphila yobuntu beBurer Sh, kunye neengcamango zikaMeyi R., zisetyenziswe ngokuqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yokuphila kwabantu.

• Ekuqaleni, umntu unamandla akhe okwenene;
• Ukubunjwa kwemoya ewonakalisayo kubakho nophuhliso;
• Umntu unesisusa sokuzibuyisela ngokwakhe;
• Kwindlela yokuzimela, kukho imingcipheko evimbela ukusebenza komntu ngamnye.

Imigaqo ephambili yomgaqo:

• Ukubamba;
• Ukwamkela okulungileyo kunye nokungenasimo komntu kunye nabanye;
• Ukuphulaphula i-Empathic nokuqonda.

Iinjongo eziphambili zendlela:

• Ukuqinisekisa ukugqiba kokusebenza komntu ngamnye;
• Ukudala kweemeko zokwenza izinto ngokuzenzekelayo;
• Ukufunda ngokukhawuleza, ukuvuleka, ukunyaniseka, ubuhlobo kunye nokwamkelwa;
• Imfundo yenceba (uvelwano kunye nobunzima);
• Ukuphuhliswa kwesakhono sokuhlola kwangaphakathi;
• Ukuvulela entsha.

Le ndlela ineemingcele kwisicelo. Ingqondo yengqondo kunye nabantwana. Isiphumo esibi singenokwenzeka ngefuthe elichanekileyo lonyango kwiimeko zentlalo enobudlova.

Kwiimigaqo yendlela yokusebenzisa abantu

Imigaqo-siseko yeendlela zokwenza abantu ingatshwankathela ngokufutshane:

• Ngalo lonke umda wokuba umntu, inkululeko kunye nokuzimela ngenxa yokuqonda kwayo;
• Umthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi ngumntu okhoyo kunye namava aphantsi;
• Ubume buntu buzama ukuqhubeka nophuhliso oluqhubekayo;
• Umntu munye kwaye uphelele;
• Ubuntu buhlukile, bufuna ukuzinza;
• Umntu ujoliswe kwixesha elizayo kwaye usebenza ngokudala.

Imigaqo ibeka uxanduva lwezenzo. Umntu - kungekhona isixhobo esingenalwazi kwaye akayikhoboka lekhoboka. Ekuqaleni, uhlobo lwalo luhle kwaye luhle. UMaslow noRogers bakholelwa ukuba iindlela zokuzivikela kunye nokuloyika zivame ukuphazamisa ukukhula kobuntu. Emva kwakho konke, ukuzithemba ngokuthe xaxa kuhambelana nento abantu abasondezayo. Ngoko ke, ibhekene neengxaki - ukhetho phakathi kokuvuma uvavanyo oluvela ngaphandle kunye nomnqweno wokuhlala neyakho.

Ubukho kunye noBuntu

Iingcali zezengqondo ezimelela indlela yokuphila-buntwini yiBinswanger L., uFrankl W., uMeyi R., Bujengal, uYalom. Le ndlela iqhutywe kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-20. Masibhale uluhlu lwemigaqo ephambili yale ngcamango:

• Umntu ubonwa ngombono wobomi bokwenene;
• Kumele alwele ukuzenzekela ngokwakhe nokuziqonda;
• Umntu unoxanduva lokuzikhethela, ubukho kunye nokufezekiswa kwamandla akhe;
• Lo mntu ukhululekile kwaye uninzi olukhethiweyo. Ingxaki kukukuphepha;
• Ukuxhalabisa kungenxa yokungaqiniseki komntu;
• Ngokuqhelekileyo umntu akaqapheli ukuba uyinceku yeepatheni kunye nemikhwa, akayena mntu othembekileyo kwaye uhlala ekhohlisayo. Ukutshintsha eli rhu lumente, kufuneka uqaphele indawo yeyona nyaniso;
• Umntu unenkxwaleko, nangona unesizungu ukususela ekuqaleni, njengoko efika kwihlabathi aze ashiye yedwa.

Iinjongo eziphambili eziqhutywe yindlela yokuphila yabantu:

• Ukuphuhlisa uxanduva, ukukwazi ukusetha imisebenzi nokuyicombulula;
• Ukufunda ukusebenza kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima;
• Khangela imisebenzi apho unokuziveza ngokukhululekile;
• Ukulwa nosizi, ukufumana "ixesha eliphakamileyo";
• Ukhetho lokuqeqesha;
• Khangela iingqiqo ezichanekileyo.

Ukuzikhethela okukhululekile, ukuvuleka kweziganeko ezintsha ezizayo - umqondiso womntu ngamnye. Le ngcamango ilahla ukuvumelana. Ezi zimpawu zibekwa kwizinto eziphilayo.

Ubuntu kwiMfundo kunye neMfundo

Iimimiselo nemigaqo ekhuthaza indlela yokusebenzisa abantu kwimfundo, Zijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubo yobudlelwane phakathi ko "titshala / umfundi" isekelwe kwintlonipho kunye nobulungisa.

Ngoko, ekufundiseni uK. Rogers utitshala kufuneka avusele amandla omfundi ukuba asombulule iingxaki zakhe, kwaye angayinqumli. Awukwazi ukumisela isisombululo esilungileyo. Injongo kukukhuthaza umsebenzi wobuqu ukutshintsha nokukhula, kwaye akunakulinganiswa. Into ephambili ayilona isethi yeenyaniso kunye neengcamango, kodwa utshintsho lobuntu bomfundi ngenxa yezifundo ezizimeleyo. Umsebenzi wemfundo kukuphuhlisa amathuba okuzakhela uphuhliso nokuzimela, ukukhangela umntu ngamnye. UK. Rogers uchaze le meko elandelayo phantsi kwalo msebenzi:

• Abafundi kwinkqubo yokufunda baxazulula iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kubo;
• Utitshala unomuva onyanisekileyo kubafundi;
• Uphatha abafundi ngokungenanto;
• Utitshala ubonisa uvelwano kubafundi (ukungenelela kwilizwe elingaphakathi lomfundi, ukujongwa kwimihlaba ngamehlo akhe, ngelixa ehleli;
• Utitshala - oncedisayo, okhuthazayo (wenza izimo ezifanelekileyo kumfundi);
• Ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bakhethe ukuziphatha, ukubonelela ngezinto zokuhlalutya.

Umntu okhulisweyo yixabiso eliphezulu, unelungelo lokuphila ngokufanelekileyo kunye nolonwabo. Ngako oko, indlela yokuphila yabantu, eqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yomntwana, inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni kwayo ukuphuhlisa nokuzihlakulela, yinto ephambili ekufundiseni.

Le ndlela idinga uhlalutyo. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokucacileyo iikhontrakthi (ukuphikisana ngokubanzi): ubomi kunye nokufa, ubuxoki nokunyaniseka, ugonyamelo kunye nokunyaniseka, inzondo nothando ...

Imfundo yemidlalo kunye nobuntu

Okwangoku, indlela yokwenza abantu ekuqeqesheni umgijimi ingabandakanyi inkqubo yoqeqesho kunye noqeqesho, xa umgijimi esebenza njengesixhobo sokusebenza esiphumelele kwisiphumo esibekwe phambi kwakhe.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba abadlali abaninzi, ukufezekiswa komzimba, bangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-psyche kunye nempilo yabo. Kwenzeka ukuba imithwalo engaphelelanga isetyenziswa. Oku kusebenza kubancinci abaselula nabakhulileyo. Ngenxa yoko, le ndlela ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, uphando lubonisa ukuba amathuba okuba ngumdlali wezembaleki, ukuziphatha kwakhe, ukuziphatha ngokomoya kunye nokwakhiwa kwezizathu ezingenamkhawulo. Indlela ejolise ekuphuhlisweni kwayo ingazaliswa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ixabiso lomdlali kunye nomqeqeshi liya kutshintshwa. Olu fakelo lufanele lube noluntu olungakumbi.

Ukuba ngumdlali wezemidlalo iimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zide. Kumele iququzelelwe kwaye ifuna umqeqeshi (utitshala, utitshala) ukuba azibonele ubugcisa be-high fineness. Le ndlela ijolise ekufakekeni kwabantu - ukuphuhliswa komntu ngamnye, ngengqondo yakhe, impilo yakhe ngokwezemidlalo nakwinkcubeko.

Ulawulo kunye noBuntu

Namhlanje, imibutho eyahlukeneyo izama ukuphucula rhoqo izinga lezakhono zabasebenzi. EJapan, umzekelo, nayiphi na ishishini (iqine) liyabasebenzi balo nje indawo yokufumana imali yokuphila, kodwa kunye nendawo edibanisa nabo osebenza nabo ngabanye. Kuye, umoya wokubambisana kunye nokuxhasana kudlala indima ebalulekileyo.

Umbutho ukuqhubeka kwentsapho. Indlela yobuntu kubaphathi ibonakala njengenkqubo eyenza abantu bakwazi ukubona iziganeko, baqonde, benze ngokufanelekileyo imeko, banike intsingiselo kunye nokubaluleka kokuziphatha kwabo. Enyanisweni, imigaqo ithetha, kwaye inyathelo eliphambili lwenzeka ngexesha lokhetho.

Inxalenye nganye yombutho ilayishwe ngentsingiselo engumqondiso kwaye inceda ukudala inyaniso. Indlela yokusebenzisa abantu ijolise kumntu, kungekhona kwintlangano. Ukukuqonda oku, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukwazi ukudibanisa kwinkqubo yexabiso elikhoyo kwaye utshintshe kwiimeko ezintsha zomsebenzi.