Abantwana be-Boyar (onyana bamantombazana). Ibutho loRhulumente waseRussia

Abantwana be-Boyar ababekho ukususela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama- XIV ukuya kutshintsho lwePetrovsky beyinye yeenkalo zentlalo ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwaseRussia ngexesha labo. Kanye kunye nabahloniphekileyo, babeyi-nucleus yomkhosi wesizwe kunye nomqolo wamandla karhulumente kweli lizwe.

Ukuthetha okuqala

Ibinzana elithi "abantwana bamantombazana" lifumaneka kwiimbali ezivela kwixesha le-13 leminyaka, xa uRus lahlukana kwaye lithembele kwi-Golden Horde. Nangona kunjalo, lo mgaqo wawungenanto yokwenza kunye nombono weklasi wale ntlalo yentlalo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba oonyana bamakhwenkwe bachazwa njengabathathi-nxaxheba kwimfazwe yaseKulikovo ecaleni likaDmitry Donskoy.

Eli gama lifumaneka nakwezinye zezivumelwano ze-Grand Duke waseMoscow uVasily II, we-1433. Kulo phepha, amagunya agunyazisile ilungelo labantwana be-boyar ukuba bakhonze amakhosi abo, nokuba iindawo zabo zaqothulwa yimfazwe. Oko kukuthi, sinokuthi ngokuzithemba ukuba la ma-servicemen de kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV yayiyimpahla yokukhululeka. Baya kushiya inkosi ngaphandle kokwesatshutshiswa ngumthetho.

Isidingo somkhosi omtsha

Kodwa amaxesha aguqukile, kwaye emva kwabo kwakuyizingane zabafana. Ngekhulu le-XV, ilizwe laseRashiya lagqibana lihlangene eMoscow. Iinduna zalo mzi zinqwenela ukuba ziyi-autocrate. Bazithiyile inkqubo ye-feudal yexesha elidlulileyo, elikhokelela ekuqhekekeni nasekubuthathaka kwelizwe. Ukuze ekugqibeleni anike umyalelo omdala, kwafuneka alahleke iinkosana ezincinci ze-feudal kwaye athole inkxaso ngenxa yamandla abo.

Ukuba okokuqala kuphunyezwe ngoncedo lwezobudlelane ngobuqili kunye nokukhula kwamandla ezoqoqosho, ngoko ke okwesibini kwakufuneka iklasi elitsha lentlalo. Abantwana baBraar baba ngabameli bawo. Ukukhankanywa ngabo kwi-annals kwaqala ukubonakala kaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-1445 umkhosi waseRussia, oqulethwe kwezi zihloko zesikhulu saseMoscow, waya kulwa neqela laseLithuania. Kwiqela ngalinye lezingane zenkwenkwe kwakukho abantu abayi-100 nganye. Esinye isakhiwo sasijoliswe yi-voivode, owamiselwa ngokuthe ngqo ngumbutho.

Ukubonakala koonyana be-boyar

Kukho amaqela amanqaku okujonga malunga nemvelaphi yale mfuno ebalulekileyo yempi kunye nentlalo. Umntu wokuqala ukucinga ukuba lo mbandela waba ngumntu osishumi nesibhozo wenkulungwane kunye nomfilosofi uPrince Mikhail Shcherbatov. Waba ngumsunguli weengcamango zokuthi abantwana abantombazana bavela kwiintsapho ezisemakhwenkwe aziwayo. Enye ingcamango yaphakanyiswa ngumlando-mlando ongekho ngaphantsi uSergei Solovyov. Wayekholelwa ukuba abafana be-boyar babonakala ngenxa yokucwangciswa phambi kwesigqeba esincinane sesikhulu, sahlukaniswa baba ngabantwana benkwenkwe, abakhululekile nabakhonzi.

Ekugqibeleni, imbono yesithathu ibonisa ukubunjwa kobantwana be-boyar ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwabantu basezidolophini ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14. Amazwe ayenawo ayedlula kwizandla zangasese. Enye inkqubo eyathonya ukuvela kwe-nucleus yombutho waseRussia kwakuzaliswa kwakhona kwamalungu enkonzo yephondo kwindleko yabemi beenkundla zenkosi. Ekuqaleni aba banini babengabanini bomhlaba abancinci kuphela. Kodwa sele sele ebudeni be-XV baqala ukuthenga izakhiwo kufuphi nommandla weedolophu ezibuthathaka. Uphando lwezizukulwana zabanikazi bemihlaba lubonisa ukuba phakathi kwabo bobabini inzala yeentsapho ezintle, kunye nabantu abavela kwelinye iqela labantu, umzekelo, iidikoni.

Ulawulo lweNgingqi

Xa izidumo kunye nabantwana be-boyar baba yinxalenye yombutho omtsha waseRussia, kwavela ingxabano phakathi kwamaphondo kunye nabafuduki baseMoscow. Amaqela asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni. Lawa kwakunguNovgorod, abantwana baseKraine nabaseSiberia. Aba bantu bakhulela ngaphandle kwemimandla yaseRussia. Baye ngemvelaphi yabo babengenakufikelela eMoscow. E-Siberia, le klasi yaqulunqwa kwiindleko ze-Cossacks zendawo. Kananjalo nenani labantwana be-boyar abathiwa ngamacandelo enkonzo yamaTatars, iChuvashes, iMordvins, iMari, njl. Kwathi emva kokuba iRussia ijoyine ummandla weVolga.

Ukwanda okubonakalayo ekubalukeleni kwefa elitsha kwenzeka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-15, ngexesha lolawulo lukaIvan III. Isikhulu sichitha iindawo kunye namafielo kumasevisi afika kuye avela kwamanye amakhosi (ukusuka kwiinkosana ezithile, ukusuka eLithuania, njl.). I-Boyars, abantwana abancinci kunye nabahloniphekileyo babekwe kumanyathelo ahlukeneyo esiteyhini seburhulumenteni.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Ivan eyingozi

Ngenkulungwane ye-16, i-classic estate yabantwana be-boyar yaqalwa, yahlula ngamaqela amabini aphezulu-iinqanawa (ezivela kwi-supreme authority) kunye namapolisa (kwiphondo). U Tsar Ivan u-Terrible ekuqaleni kokulawula kwakhe uninzi olubandakanyekayo ekuguqulweni kombuso. Emva koko abantwana be-boyar bava nokutshintsha. Inkulungwane yeshumi le-16 kwakukho inkulungwane xa ababizwa ngokuba ngabahlali bekhulu babonakala.

Ezi zifundo zimelela uluhlu olutsha lwe-servicemen kumkhosi we-tsarist. Amakhulu ayenziwe ngabantwana abancinci nabanomntwana. Abasemagunyeni babakhetha okusemgangathweni kwabo kumaphondo baze banike iziza kwiibali eziseMoscow. Umkhosi omtsha, kunye nezingane eziqhelekileyo, zazifuneka zenze inkonzo yempi yamatyala abo.

Ngaphantsi kweRomanovs

Ixesha elixakekileyo kunye nokungakwazi komkhosi wendawo ukukhusela urhulumente wenza uMikhail Romanov ucinge ngenguqu kwimpi. Uokumkani wokuqala wobukumkani obutsha wayephikisana nePoland. Kwiminyaka ye-1630 abantwana benkwenkwe baba sisiseko solawulo lweenkqubo ezintsha. Kwakhona babizwa ngokuba ngabantu bezinye iintlanga, kuba apho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, abantu bezinye iintlanga bamenywa.

Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseSmolensk nePoland, abantwana be-boyar babephakathi kwababhalisi-banjiswe kwiirmiments, ezidalwe ngokohlobo lweNtshona. Kule mibutho kwakuquka abantu abangengabasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Ukuzilawula, kwaze kwadalwa i-Order reitart eyahlukeneyo. Ngama-1682 ama-detachments abantwana abafana ne-boyar ekugqibeleni babephantsi kohlengahlengiso. Amanqaku angama-60 atshintshe iinkampani ezingama-60 kwenkampani nganye, kunye neenkampani ezili-6 zizonke zaqala ukwenza i-regiment. Utshintsho lukhokelela ekupheliseni i-parochialism - inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwezithuba zemikhosi karhulumente ngokwezinga lobukhulu bemvelaphi.

Ubuhle benkwenkwe yabantwana banyamalala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XVIII ngexesha lokuguqulwa kukaPeter Omkhulu. UMongameli wayengenomdla ekuxhaseni umkhosi wendlela yokudala. Wadala umkhosi omtsha, ulungele ngendlela yaseYurophu. Kwakwandisa ukubaluleka kobukhosi. Leli qela le-aristocracy lagwinya abantwana bafana.