Macrolides: uluhlu iziyobisi, inkcazelo

Xa iqela efana macrolides, uluhlu iziyobisi eziphakamileyo, ebonisa ukuba ububanzi ezaneleyo izicelo zonyango. La machiza zikhuselekile kwaye zisetyenziswa izifo ezininzi zendalo ezasulelayo, kuquka ezo zibangelwa amagciwane intracellular neentsholongwane. Baluncedo ekunyangeni izifo eluswini, amalunga, isixokelelwano sokuphefumla, kuquka iphika kunye nenyumoniya ubukhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Xa nenyumoniya kakhulu nawo macrolides ezisetyenzisiweyo, uluhlu iimveliso kucacisiwe kule elandelwayo standard unyango. Noko ke, ziqulathe ulwazi malunga imfuneko ukudibanisa kuyo kunye nezinye izinto elwa. Amaninzi ukuba zisetyenziswa kunye cephalosporins. Le indibaniselwano ivumela ukuphucula obuza ukusebenza omabini amachiza ngaphandle ukwandisa letyhefu zabo.

ngezigaba macrolides

Ulwahlulo kakhulu abanobuchule elula eli qela iziyobisi yikhemikhali. Oku kubonisa umahluko kubume ngemvelaphi iqela antibiotics ngokuba "macrolides". Uluhlu iziyobisi iboniswe apha ngezantsi, yaye ukwahlula ngokwabo ngalo mba:

1. macrolides 14-membered:

• imvelaphi yendalo - erythromycin kunye oleandomycin;
• semi - clarithromycin kunye roxithromycin, dirithromycin kunye fluritromitsin, telithromycin.

2. azalide (15-thu) Macrolides: Azithromycin.

3. macrolides 16-membered:

• imvelaphi yendalo - midecamycin, spiramycin kunye dzhosamitsin;
• semisynthetic - acetate midecamycin.

Oku ngokuhlelwa ibonakalisa kuphela iimpawu noshowo iklasi iziyobisi. Uluhlu lwamagama zorhwebo enikwe ngasezantsi.

uluhlu lwamachiza

Macrolides - neziyobisi uluhlu ebanzi kakhulu. Xa zizonke, njengokuba ka-2015 kukho 12 iziyobisi kule klasi. Iqela iimveliso eziqulathe ezi izithako ezisebenzayo, iphezulu kakhulu. Abaninzi kubo inokufumaneka kuthungelwano ekhemisti kunye ukuze ukunyanga izifo. Ke amanye amachiza afumaneka kwi ico, njengoko inganyanzelekanga ibhaliswe Pharmacopoeia. Imizekelo lwamagama zorhwebo imixube equlathe macrolides, oku kulandelayo:

• Erythromycin rhoqo ekuveliseni nemixube kwegama elifanayo kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwi iziyobisi entsonkothileyo "Zener" yaye "Izotreksin".
• Oleandomycin - ekuqulunqeni iziyobisi "oletetrin".
• Clarithromycin: "Klabaks" yaye "Klarikar", "Klerimed" yaye "Klatsid", "Kleron" yaye "Lekoklar", "Pilobakt" yaye "Fromilid", "Ekozitrin" yaye "Erasid", "Zimbaktar" yaye "Arvitsin" "Kispar" yaye "Klarbakt", "Klaritrosin" yaye "Klaritsin", "Klasine" yaye "coaters", "Klerimed" yaye "Romiklar", "Seydon" yaye "CP Clara."
• Roxithromycin isoloko ifumaneka ngohlobo igama lorhwebo generic, kwakunye njengenxalenye amachiza zilandelayo: "Ksitrotsin" yaye "Romik," "Elroks" yaye "Rulitsin", "Esparoksi".
• Azithromycin: "azivok" yaye "Azidrop", "Azimitsin" yaye "Azitral", "Azitroks" yaye "Azitrus", "Zetamaks" yaye "Z-Factor", "Zitnob" yaye "Zitrolid", "Zitratsin" and "Sumaklid "" Sumamed "yaye" Sumamoks "," Sumatrolid "yaye" TREMAKS-Sanovel "," Hemomitsin "yaye" Ecomed "," safocid ".
• Midecamycin zifumaneka iziyobisi "Macropen".
• Spiramycin ifumaneka njenge "Rovamycinum" yaye "spiramycin Vero".
• Dirithromycin, fluritromitsin kunye telithromycin kwaye dzhosamitsin hayi ekuveliseni ico.

Indlela yokusebenza ye macrolides

Eli qela elithile amayeza - macrolides - inamandla nefuthe bacteriostatic kwiseli sifo pathogen izifo ezosulelayo. Kuphela kungomlinganiselo phezulu ukunika isiphumo bactericidal, nangona oku kwaba kuphela kwizifundo elebhu. Kuphela indlela ye ntshukumo macrolides - eli inhibition leeprothini Yindibanisela yeseli yebhaktiriya. Oku kuphula zonke iinkqubo zemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kumzimba ngokunamandla, ebangela ukuba afe emva komzuzwana.

indlela elekhtrons protein amagama ezinxulumene ne wokujoyina 50-enganeno ye ribosomes bacteria. Banoxanduva ukwakha chain polypeptide ngexesha DNA yokuqaphela. Ngaloo yaphazamiseka Yindibanisela iiprothini zolwakhiwo nezinto virulence ntsholongwane. Kulo mzekelo, oko ingakumbi eliphezulu ukuya ribosome yebhaktiriya ebangela ngokhuseleko olubonakalayo lwe macrolides umzimba womntu.

Ukuthelekiswa macrolides kunye nezinye iindidi antibiotics

Macrolides ziyafana ngezakhiwo tetracyclines, kodwa ikhuseleke. Abayi kungqubana uphuhliso amathambo umntwana. Njengokuba fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides (uluhlu iziyobisi ezinikwe apha ngentla) uyakwazi zingene iseli nokuvelisa nezinyangayo lokuhlala lamagumbi ezintathu emzimbeni. Oku kubalulekile xa kunyango mycoplasma pneumonia, legionellosis, campylobacteriosis kunye usuleleko lwechlamydial. Kulo mzekelo, macrolides - fluoroquinolones ikhuseleke kodwa ngaphantsi olusebenzayo.

Zonke macrolides ziyityhefu ngaphezu penicillins, kodwa likhuselekileyo ngokwemigaqo amathuba komzimba asakhasayo. Kulo mzekelo, amachiza penicillin iintshatsheli zokhuseleko, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba komzimba. Ngoko ke, ukuba spectrum efanayo lomsebenzi elwa, macrolides ukuze indawo aminopenicillins lokosuleleka ze isixokelelwano sokuphefumla. Ngaphezu koko, izifundo laboratory lubonisa ukuba macrolides ukunciphisa ukusebenza penicillin kwi nokwamkelwa joint, nangona iiprotokoli unyango lwangoku kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwabo.

Macrolides ekhulelwe kunye nokhathalelo usana

Macrolides iziyobisi ezikhuselekileyo belingana kunye cephalosporins kunye penicillins. Oku kukuvumela ukusebenzisa kwabo ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye nokunyangwa kwabantwana. Bona ningaphazamisi inkqubo yophuhliso ngethambo kunye intlala skeleton, kufuneka iipropati yaManzi naMahlathi. Kuphela azithromycin kufuneka libekelwe umda kwi isicelo senyanga yesithathu yokukhulelwa. Xa unyango abantwana kunye penicillins kunye cephalosporins, kunye macrolides, ezidweliswe nemigaqo unyango eqhelekileyo ukuba izifo, ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle umngcipheko ukoyiswa ephilayo ityhefu.

Inkcazelo kwezinye macrolides

Macrolides (uluhlu amayeza siyicaphule ngasentla) xa kusenziwa clinical isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kuquka ico. Eyona ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa 4 ngummeli wabo; clarithromycin kunye azithromycin, erythromycin kunye midecamycin. spiramycin kakhulu ezisetyenziswa. Bongeka macrolides lumalunga efanayo, nangona kuyafikelelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, clarithromycin, midecamycin, yaye ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo lwezonyango kufuneka athathwe kabini ngemini, kanti azithromycin isebenza iiyure ezingama-24. omnye kuphela Ulawulo mihla le unyango lwezifo ezosulelayo.

Erythromycin - oku elifutshane zonke macrolides. Kufuneka kuthathwe amaxesha 4-6 ngosuku. Kuba ngoyena isoloko isetyenziswa iphetshana lwengingqi unyango lwezifo induna nesikhumba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba macrolides zikhuselekile abantwana, kodwa kungadala urhudo.