Ulawulo lukaCatherine 2

Ulawulo lukaCatherine II eRussia (1762 - 1796) lixesha lotshintsho olukhulu kunye neziganeko ezibalulekileyo ebomini babantu.

Ipropress yangomuso waseRashiya, u-Sofya August Fredrika Anhalt-Zerbstskaya kuqala waya eRussia ngo-1745 kwisimemo sika-Elizabeth. Ngaloo nyaka watshata noMkhulu uDuke Peter Fedorovich (Petros 3). Ukungathandeki komyeni wakhe kunye nokugula kukaElizabhete kwakhokelela kwimeko xa isisongelo sokuxoshwa kwakhe eRussia savela. Ukuxhomekeka kwiGoli yeGoldards, ngo-1762 wenza ukuguqulwa kwegazi kwaye waba ngu-empress. Kwiimeko ezinjalo ukubusa kukaCatherine II kwaqala.

I-Impress yenza imisebenzi eguqukayo yokulungisa izinto, ukuzama ukuqinisa amandla abo. Ngomnyaka we-1767, wabiza iKomishini ukuba ibhale ikhodi entsha. Nakuba kunjalo, ibandla lamalungu omthetho, lingavumelani noCatherine kwaye lachithwa

Ngomnyaka we-1763, ukuphucula inkqubo yolawulo, wabamba ukuguqulwa kwamasonto. Kwi-Senate kukho amasebe amathandathu kwaye walahlekelwa ilungelo lokukhokela izixhobo zombuso, ukuba ube ngumzimba ophezulu wezomthetho kunye nolawulo. I-Berg-Collegium, uMantyi oyiNtloko kunye neKholeji ye-Manufactory-College babuyiselwe. Ukubaluleka kwelizwe kunye negunya lokusebenza kwamandla lalingqinelana nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Ukuxazulula ubunzima bezezimali ngo-1763-1764 UCatherine uqhuba ukubethelwa kweenkcubeko zamazwe ecawa (ukuwadlulisela kwimpahla yelizwe), oko kwavumela ukuzalisa umnotho kunye nokunciphisa abefundisi njengamandla amakhulu ezopolitiko.

Ulawulo lukaChristine II aluzange lube mnene. Ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe, ukuvukela kukaPugachev kwenzeka. Imfazwe yamazwe ka-1773-1775 ibonise ukuba olu luhlu loluntu aluxhasi. Kwaye uCatherine wenza isigqibo sokuqinisa imeko ye-absolutist, ukuthembela kuphela kubaphathi.

"Iileta ezichaziweyo" kwiindawo ezihloniphekileyo kunye nezixeko (1785) zalela umgaqo woluntu, ngokubhekisele ngokubhekiselele kokuvalwa kweendawo: abahloniphekileyo, abefundisi, abathengisi, i-philistinism kunye ne-serfs. Ukuxhomekeka kwelo xesha liqhubeka landa, lenza iimeko zokuhlaselwa "kwexesha elihle legolide".

Kulawulo lukaCatherine, inkqubo ye-feudal yafikelela kwi-apogee eRashiya. UMmpress akazange afune ukutshintsha iziseko zobomi boluntu. Ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi we-serf ubukhosi, itrone yexhaswa kubaphathi abathembekileyo kunye nobuqili obulumko bulawula yonke into, le nto yayiyimpilo yeli xesha ngeli xesha. Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe yenziwa kuphela kwiminqweno yombuso ophakathi. Indlela yokumkani yayiqhelekileyo kumaphondo (iRashiya Minor, iLibonia neFinland), kunye nokwandiswa kwandiswe kwiCrimea, ubuBukumkani basePoland, iNorth Caucasus, apho iingxaki zesizwe sele ziqalise ukunyuka. Ngomnyaka we-1764 i-Hetmanate e-Ukraine yatshatyalaliswa, iRhuluneli-Jikelele kunye noMongameli weBhodi yeMaroros bamiselwa ukuba bayilawule.

Ngo-1775, ukulungiswa kolawulo kuqale. Endaweni yamaphondo angama-23, ama-50 amatsha ayenziwe. Igumbi leNondyebo lalawula le shishini, uMyalelo-amaziko karhulumente (izibhedlele kunye nezikolo), iinkundla zihlukaniswe nolawulo. Inkqubo yokulawula ilizwe yaba yinto efanayo, ilawulwa ngabalawuli, iikholeji eziphakathi, abalawuli kunye, ekugqibeleni, i-empress.

Kuyaziwa ukuba ukubusa kukaCatherine kowesibili kukuphakama kobuhlanga. Kodwa ukuba phantsi kwe-Elizabethe le nto ayizange ivelise umonakalo obonakalayo kummandla, ngoku ukusabalalisa ngokubanzi umhlaba wamazwe kunye nama- serfs kwiindawo ezihloniphekileyo zaqala ukudala ukunganeliseki.

I-absolutism ekhanyisiweyo yeCatherine iyithuba lokuphunyezwa kweengcamango zentlalo nezopolitiko zekhulu le-18, ngokubhekiselele kulo uphuhliso loluntu kufuneka luqhubeke ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo phantsi kolawulo lwenkosi ekhanyiselweyo neyintanda, encediswa ngabafilosofi.

Iziphumo zolawulo lukaChristine II zibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yaseRussia. Intsimi yombuso iye yanda kakhulu, ixabiso lemali yengeniso, kwaye inani labantu likhule ngamaphesenti angama-75%. Nangona kunjalo, i-absolutism ekhanyisiwe ixazulula zonke iingxaki eziphuthumayo kwaye ayikwazanga.