Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo. Ngokufutshane malunga nezopolitiko uvalo

Iminyaka oprichnina Ivana Groznogo yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali lokusekwa karhulumente Russian. Ukumkani ehleli etroneni ngo-1547. Kodwa kwiminyaka yokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, ikhondo lezopolitiko engundoqo karhulumente wayengekho oprichnina Ivana Groznogo.

Ngokufutshane malunga utshintsho onyuliweyo rada

Wakhethwa Symbol yaba de facto urhulumente, ndawonye ukusuka izinduna ezindilekileyo, abanumzana, amanye amagosa karhulumente kunye namalungu abefundisi. Lwaphumelela kulo rhulumente ukususela 1547 ukuya kunyaka 1560. Ngokusisiseko, zonke iinguqu bakhe ejoliswe lonke karhulumente kunye ngokupheleleyo amandla, indalo amaqumrhu karhulumente kazwelonke efanayo nemiyalelo. Eneneni, ezi ntsingiselo zifuna ixesha ngokwayo. ulawulo Absolutization monarchical ifana nqwa nale kunye neNtshona yeYurophu.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo: ngokufutshane malunga nezizathu

Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi kunye ubukho yePalamente akhethwe ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela ekuhambeni kwexesha uqalisa ukubaleka kuchasene iimfuneko Ivana Groznogo. Ngowe-1560, kukho uqhekeko phakathi ukumkani kunye nabalingane bakhe, yaye yintoni umphumo oprichnina Ivana Groznogo. Ngokufutshane malunga izizathu komsipha le manyano, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba uhlobo ngcembe rada iinguqu ezikhethiweyo ekugqibeleni udiniwe kukumkani. Le yokugqibela yaqala ukuva ukuba izinduna ngabom sakulibazisa lonke karhulumente, enyanisweni, ngo-1560 wayetyhola amalungu amabini akhethwa yiPalamente - uSylvester kunye Adasheva - ukuba ufuna ingqalelo zokunqika ngokwenene amandla ezandleni zakhe. Isizathu esibalulekileyo sokuba umsantsa iba ukungavisisani phakathi kweenkokeli sikweni kukarhulumente kunye nomfazi yobukumkani Anastasiey Yurevoy. Emva ekuqaleni Ukumkani wayo ukufa ngokuphindaphindiweyo zathi izinduna ukuba "ndikuqhelile ukukhanyisa kuyo." Ekugqibeleni yintlantsi Last baxokozelisa yobutshaba Ivan IV ukuya phezulu izinduna, waye utshintsho omnye wamalungu elalisakuba Okhethiweyo rada Andreya Kurbskogo nezibonda ngexesha i Livonian War. Izizathu ezandulelayo yokugqibela ukwenza njalo, kwaye bakhalaza ukuba ukumkani inyathele amalungelo ispokonvechnye kunye namalungelo ungunyana wabanumzana. Ukuphendula, ukumkani ngokwakhe kudala nonogada umzimba abathobelayo ngubani uqala Ndikhohlwe elikhulu-isikali nxamnye begazi kweli lizwe.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo: ubambe ngokufutshane

Ukususela 1565 e impangele iqala umzabalazo bungwanyalala ukuphelisa, hayi kanye mandithi, ukutshatyalaliswa yesitalato Boyar umaleko. Ilizwe yahlulwe ezimbini: enye inxalenye yaba ikamva ngalo ukumkani, wambiza oprichnina. Okunye control Boyar Duma waza wabizwa ngokuba zemshchina. indawo Oprichnina gqolo ukwanda wayisithelisa ezininzi zelizwe kweli lizwe. Umongo sezopolitiko oprichnina Ivana Groznogo yaba kukuba ukumkani wenza amalungelo kunye imvume izinduna ukuba unako ngabom ukuveza ihlazo kunye nokubulawa bonke abo iqwalasela yena ungumngcatshi. Akubuzwa ukuba emva kokuba moya Kurbsky ukumkani akubona bonke abanginizayo kunye nabavukeli yonke phakathi elite boyar? Kwiminyaka elandelayo, amakhulu kwiintsapho basebukhosini zaye bagxothwe kumazwe zabo Mzansi oprichniki. Abantu ababekhwele apho ifikelele incopho yawo ngowe-1570, xa wabulawa eRashiya prince feudal lokugqibela Vladimir Staritsa. Ukuzibophelela Uhambo sazela nxamnye Novgorod, Klin, Torzhok, yaseTver. Okulala kwakukho amakhulu emizaneni, ekubulaweni kwenqwaba eMoscow.

Iziphumo zale oprichnina

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yabangela ukuba buthathaka indima kwezopolitiko ungunyana wabanumzana eli lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukumkani wenza lobuzwilakhe. Kwelinye icala, despotism kunye ubunyani kwiintshabalaliso abaninzi nokubulalana - imikhuba emibi. Kodwa lobuzwilakhe uvunyelwe ukuba ukudala umkhosi owomeleleyo kakuhle ixesha layo, izixhobo karhulumente, nto leyo yabangela ukuba wande chu nemimandla karhulumente.