Dagestan yamandulo. Isixeko samandulo Dagestan

The Republic of Dagestan - yenye ye-Russian Federation. Ifunyanwa kwimpuma ye North Caucasus, babugubungela kommandla 50,3 ophosa square. Ukususela lwamawa ngasezantsi Dagestan high bahlukana Azerbaijan eGeorgia. Empumalanga kokuhlanjwa kuLwandle lweCaspian. Kwinxalenye osemantla zeRiphabliki babeziindleko ezinkulu emaqeleni uyisanti.

Dagestan yamandulo (bona ngezantsi ifoto) - lilizwe leentaba, ogama ubuhle aculwa amagcisa ezininzi, ababhali kunye ziimbongi.

indlela yakhe abayinqobo yobomi, ubume ezintle, kwakunye abaculi yodongwe, izacholo kunye nezinye iimveliso kubangela baza othandwayo bonke kuqala badibana kwiRiphabliki.

Dagestan sisityebi kwimbali yawo. De kube ngoku, ummandla wayo kungaphezu kwe asibhozo amawaka ezikhumbuzo zembali yenkcubeko ukhuselwe ngurhulumente. Kwaye wonke umntu owakhe watyelela eli republic kakhulu kumzantsi Russian, ongenakuchukumiseka ubuhle bayo nobutyebi izithethe zamandulo.

koqeqesho

Iqala ibali Dagestan ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. I yokupaka lokuqala mntu kummandla ahlala emva kwe Stone Age, ngexesha Paleolithic. Oku kunokucaciswa iimeko eendawo ezifanelekileyo nezahlukileyo le ndawo. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba koqeqesho, iindawo ezinkulu ka-Asia naseYurophu baye glaciations izalwe. ECaucasus, kukho ezimbini kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, i-inshorensi ice eqinileyo ayizange yabonakala apha. Oku lula ngumoya ngokufudumala neyomileyo ukuba wayofika Central Asia. E Dagestan glaciation kwaba kuphela nakummango ngapha kwiindawo ezintabeni eziphakamileyo.

Into entle ubomi babantu kwezi ndawo yaba kukuba enkulu wayifulela yi amahlathi. Kwizikhewu simahla zemithi, baba idlelo elisemagqabini abantu sidudla izilwanyana zasendle.

Paleolithic asezantsi

Ngenxa indawo yayo kakuhle, neCaucasus idlale indima ebalulekileyo ngexesha ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kakhulu. Nkqu ngexesha Acheulean ngaphezu kokuba, ikhulu lamawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, yaye oko kuhlala Dagestan.

Khondo yabantu ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali yafunyanwa zakudala kwi emdeni nezithili ezibini - Kaytagskogo kunye Derbent. Apha, kwisiqwenga Chumus-Init, wafumana kukubola ezinkulu, wayenza kubo izixhobo nobu- (scrapers, izixhobo ukuhlahla, njalo njalo. D.).

Abantu bahlala e Dagestan yamandulo, babandakanyeka ngokuzingela indibano. Njengoko imveliso ke iintlobo zixhaphakileyo, kwakunye iziqhamo kunye amaqunube ezikhula endle.

Izixhobo olubaluleke kakhulu kweli xesha Acheulean baba izembe ngesandla ngamatye. Bona zasetyenziselwa nokuveliswa afohlela lokuzingela ngamaplanga, kwakunye ezayenza izidumbu izilwanyana elisukelwayo nokusebenza ukususa izikhumba zazo.

abantu Acheulean babehlala kumaqela amancinane, bakwazi ukusebenzisa umlilo. Wakhonza kubo njengomthombo ubushushu, amaziko zokupheka kunye isixhobo ukoyikisa iintshaba.

Middle Palaeolithic

Emva era Acheulean bafika Mousterian. Ngethuba layo (amawaka 100-30. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo) ukuqhubeka inkqubo yokuhlaliswa womntu kwakudala. Kwakhona uyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa kunye Dagestan. Ubungqina kunjalo amangcwaba ixesha elikude, emele yokutyiwa kwiinkampu ezivulekileyo. Baye bafumanisa kummandla Makhachkala, ezintabeni, emathafeni, kwaye kufuphi edikeni ntaba Kezenoi kusasa, ibekwe kwi nomda Chechnya-Ingushetia. zokuhlala Irholo ixesha Mousterian ezifumaneka e Dagestan kunqabile kakhulu.

Ngeli xesha, utshintsho olubalulekileyo ubuchule zokusebenza amatye. Cannon ngawo steel iveliswayo esebenzisa elongate imela-like nembasa. Kwakhona, kule xesha kokuba iye kuzingela kugcwele usebenzisa iipeni. Le ndlela ukuba avelise ukutya ngaphezulu.

Konke oku kungentla utshintsho ngcembe obuchaphazele umsebenzi industrial abantu nobu-, kuboniswe kubume bentlalo. Kukholelwa ukuba ngeli xesha yaqala ukubonakala zakuqala lombutho clan matriarchal.

eliphezulu Palaeolithic

Yayilixesha elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko olandelayo kuphela isithuba ukusuka 30 ukuya amawaka-15. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Lubonakala luphuhliso inkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu.

ezikhumbuzo Dagestan yamandulo yelo xesha, efumaneka kwindawo yokupaka iimoto kufutshane kwilali Chokh kummandla Gunibsky. Ngokwemaleko yayo yenkcubeko wafumana iintsalela kweentlanti, izigaqa imbola, amathambo ezilwanyana, kwaye ngaphezulu. Kodwa into efumaneka lot yokupaka lesilicon wobugcisa. Le izinto wasebenzisa kuphela kweqokobhe, kodwa ngenxa yezandla zabo.

Ngokusekelwe kwezi data, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba abantu bokuqala babehlala Dagestan kwi-Upper Paleolithic, ezingelwa mammoths. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba kuveliswe ezi zilwanyana zazisetyenziswa ngelo iindlela ngcembe ixesha esenyuka. Kwakhona ngexesha elikhankanyiweyo abantu bakudala baqala ukwenza izinto zemihla ngemihla.

Ngeli xesha, kwabakho kusekwe inkqubo clan matriarchal zokugqibela, waqinisa uqhagamshelwano phakathi koluntu ngamnye.

Emva kokuphela Upper Paleolithic era kuza Ukufudumala jikelele. Ixesha le Mesolithic. Ngokutsho zakudala, entabeni Daghestan ngelo xesha exineneyo. Phakathi iimpawu inkcubeko yawo ephawulwe umzekeliso ezikhumbuzo ngaxeshanye i-North Caucasus kunye Transcaucasia, nto leyo engqina ukuba ukufana yeendlela zabantu abahlala kule mimandla.

I Bronze yobudala

Emva kokuba Upper Paleolithic kwimbali yamandulo Dagestan singene kwixesha elitsha, yelo xesha ukususela ekupheleni yesine kude kube sekupheleni BC nkulungwane yesibini. Babuza yeBronzi Age. Wayizisa ezininzi ngempumelelo kwinkcubeko kunye nemveliso, ngokunjalo kubume koluntu kwakudala.

Ngeli xesha, incopho kwawo kwafikelela yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ngobhedu nobhedu. Aba bantu izinto baqalisa ukuvelisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo wadlala indima enkulu ebomini babo. Kucebisa imveliso metallurgical waba kunye Dagestan. umhlaba lalihlala zizityebi koovimba ekrwada.

Xa ubhedu-copper ngenkulungwane kwavela kwaye sele livelise zokulima ikhuba. Ukongezelela, abantu baqalisa ukuzalela iinkomo. Inani kweentlobo izilwanyana linyuke lonke ixesha.

Ukuvela ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nezolimo - ngowona msitho ubalulekileyo bobhedu ngenkulungwane nangobhedu, nto leyo nayo Dagestan. ilizwe Ancient iye yaba liziko iinkqubo esebenzayo yabantu kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho. On nommandla wayo labemi likhula ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukuhlola amazwe amatsha.

Ngeli xesha, ngakumbi ngophuhliso kunye nezinto nenkcubeko yalo. Ukuba iilali yamandulo Dagestan apho ukwakha indawo yokufihla intloko zasetyenziselwa ezinye izinto ze zobunjineli lolwakhiwo bokwakha. Ezinye zezi zokuhlala ababeqhutywa uhlobo okwethutyana okanye ngamaxesha athile onyaka.

Ekuqaleni le Copper Age ngobhedu-mkhulu igalelo inkcubeko wokufama wazisa Dagestan. umhlaba yaMandulo kweli xesha kwafika impumelelo enkulu, ukufumana iintlobo ezininzi ingqolowa nzima yaye ethambileyo, phantse amahlanu neentlobo zerhasi, kwakunye iintlobo ezininzi seediliya, apricot, iziqhamo pome kunye nezinye izityalo.

Uphuhliso nobuDlelwane

In yeBronzi Age luqinisekiswa kakhulu ukwanda indima ngotshintshiselwano phakathi kwezizwe. Oku kwabangelwa lahlule yabasebenzi kwaye kwakhokelela ekomelezeni ubudlelwane phakathi abemi kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Dagestan.

Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ukukhula yomkhosi elinemveliso iye mandundu kumahluko ipropati kunye nokwanda umzabalazo zangaphakathi ukuba amadlelo kunye umhlaba olimekayo, kwakunye iidipozithi yesinyithi.

Kwakhona, imbali yamandulo Dagestan kwi yeBronzi Age yaba ixesha xa waqala ukwakha uluntu ethnocultural. Kamva baba isiseko, apho kwakukho ukuyilwa beentlanga ezininzi kunye nezizwe.

Ngokunxulumene nophuhliso ukufuya iinkomo, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ukulima ezolimo, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa imigudu yabantu, kwakukho indawo matriarchal-solusapho ubudlelwane yezizwe. Ukuba zihambelana kakhulu neemeko ezintsha kwemveliso lwentlalo. Ngeli xesha, ekuqaleni zemali ubutyebi kwizandla ziintsapho. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba ukwahlulwa kwepropati in uhlobo.

Ekupheleni yeBronzi Age waqalisa ukuvela kwemveliso yentsimbi. Kwixesha elizayo, oku kuye kwakhokelela utshintsho olululo kwinkcubeko, kuqoqosho, kwakunye ezingqondweni zabantu. Isiphumo yaba ukuyilwa ekuthiwa idemokhrasi emkhosini, emva koko urhulumente wabonakala.

abaseAfrika Albania

Inqanaba elilandelayo kwimbali Dagestan weza phakathi BC nkulungwane yokuqala. Ngeli xesha, phezu imimandla olusempuma eCaucasus lafika ukumanywa zezizwe ababehlala apho, gcwalisa nokudalwa ekuqaleni umanyano lwabo, yaye emva koko - karhulumente khoboka ekuqaleni - abaseAfrika Albania. La mazwe omkhulu lulele phakathi Kura River, uLwandle lweCaspian kunye Alazan, eziquka iindawo ezinkulu langoku Dagestan.

Ngenxa sezulu yayo abaseAfrika Albania yaba yindawo enkulu yokuba abantu baphile. ilizwe layo kakuhle wenzala onkcenkceshelwayo kunye ezahlukeneyo.

izizwe isi

Uninzi zikarhulumente kwavela wathinjwa ziintaba. Yokuba izizwe empini waphila. Baye bagcinwa phantsi abapasileyo nokuzukiswa kweliso, ibekwe kwi Main abaseAfrika Ridge.

Izizwe ezininzi eliqela awayengabemi Albania kunye Albania utii basekwezo ummandla kunxweme yoLwandle lweCaspian. ukubaluleka enkulu zikarhulumente nazo Leahy kunye Gela, kunye Didur gargareytsy, andaki kunye Silva et al.
Kudala phambi kokuba ezi zizwe kuyaziwa kuLwandle lweCaspian kunye Mickey. Ngenxa yoko, Albania balihlutha ukungafani kobuhlanga. On nommandla wayo babehlala izizwe ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu ezahlukeneyo. Lo mfanekiso ikufutshane kakhulu ezizwe, efumaneka kwi Dagestan mihla.

Kwiindawo weentaba lizwe, kwakunye kwicala yonxweme oLwandle lweCaspian waphila izizwe Albania. Kukholelwa ukuba oku sesona uhlanga yamandulo Daghestan - izinyanya weRiphabliki mihla abantu intaba.

uphuhliso loqoqosho Albania ukuba

Icandelo lezoqoqosho engundoqo karhulumente yamandulo ezolimo. Kwaye oko kumelwe uphuhliso layo nje kuphela ezinkqantosini, kodwa ezintabeni. Kuba unyango lomhlaba alapha ukusebenzisa ikhuba ngomthi, leyo yi kuyilo yayo efana dagestantskomu "purutsu" mihla.

Enye candelo libaluleke kuba Albania iinkomo. Oku lula yi amadlelo olubanzi ntaba kunye amadlelo emazantsi eentaba. Kwakhona kwi kummandla Albania ifumene kakhulu ishishini yophuhliso unokwakhela. Emerging kushishino yeglasi obuvelisiweyo kunye isinglass, libandakanywe phambili amatye semi-anqabileyo, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ngeli xesha eyimbali e Albania yafikelela intsimbi yayo incopho. Kwayenza baqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo oluxandileyo, ukuba ukwenza iimela nezikhali, iintolo trehperye, ninamakrele neentonga owamahashe ezibukhali ezininzi izixhobo zokusebenza. Ngenxa eli candelo isicelo yandiswa kakhulu metal. A obungcali othile waphawula kwishishini izacholo.

kwisixeko samandulo

Ngomhla kummandla karhulumente isiAlbania baqalisa ukuba kuvela amaziko amaninzi lorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Uninzi kwisixeko samandulo Dagestan (abangama-29 ukhankanya) kwafunyanwa ngexesha ngabembi kwi kummandla weRiphabliki yanamhlanje. Ngaphezu koko, le ndawo iphambili, apho kukho amabhodlo zokuhlala yamandulo - Piedmont lolwandle Dagestan.

Isixeko iphambili Albania ingqalelo Kabalaka. Waye phezu intsimi wesimanje emantla Azerbaijan. Isixeko samandulo Dagestan - it Geldiev, Alban kunye Thelene. Bona ephakathi imilambo Pike kunye Samur. Nguwo lo ummandla yeRiphabliki mihla Dagestan. Uqhekekile umzi samandulo ibekwe kwi besiza Albania - Niga. On kula mazwe emi Bakr Daglana kunye Tagode.

Esi sixeko sidala e Dagestan, netyunjwe ngenxa yophando zakudala - Urtseki. Ngexesha ubukho karhulumente isiAlbania, waba icebo elivumelana isimbo yamandulo. Kufuneka ke ukuba lungiselelo lineqela zokuhlala eli xesha kummandla weRiphabliki Dagestan. Isixeko samandulo Urtseki namanye amaziko yolawulo efanayo, ukuba izinto emveli anjalo antique ezifana kwinqaba iShushan, isityalo, ibekwe kufuphi kwisithili.

Ukuphela kwexesha lamandulo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane BC aweza yesine emininzi imfazwe Huns ephila ahlasela Dagestan. Umhlaba yaMandulo ukusuka emantla ukuya lokuphumelela Derbent.

Huns waqala ukuba angenelele inxaxheba kwimicimbi yezobupolitika abantu Transcaucasia kwaye kakhulu lwanciphisa uphuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho Dagestan. Nangona kunjalo, lo nenkcubeko yabantu beli lizwe, abazange bakwazi nempembelelo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba abasemathanga babekhwele kwinqwanqwa esezantsi kophuhliso.

Isibakala sokuba Huns wahlala kummandla Dagestan, njengoko uphando izenze. Ngoko ke, safumana yokungcwaba mbuya, leyo, kunye amajoni bangcwatyelwa izaphetha kunye iipleyiti ithambo neemela zentsimbi.
Hun State uwa kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane yesihlanu. Ngayo negalelo ukuwa ephikisanayo ezininzi lwangaphakathi. Emva koko, iimanyano yezizwe Dagestan baba iiyunithi ezizimeleyo kolawulo lwabo yezopolitiko.