Kuhlaselwa Chemical: iziphumo. izixhobo zeekhemikhali: ezichaphazela imiba kunye namanyathelo okhuselo

War ezizanyazanyiswayo iplanethi yethu kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu. Kwaye ngekhulu ngalinye zibe anegazi ngakumbi, kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo - nobunzima kakhulu. Military ceba iindidi ezintsha kwezixhobo, nekufuneka ukuzidimaza ngokupheleleyo abatshabalalise utshaba, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela isakhiwo kunye nezibonelelo. Xa into efana inzuzo wanika abachasi izixhobo zeekhemikhali, waba nal entsha kuphuhliso inkqubela zomkhosi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuye kwaphucuka, kuba kunciphisa ukulahleka ukusetyenziswa kwicala ohlaselayo, eshiya ngasemva kuphela yityhefu ilifu entlango engaphili ezintabeni izidumbu. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukukhusela ekuhlaselweni chemical? Ngaba izinto eziyityhefu kwindawo yokubonela zomhla wethu? Kwaye yintoni uluhlu ahlasela? Kubo bonke le mibuzo siya kuphendula kweli nqaku.

Izixhobo yentshabalalo ubunzima: amagama

lezixhobo zeekhemikhali ibhekisela uhlobo olulodwa izixhobo, nto leyo esekelwe phezu nokusetyenziswa kwemichiza ezahlukeneyo. Ezi tyhefu kunye ityhefu abakwaziyo sizibhokoxe ifuthe layo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuquka izityalo kwirediyasi udubulo. Emva ngokusebenzisa izixhobo abanjalo kuphela wababulala abantu, kodwa ilizwe ngokwalo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eVietnam, kuloo ndawo apho amaMelika kusetyenziswa arhente imichiza, kusekho nto likhula yaye abantwana bazalwa kunye zofuzo ezininzi.

izazinzulu Modern bakholelwa ukuba ukuhlasela weekhemikhali kunokukhokelela ntlekele ngokwenene eziphilayo eziya kuchaphazela wonke umntu osemhlabeni. Ngoko ke, abaninzi uluntu lwazi ukuba bathethe phandle ngokuchasene naluphi uphuhliso izixhobo zeekhemikhali, eyenzelwe ukuba afumane izinto ezintsha ziyityhefu kwaye andise yabo yokuhlasela kuluhlu.

Iintlobo yokulwa amachiza ayityhefu

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho States ezininzi izinto eziyityhefu, leyo ziveliswa kuhlaselwa kwemichiza:

• enkungwini yakhe;
• sukube;
• Ulwelo.

Kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-arhente zayo busebenza kwaye zibangela umonakalo noqhekeko kuzo zonke izinto eziphilileyo ufumana kwindawo ukusibulala.

Iimpawu ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinobungozi

Nezikhali wafaka izinto eziyityhefu ngexesha dubulo uvelisa ilifu ngomphunga okanye air inkungu okanye amhlophe elityheli. Nangabo phantse ngesantya esiphezulu kunye umoya phezu imigama emide, ukungena kwi izixhobo emkhosini, iindawo kunye namakhaya. Fihla kule amafu ezinetyhefu akunakwenzeka.

Maxa wambi uhlaselwa yemichiza yenziwa usebenzisa agents imfazwe engamanzi - ke bathulula lo moya, emele band emnyama. Ityhefu imvula luhlala phezu kwengca kunye nemithi ezinamafutha umboniso.

Imiphumo zokuhlasela chemical

Naluphi na ukusetyenziswa izinto eziyityhefu kukhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu ngenxa zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba isicelo kommandla izixhobo imichiza intshabalalo ibunjiwe, nto leyo eye ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• abangele ukufa abantu kunye nezilwanyana ubanjwe nombindi dubulo;
• ukulahleka eziphilayo, ezo kude nombindi enomoya ophilileyo;
• ukulahlekelwa abantu kunye nezilwanyana obufihlwe ikhusi kude sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi;
• ukungcoliswa kwiindawo zokuhlala, izibonelelo zoqoqosho kunye nezibonelelo;
• nempembelelo yokuziphatha enamandla.

Kakade ke, oku kakhulu isici. Eneneni, ukuqikelela ifuthe izinto eziyityhefu kunokuba, esazi nje bengabakho loluphi uhlobo.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto eziyityhefu

Izazinzulu baye eziliqela zeendlela apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba Cazulula izinto ezisetyenziswa izixhobo zeekhemikhali:

• ngokuba obubonakala ubuthi;
• ngokulwa;
• yokunganyangeki.

indawo nganye, nto, nto zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. Ukuba sithetha ezinetyhefu, le nto kufuneka zihlelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• luvo (isi, ahlasele imichiza isisi);
• blister lemfuyo;
• umoya;
• obscheyadovitye;
• isenzo psychochemical;
• esahlala.

uhlobo nganye kwiintlobo ezininzi izinto eziyityhefu eyaziwa, ekulula kakhulu ukuba nokulungelelanisa nawuphi na elabhoratri chemical.

buthi bungabonakala ngokulwa isabelo:

• ukufa;
• lwaze utshaba ngexesha;
• uvuka.

Kuba zomkhosi iikhemikhali iyahlala aphake into ezingazinzanga sizingise. Okokuqala kugcina iimpawu zazo iiyure eziliqela okanye iintsuku. A yesibini ukusebenza akukho ngaphezu kweyure kamva, bakhuselekile ngokupheleleyo kubo bonke ubomi.

Ukuphuhliswa izixhobo zeekhemikhali, kwaye isicelo lokuqala

Uhlaselo imichiza yokuqala kwenziwa ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Developer izixhobo zeekhemikhali kuthiwe Fritz Haber waseJamani. Yena wayethunywe ukwenza into ukuba nako ukumisa imfazwe elide kuwo onke amanqanaba. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kanye Gaber amelana naliphi na inyathelo emkhosini. Wayekholelwa ukuba indalo le into enetyhefu iya kunceda ukuthintela ngxwelerha ezininzi ubunzima, nize ekupheleni imfazwe elide.

Ekunye nomfazi wakhe Haber wasungula yaye yasungula isixhobo isekelwe igesi yeKhlorini. Uhlaselo imichiza yokuqala yenziwa Aprili 22, 1915. Emantla-mpuma Ridge Iprskogo British namabutho French ngokuqinileyo abagcina ukuzilandulela iinyanga eziliqela, ngoko ke kule ndawo umyalelo yaseJamani kwagqitywa ekubeni basebenzise izixhobo ezintsha.

Imiphumo kade: ilifu omthubi noluhlaza iliso imfama esilala umoya onakalisayo nolusu. amajoni abaninzi basaba ngesothuso, ngoxa abanye baye bakwazi ukufumana uphume emingxunyeni. AmaJamani bothuka yi ukusebenza izixhobo zalo ezintsha kunye ngokukhawuleza wayichola uphuhliso kwezinto ezintsha eziyityhefu nizalise indlu yabo emkhosini.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza e Syria

Ngosuku lwesine lwe-Epreli walo nyaka, lonke uluntu lehlabathi wothuswa kukuhlaselwa amachiza e-Aram. Nkqu ekuseni kwiingxelo iindaba zakhutshwa ukuba ngenxa yaseDamasko elisemthethweni izinto eziyityhefu kweli phondo Idlib ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini abemi baya esibhedlele.

Yonke waqala ukuzivakalisa imifanekiso abangcangcazelisi izidumbu kunye namaxhoba, apho oogqirha wasekuhlaleni wazama ukusindisa omnye. Ngenxa uhlaselo kwemichiza wabulala abantu malunga asixhenxe Aram. Bonke bephela, abantu abaqhelekileyo ngoxolo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kulitshabalalisa esinombala kungona kunokubangela ukungaxoli. Nangona kunjalo, i eDamasko esemthethweni wathi akazange abambe naliphi na inyathelo emkhosini nxamnye umphakathi. Ngenxa iziqhushumbisi, wabatshabalalisa indawo yokugcina abagrogrisi izixhobo, nto leyo kakuhle ukuba oonokrwece kuzaliswa izinto eziyityhefu. Russia ixhasa olu guqulelo kwaye ukulungele ukuba anikele ubungqina obaneleyo yamazwi akhe.

Le uphando ntlekele waseSiriya

Iifoto zamaxhoba ukuhlasela chemical lizele yonke Internet. Apha kwaye apho kukho yokuzonwabisa udliwano-Aram, ebalisa konya Bashar al-Assad kunye ulawulo lwakhe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngokunxulumene nazo zonke izityholo aphoswe esemthethweni eDamasko kwabakho imfuneko yokuba kwenziwe uphando oluzimeleyo yokuhlaselwa chemical.

Noko ke, kunzima ukungqina ingongoma xa abantu abafuni ukubona ezicacileyo. Umzekelo, abasebenzisi ngenyameko waphawula ukungangqinelani kwi video uhlaselo, ingxelo malunga nexesha uhlaselo. Nakambe ndzi nga yi twisisi mhaka leyi, apho wenza iifoto kunye nabantwana ezisithoba kwabafileyo emva ilori imini phambi kokuba ukuhlasela abekwa. Konke oku kufuna uphando olunzulu kunye nokuqinisekiswa, ngenxa yokuba kusaziwa nokuba oko ukutshiza ngabom izinto eziyityhefu, okanye ngaba kusekho kwingozi emasikizi ibango elinesibini eziliqela ubomi babantu abamsulwa.

izixhobo zeekhemikhali: ezichaphazela imiba kunye namanyathelo okhuselo

Imiba echaphazela isixhobo yemichiza kukuba layo ukuba nempembelelo, nokuba sithini na isimo sabo. Kuyo nayiphi na yezi arhente yamachiza ziyakwazi kutshabalalisa zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngoko ke, nangona Convention on ukuvalwa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza, exhaswa ngamazwe amathandathu anesihlanu ehlabathini, kufuneka sinengcamango yokuba ukukhuselwa izinto eziyityhefu.

Ukukhusela abantu kwimiphumo izixhobo zeekhemikhali kunokwenzeka kuphela amanyathelo ehlangeneyo equka zonke iinkalo zobomi;

• ukuhlola chemical nokufumanisa obubonakalisa ukusetyenziswa izinto eziyityhefu;
• ukugcinwa kolawulo ezizodwa kummandla ochaphazelekayo;
• Ukusasazwa labantu izixhobo buqu, nolwazi ngendlela yokusebenzisa kubo;
• baphume kuloo ndawo okanye ukuhanjiswa abantu zokuhlala, apho arhente yemichiza amahla awukwazi ukungena achaphazelekayo;
• ukwenziwa kweendlela ukuba ubahlambulule ulusu nokuqalisa antidotes;
• ukubonelela kwasani kunye ukutya kunye namanzi nayo ukusuka kummandla ochaphazelekayo komda.

Yonke le misebenzi ingentla kufuneka wenziwe ngokuzinzileyo ngokuthobela imigaqo ecacileyo.

Naziphi na iindlela zokukhusela evela izinto eziyityhefu ukunciphisa ingozi yosulelo kwenani labemi, kodwa isisombululo oluchanekileyo kuphela umlomo iyonke kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwemichiza. Ezi zinto zibandakanyiwe kule ndibano ngezizwe esele zikhankanywe kweli nqaku. Kodwa amathandathu anesihlanu States wawusayina - ayanelanga ukuba ayeke ngokupheleleyo komjikelo ngapha umhlaba lezixhobo zeekhemikhali.