Mannerheim Line. Sesona sisombululo le Mannerheim Line

Into, nto leyo kukutsala umdla rhoqo izizukulwana ezininzi zabantu, yiseti kwemiqobo zokuzikhusela Mannerheim. umgca wokhuselo Finnish ukwakweli Karelian Isthmus. It is a lot of ezingaphansi, zitshile kunye wamachaphaza kunye ezidibene amaqokobhe, imiqolo lilitye imiqobo itanki, emingxunyeni, wemba izisele anti-itanki - walondoloza yonke kakuhle, nakubeni sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama-70.

Izinto ezibangela imfazwe

Isizathu sokuba ungquzulwano zomkhosi USSR eFinland kwakusekho imfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomzi eLeningrad, njengoko kwaba kufutshane nomda eFinland. Phambi kokubhiyozela yenkokheli leMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi Finnish wayekulungele ukunika ummandla wayo njengesikhundla ngenxa iintshaba eSoviet Union, kwaye ubukhulu becala - eJamani kaHitler.

Inyaniso yokuba iLeningrad ngo-1931 yaye yadluliselwa ubume umzi ukubaluleka yesizwe, yaye inxalenye intsimi kuxhomekeke iLeningrad Council City, kwakunjalo ngexesha elinye kunye nomda eFinland. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubunkokheli eSoviet kwaye uqale thethwano kunye lizwe, ebamema ukuba babelane ngomhlaba wabo. IBhunga imema intsimi kabini ngaphezu siya kufumana imbuyekezo. Isikhubekiso kumalungiselelo baba umbonise ukubuza USSR ukubeka emhlabeni Finnish of iziseko zawo emkhosini. Kodwa amaqela avume, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekuqaleni yiSoviet-Finnish, okanye ekuthiwa-War Winter. Ngaba oko ngenxa yakhe, iLeningrad wayeza aba bantu babekade bengamabanjwa imikhosi kaHitler kuloo ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu kwisithuba seentsuku nje ezimbalwa.

prehistory

Le mbono "Mannerheim Line" libhekisela oluntsonkothileyo iinqaba yimbali, nto leyo wadlala indima enkulu kwi imfazwe eSoviet-Finnish. Wawuqala kwixesha ukususela ngoNovemba 30, 1939, ngoMatshi 13, 1940.

Xa eFinland yafumana inkululeko, ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukucinga zokuqinisa emideni yabo, yaye ekuqaleni 1918, ulwakhiwo ngocingo oluhlabayo kwisiza ikhaka elizayo grand emkhosini Mannerheim ngoMay. Umgca ekugqibeleni yavunywa ngo-1920 yaye kuqala eyaziwa ngokuba yi "umgca Enkel 'imbeko ekwakhiweni kwayo wakhokela uMajor General O. L. Enkelya, ngubani ke ngoko oyiNtloko General Staff. Umbhekisi phambili iinqaba wayeligosa French JJ Gross Kaussi, wathumela eFinland ukunceda ukomeleza imida kweli lizwe. Kodwa, elandela sele esekwe ngexesha izithethe, iinqaba ezintsonkothileyo wayesoloko ebizwa imbeko "abaphathi ezinkulu", ezifana Maginot Line okanye Stalin. Ngoko ke, ukunqanda uphazamiseko, le miqobo sele ulinike igama kwakhona kwaye ogama lakhe behlonipha ndingumthetheli nabaphumi-Republic of Finland Karla Gustava Mannerheim, igosa owayesakuba yomkhosi Russian.

isihlangu ebiyelweyo Finland

Mannerheim Line - umgca ukuzilandulela 135 km, nto leyo awela ngokupheleleyo yonke Karelian Isthmus - ukusuka Gulf of Finland kunye Lake Ladoga. Ukusuka West Military Communications wegqitha inxenye tyaba kwaye ngokuyinxenye kuhlawulwa ziinduli ndawo, ezifikelela neendinyana ezininzi phakathi amachibi ezincinane kunye nezimbuku. Empumalanga, umgca yayisekelwe kwinkqubo lwamanzi Vuoksinskie, nto leyo ngokwayo imiqobo enzima. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba ukususela 1920 ukuya 1924 i eFinland kwakhiwa ngaphezu kwekhulu Ufakelo esisigxina emkhosini.

Ekupheleni kuka-1927 kuye kwacaca ukuba imiqobo ngumntu Enckell umgangatho kwezakhiwo kunye nezixhobo zingaphantsi zokuzikhusela Soviet, ngoko ukwakhiwa kwayo wamiswa. Kule 30 kwakhona Sabuyela ukwakha izibonelelo ixesha elide. Zazakhiwe kancinane, kodwa bona baye baba nzima kakhulu ukufumana kakhulu ezinamandla ngakumbi.

Kule 30 kusasa ukuya kwisikhundla sokuba nguSihlalo weBhunga yoKhuselo State wamisa Mannerheim. Umgca ukususela baba wakha phantsi kweliso lakhe.

Yinkulu - pillboxes

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo elonwabisayo ubezivingcile zokhuselo ukukhonza iindawo, olu sapho lwaluquka komhlaba ezininzi eziphathekayo (amanqaku umlilo elide) kunye ndlu (emplacements isiqingatha-bomhlaba), iindlwane umatshini umpu, komhlaba kunye imisele umpu. Ngokutsho kumgca iinqaba zokhuselo zazibekwa bengaphuhlanga ngokulinganayo kakhulu, yaye umgama phakathi kwabo wambi ndithandane 6-8 km.

Njengoko yaziwa, ulwakhiwo emkhosini iminyaka engaphezu konyaka, ukuze xa ukwakhiwa komhlaba zahlulwe kwizizukulwana ezimbini. Eyokuqala ke emplacements umpu, wakha kwisithuba ukususela 1920 ukuya 1937, ize eyesibini - i-1938-39 thuba. Komhlaba lilungu sizukulwana sokuqala, - bendomeleza kancinane, eyenzelwe ukungena imipu 1-2 kuphela. Awade izixhobo ngokwaneleyo kwaye abazange babe emaphempeni ukuba amajoni. Ububanzi iindonga eziphathekayo kunye nophahla zange ngaphezulu 2 m. Kamva, inkoliso yabo ziphuculwe.

Isizukulwana yesibini ibandakanya-ekuthiwa nesigidi, njengoko iindleko zabo ixabise nabantu Finnish kumanqaku Finnish ngamnye million 1. A ezingama-7 ezinjalo emplacements umpu yamandla Mannerheim Line. Pillboxes isigidi abantu aba mihla kakhulu ngexesha kwezakhiwo ufakelo lwesamente, baxhotyiswa kunye eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo 4-6, 1-2 kuzo kunaso. Nengwenya kakhulu kwaye komhlaba enqatyisiweyo babegqalwa SJ-4 "Poppius" SJ-5 "usozimali".

Zonke pillboxes ziye ingabonakali ngononophelo zamatye nekhephu, ngoko kwaba nzima gqitha ukubona, nokuwanqika iiseli zabo ziye phantse akunakwenzeka.

yezikhukhula

Ukongeza kwinani iinqaba zexesha elide kunye intsimi ezicingelweyo kunye nemimandla zizikhukula thile livulwe. Zonke kwesifo ngesiquphe eyaqala zabathintela ngokupheleleyo nakugqiba, kodwa amadama ezininzi kwakhiwa okwangoku. Yakhiwa kwaneenkuni, ilizwe elinemilanjana Tyueppelyanyoki (okwangoku Alexandrovka) kunye Rokkalanyoki (ngoku Gorokhovka). Edamini si- eziphathekayo phezu komlambo Peronyoki (p. Perovka), kwakunye Plotinka encinane Mayayoki kwaye idama Sayyanyoki (ngoku isithili. Wolf).

izithintelo antitank

Ekubeni axhobe kwamatanki Soviet yanele, ngokwayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo umbuzo nendlela yokulwa nazo. neengcingo ezihlabayo, ngaphambili efakwe kwi Karelian Isthmus, ayikwazanga kuthathwa eziyimiqobo omhle izithuthi vehicles, ngoko kwagqitywa wazigawula stockade zelitye lenyengane kwaye dig antitank nezisele ubunzulu-1 m kunye ububanzi-2.5 m. Noko ke, njengokuba kwathi ngexesha impi, ilitye amazinyo gongqongqo ilize. abavumi okanye emsebenzini ngemipu zokudubula. Emva phindwa bombardment lenyengane kutshatyalaliswa, oko kukhokelele izicatshulwa ezibanzi kwakheka.

Kuba amazinyo dragon iinjineli Finnish efakiweyo imiqolo phezu 10 anti-kwabasebenzi kunye kwimigodi anti-itanki, bahexa.

ukubetha

War Winter lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amabini. Esokuqala ukususela ngoNovemba 30, 1939, ngoFebruwari 10, 1940 Sturm Mannerheim Ilayini yaba nzima kakhulu kwaye igazi ukuba Red Army ngelo xesha.

Kujike kube umqobo enamandla, nangona zonke iziphene zayo, na umqobo phantse gqithi ukuba amajoni eSoviet. Ukongeza uxhathiso komsindo umkhosi Finnish, ingxaki ezinkulu kuneqabaka kakhulu isidanga-mane, nto leyo eyaba, ngokutsho mbali ezininzi, esona sizathu siphambili ukungaphumeleli Amaqumrhu Mills.

February 11, iqala kwisigaba sesibini iphulo yobusika - ekhubekisayo jikelele Red Army. Ngeli xesha, ukuze Karelian siqwenga ethangeni wobungakanani izixhobo zomkhosi kwezoshishino kwanababoneleli bemfundo. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa A kwabakho zokudubula yokulungiselela, amaqokobhe lingasiyo phantsi imeko eFinland, owalwa phantsi kobunkokheli Mannerheim. Line kwaye yonke indawo eziyingqongileyo kakhulu ATM. Kunye kwilizwe lasemntla-ntshona phambi edabini inxaxheba iinqanawa kwiBaltic Fleet kunye elalisandul 'ukusekwa Ladoga wayenothotho.

ukuphumelela

iintsuku ezintathu yathatha bahlasele umgca wokuqala zokhuselo, yaye ngoFebruwari 17 abendlu ka-7 Army ekugqibeleni waphuncuka kuyo, yaye eFinland banyanzelwa ukuba bashiye umgca wabo wokuqala ngokupheleleyo kwaye uye yesibini, yaye ngoFebruwari 21-28, waze walahlekelwa oko. Kwizixekoapho i Mannerheim Line wakhokela Marshal SK Timoshenko, abathatha ngokwemiyalelo I. V. Stalina North-Western Front. Ngoku wesi-7 13 Army kunye nenkxaso kwiiyunithi eziselunxwemeni oomatiloshe Baltic Fleet liqalise ekhubekisayo ndibanisela wethafa i-Gulf of Vyborg ukuya Vuoksi echibini. Ukubona gagasi lotshaba, imikhosi Finnish bashiya izikhundla zabo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba idabi yesibini Mannerheim Line yagqitywa yi kukuba, nangona uxhathiso lithemba le eFinland, Matshi 13, i-Red Army wangena ku Vyborg. Leyo ukuphela kwemfazwe eSoviet-Finnish.

Iziphumo impi

Ngenxa kweMfazwe Winter, eSoviet Union sele ziphumelele zonke ezifunayo:. Lizwe kuthinjwa ngokupheleleyo i Lake Ladoga, kwakunye yafumana ulawulo kwintsimi Finnish lamawaka 40 ezadalwa M. km.

Ngoku, abaninzi nicela, nokuba imfuno kule mfazwe? Ukuba akunjalo kuba uloyiso kweli phulo Finnish, iLeningrad wayeza kuba yokuqala kuluhlu izixeko abachatshazelwa yi lohlaselo ngamaNazi eJamani.

Tours iindawo amadabi

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi izakhiwo wabatshabalalisa, kodwa nangona oku, ezikhuthazwayo kwiindawo iimfazwe War Winter babesaba nayo, ungacinywayo nomdla kuyo. ezinqabeni ezigcinwe cwaka kakhulu nembali umdla - kunye zobunjineli emkhosini, yaye isikolo njengendawo yokubhalela enzima amadabi le mfazwe isiqingatha-bandilibele.

Kukho amaziko kwimbali nenkcubeko ukuba ziqalise iiprogram ezizodwa kwi sayithi zilandelayo, apho Mannerheim Line. Ukhenketho ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka ibali malunga amanqanaba ekwakhiweni kwayo, kwakunye nenkqubela amadabi.

Ukuze ufumane ukuva encinane kunye namava ubomi wemikhosi Finnish kunye Soviet, ulungise kubakhenkethi Field sasemini. Kwakhona ayinako izithombe sizoku lwisana izakhiwo amakhulu kunye iziqalelo izixhobo, ukuze ubone uze ubambe ezandleni imifuziselo izixhobo.

Nakule naziphi na ungquzulwano zomkhosi kusekho iindawo ezininzi iimfama, iziganeko ezifihlakeleyo kunye izibakala. Akuzange ngaphandle, yaye imfazwe eSoviet Union kunye Finland 1939-40. Walala phezu emagxeni ekuhluphekeni macala omabini. Kwiintsuku nje 105, xa besilwa, wabulawa malunga namawaka-150. Man, malunga nama-20 amawaka. Missing. Nazi iziphumo wesiqingatha-kulityalwa, ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, imfazwe "ngokungeyomfuneko". Njengoko isikhumbuzo amajoni ewile esele edabini kuba lolona ngokobubanzi bawo Mannerheim Line. Amafoto baloo maxesha kunye amatye phezu kwamangcwaba ubunzima nangoku ukusikhumbuza ubuqhawe wamajoni Soviet kunye Finnish.