Yintoni ngoonobumba? ngoonobumba kweMilambo

Enye kunazo zonke yaye impucuko kakhulu waseMesopotamiya ingqalelo. Ngoko ke ngokuba amaGrike, nathi ke yaziwa ngokuba aram. Le ndawo, nto leyo ifumaneka phakathi misele ezimbini ezinkulu, silinike ubomi mmandla. Enye yazo Tiger, enye - umEfrate. Kwakukho izixeko ezininzi kunye nemithetho ezikhethekileyo, amasiko ezizodwa, unqulo kunye inqubo. Kweli lizwe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwewaka amathandathu eyadlulayo, ndazalwa inkqubo yokubhala eyaziwa ngokuba ngoonobumba waseMesopotamiya.

Kutheni wabhala noxolelwano?

okhokho bethu elibukhali kakhulu, kuba wavuma ukuba ukukhula kwiimeko ezinzima. Kwaye bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo, uthathe into oyidingayo kulo. Ukuba Egypt wakhula emininzi ngqangi yaye ukufumana amatye ukuba balushiye abalinganiswa zabo, eMesopotamiya kwakungenjalo. Kodwa kwakukho udongwe wakha endlwini, evela kuyo, yaye wenza izitya. Abahlali babona indlela izinto emanzi sihleli ezidibene izilwanyana, ngoko zama ukusebenzisa ukuba ukuthatha amanqaku. Mna ke, ukusondela amanqaku ezintsonkothileyo udongwe waba ungakhululekanga, kwaba lula kakhulu ukuba bangene kulo mzali intonga elibukhali kwisiseko ngunxantathu. weza Ngaloo ndlela ngoonobumba odumileyo kweMilambo, wasikhuphayo iinkcukacha ezininzi malunga nabantu obufihlakeleyo mmandla.

incwadi ubumba

Ngoko ke, yintoni na ngoonobumba, siyaqonda. Ngoku makhe sithethe kancinci into ukubhala phezu kwakhe nabemi bamandulo waseMesopotamiya. "Iincwadi" eyahlukileyo. Ukuba libiza ngodongwe senzelwe ukuba abafundi imithambo kwileta (kunye nezikolo kwiidolophu kweMilambo), ngoko ke akuyi womile. Emva iiklasi, nje ndahlamba ebhaliweyo ipleyiti isetyenziswe kwakhona. Kodwa oko ome elangeni, ngoko ulwazi igcinwa ixesha elide. macwecwe ezibalulekileyo litshisiwe ngomlilo, yaye zigcinwe ezingxandeni.

Abafundi abafuna ukufunda le ncwadi yamandulo, kuqala wafundisa ubuchule yokwenza amacwecwe odongwe. Akukho lula, kuba impahla has a lot of ubumdaka, ukusuka apho kufuneka bucoceke. Okulandelayo, kwafuneka ukuba umgca intambo ngonobumba imiqondiso baya kakuhle. Kwaye ngoko kuphela umbhali waya extrude "oonobumba."

Ukunwenwa abalinganiswa okuyimfihlakalo

Udongwe waba izinto cheap, zifikeleleke onke amacandelo oluntu. Ngoko ke, eMesopotamiya ngokubhala I wayeqhelene kuphela abazizityebi kunye ngokuphathelele nelungelo (ababingeleli), kodwa ke abaqhelekileyo. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto kukho wabhala onke, imibongo yabhalwa, kuquka umlinganiswa yobuqhawe.

Phantse yonke Ngoku siyazi into ngoonobumba. Kuye esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulo kuMbindi Mpuma - i Sumerians, baseAsiriya, amaPersi, amaBhabhiloni. le ndlela yokubhala yamandulo Mhlawumbi kuya kusetyenziswa khona namhlanje, kodwa waba ethile enkulu. iincwadi yodongwe ukuba onzima kakhulu yaye enkulu, ngoko kwaba nzima ukuba ukuthutha.

yokubhala eYurophu

Old World wafunda oko ngoonobumba, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu eyadlulayo. Ngokuba lixesha yokuqala imiqondiso eliyimfihlakalo ngohlobo namaqhosha wazisa ihlabathi umhambi Italian yi igama Pietro della Valle. Wabhala incwadi malunga ngohambo lwakhe kuMbindi Mpuma kwaye wawubonisa Umbhalo engaqhelekanga, nto leyo ibonwa kwi icwecwe lodongwe ePersi. yokubhala yamandulo yayahluke kakhulu ukusuka amagama asetyenziswa eYurophu, ngoko ke lowo ongazanga ingqalelo inkqubo yokubhala. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ihlabathi Western amacwecwe odongwe aye ngokuya lubekwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba uvuse umdla uluntu kunye izazinzulu.

Inani elikhulu amacwecwe odongwe, abembi safumanisa kwisiza nophuculo owayesakuba basePersi ePersepolis edume itshiswe Aleksandrom Makedonskim kunye ayithanda - Athens hetaera Thais. Njengoko waziwa kakuhle, udongwe umlilo uya usomelela kuphela, ngoko ke ithala kakhulu ezixabisekileyo yamandulo baye basinda. Noko ke, ngelo xesha akukho bani unako ukufunda imiqondiso engummangaliso sihleli ababhali abanezakhono.

a mfihlakako

Imbali ngoonobumba iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka. Kodwa abo babeka phezu amacwecwe odongwe imiqondiso twisisaka, elide efile, kunye nolwazi lwabo - balahlekile. Izazinzulu ujonge iincwadi ubudala, ukuqonda ukuba iqulethe iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. Kodwa ke, yeha, akukho namnye unako ukuyifunda. Iinzame ukuwuqonda ezintweni kunye cloves ezithathwe ekuqaleni yenzululwazi nucleation Assyriology. Ke ekugqibeleni, isitshixo puzzle wafunyanwa! Noko ke, kwathi kakhulu kutshanje, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Imizamo yokuqala ukungafihli esasibizwa iziqhamo, ithwalelwe yolwimi waseJamani George Grotefend. Idla ngokuba ubusuku yingqondi enye ngenxa yokuba 'kwimpikiswano "wasiphakamisa umsebenzi engenakwenzeka kwaye aphumeze oko. Emva koko ke wabuyela ezilolonga - wasebenza njengomfundisi. Kodwa isiqalo umkhondo wabeka zokufihlakeleyoComment.

Ngowe-1872, kungakhathaliseki Grotefend IsiNgesi wokukrola Dzhordzh Smit waye wanako ukuwulesa lo umqondiso, leyo wathi uNogumbe. Flood wathumela oothixo, baza abawanceda indoda, ezifana yebhayibhile uNowa, wabasindisa abantu. Lo msebenzi ke wangena inzululwazi ngokuba "Ingoma kaGilgamesh."

Negalelo elingathethekiyo ngale Genri Roulinson, a attache yomkhosi. Ebenza isichenge ubomi bakhe, waza wafunda baze bazikhuphelele imibhalo omkhulu ookumkani basePersi kwi Behistun iliwa entabeni Elvand. Bathi ziqulathe inani elikhulu amagama (yokuzalwa zookumkani), kangangokuba eyanceda ukuchaza inkqubo yokubhala ezintathu, iintlobo ezintathu.

endaweni yokuba UYobi

Ngoko ke, simele siqonde ukuba le ngoonobumba, wenza uhambo olufutshane kwilizwe lakhe - eMesopotamiya. Yintoni enye wakhumbula ukuba eli lizwe, leyo kudala atshoniswe zisabonakala? Inyaniso yokuba, nakuba esi sicatshulwa ka gidi zeminyaka, imizila zayo eselapha emhlabeni unina. Kwaye engqondweni yomntu mihla nangoku nezithethe zabantu ababephila phakathi iTigrisi umEfrate ophilileyo. Sonke khumbula isixeko odumileyo waseBhabhiloni, nto idume ziwile iingqoqo zayo ezinkulu kunye ziggurats, namasango Beje eqingqiweyo. Kulo mzi, nkqu amabhodlo nenqaba eziziingangamsha, apho iBhayibhile ithi. Kaloku, Ngubani na ongazaziyo iNineve, isixeko apho andifuni ukuya umKristu ulilungisa? Akunakwenzeka singasathethi ke Asiriya, amajoni zakhe abanezakhono kuphela kunye nesibindi, kodwa unobungcwangu kakhulu. Kwaye, kakade, ePersepolis, ekufikeni kwakhe apho wamaPersi Empire, ukusuka apho uthuthu zahlala.