Voronezh inkululeko kubahlaseli lwamaNazi

Amandla kunye nesibindi yabantu Soviet iphumelele imfazwe nto yoyikekayo kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. feat wabo wemihla ngemihla ngaphambili, ngasemva, entsimini, emahlathini ngokunomkhethe nemigxobhozo. Amaphepha of History of the Patriotic Omkhulu ongekho iinkumbulo zabantu, oku inegalelo kwixesha elinoxolo ukurhoxiswa chu isizukulwana abacimi. Kufuneka sikhumbule kwaye sizithumelayo kwizizukulwana ezizayo izifundo nesibindi isikali ntlekele yabantu. I abanya eLeningrad, Idabi Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, ukukhululwa Voronezh zonke yokulwa imfazwe, nto leyo yanceda win intshi ilizwe lokuzalwa kunye nobomi babo.

Le meko ngaphambili

Ihlobo 1942 kwaba ngenxa amaJamani ithuba lesibini inyathelo ukuchacha ekulweni. Iqela elikhulu amajoni ivalekile kwicala emantla (iLeningrad), iilahleko ezinkulu emfazweni ngenxa eMoscow wobulali kakhulu lokuphathana Hitler bazizisa izicwangciso zakhe ukufaka umbane eSoviet Union ukuya ubuncinane. Ngoku, wonke usebenze kanzima licwangciswe ngenyameko, waqhuba nokuhlelwa ngokutsha amajoni, elungisa indlela ubonelelo kunye nokucwangciswa iinkonzo angasemva. inkohlakalo lwamaNazi kwi ezinabantu ndimvelisile up nokulatyuza lweentshukumo yabanqolobi kwaye iqela elikhulu utshaba zange bazive bekhuselekile ngokupheleleyo. Aphazamiseka kunikezelo amakhulu iimoto zoololiwe aphazamisa kunye lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu kunye nezixhobo, ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo iiyunithi ezincinane waseJamani, ukutshintshwa sezobuntlola iiyunithi rhoqo nomkhosi ndathintelwa kakhulu aba bahlaseli. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi "Blau" (kwi-Mpuma Front) waphuhliswa kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke ezinokwenzeka, kodwa nkqu indlela enobuchule enjalo qhinga, amaNazi akazange athathe ingqalelo uzingise nenkalipho le abavikeli Voronezh. Esi sixeko samandulo Russian emi ngendlela uHitler, kodwa wayo kwaye intshabalalo, ngokutsho amaJamani, akazange afune imali ethe ixesha. Akumangalisi ngakumbi kubo idabi lokugqibela kwisixeko Voronezh. Xolelwa yayo kufezekiswe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yoko, ngoJanuwari 1943, imisebenzi esebenzayo ekhubekisayo, kodwa wahlala "elingoyiswayo."

iithagethi ezintsha Hitler

Ngenxa indawo enkulu indawo kwiiyunithi zomkhosi ka amaJamani bajamelana ingxaki unikezelo. Umbutho rhoqo bafuna ukutya, impahla kunye nepetroli. Makasizalise kufuneka isiseko resource, ngelo xesha buzinze ezandleni yotshaba. Lokufakwa eCaucasus ebeya kugqitywe ngawo amafutha kunye energy izixhobo le ngxaki, kodwa umyalelo eSoviet kwizicwangciso kaHitler zazicacile, ngoko ke ngasempumalanga becala imikhosi ezinkulu yokunganyangeki. Ekudibaneni Don River, kulandele ukutshatyalaliswa imikhosi exhobileyo ezinze Voronezh, belinokukwazi ukuvumela amaNazi ukuba aqhube ukusebenza ngempumelelo "Blau" kwaye uphuhlise nokubetha ngokupheleleyo-iscale kwisixeko Stalingrad. Ngoko ke, emzantsi-mpuma ulwalathiso bobuso yi ngehlobo lika-1942, imikhosi emikhulu yomkhosi zwilakhe baba kanzulu. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha onke amalungu ezizimoto kunye 35-40% yezahlulo nomkhosi inxaxheba kwi-front eSoviet-German, wabeka phambili kwindawo ukuphumeza amaphupha i uMlawuli ngayo kwedatha zaseCaucasus. Juni 28, 1942 amaJamani kuphehlelelwa Operation "Blau", nto leyo wathiywa amajoni yiSoviet kwi Stalingrad kwaye kwisixeko Voronezh. Inkululeko amaNazi walinda Kursk, Orel, ngubani zafakwa ngexesha kuhlaselwa eMoscow.

Le ukuhlaselwa Voronezh

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwemfazwe Voronezh, njengazo zonke izixeko waseUSSR, oko yadluliselwa imeko emkhosini. , A kugaya uluntu, amashishini ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba buyisela yeemveliso zomkhosi (ngaphezu kwe-100 izinto: .. IL-2-moya, "Katyusha", vehicles, iiyunifomu, njalo-njalo), i inkulu ibaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho babalekiswa ngasemva. Voronezh wayelungiselela ukuba angakuthandi ukuhlasela kunokwenzeka ngamaNazi ukusuka entshonalanga. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1942 saqalisa bombing olunzulu eso sitshabalalisa tracks tram. Ngelo xesha yaba uhlobo kuphela ukusebenza yothutho. Kakhulu yonakele iziko nelembali kwidolophu endala Voronezh. Labour Liberation Street (owayekade Vvedenskaya) nebandla kunye weemonki ezilahlekileyo isixa esikhulu ezikhumbuzo zembali. Division PVO wadalwa ngaphandle amantombazana ababehlala kuloo ndawo kunye nesixeko ngokwaso. Uninzi nemobilizovannyh wangena kumadoda omkhosi rhoqo (abasebenzi, ootitshala, abafundi) waya wamajoni, abawabelwayo kwakhe kuqala kunye umatshini imfazwe waseJamani. Xa ulwalathiso ubude Voronezh umgca ngaphambili kuchaza lukhulu, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba umkhosi waseJamani waphuncuka nasekuziqiniseni ngokukhawuleza weza kwesixeko. Julayi 6 amaNazi wawela Don waza wangena amadlelo Voronezh. Kweli nqanaba, iinjengele waseJamani ngovuyo ingxelo lokufakwa mzi, abazange balindele ukuba zifake ngokupheleleyo abazange kuphumelela. Nokukhululwa Voronezh January 25, 1943 kubangelwe a bridgeheads umbane egcinwe zonke imfazwe yiSoviet sokuzithethelela. Ngexesha elivela ngamaNazi sixeko inkoliso kuyo yatshatyalaliswa bombing, ukutsha izindlu, mveliso. Phantsi kwezi meko, ziqhuba ubunzima baphume abantu, izibhedlele, inxalenye ebalulekileyo asethi zamashishini mveliso, ukuthunyelwa yezembali kunye nemilinganiselo zenkcubeko.

line phambi

Voronezh inkululeko abahlaseli lwamaNazi yaqala ukusuka kodonga lasekhohlo lomlambo. Buqhubeka ngasezantsi nasentshona, amaJamani khange wadibana kunye ekwalile eyiyo, ngoko ke dolophu yakholwa ithinjiwe. Kodonga lasekunene le Voronezh River iye ukuphuculwa amadabi omzimba, iiyunithi rhoqo nomkhosi babengekho, kuba intlawulo kuzakuthatha ixesha kunye nendawo staging zoncediso zokuba zinqwnqwadelwe. Kwisixeko aba yinxalenye NKVD, umkhosi wamajoni nomkhosi, webutho, 41 abalindi umda kunye gunners anti-moya, yazeka umthwalo. Inkoliso yezi khompawundi bafudukela kodonga lasekhohlo lomlambo waza waqalisa ukwakha iinqaba. Lo msebenzi ku nakwabanye angalibali yayikukuhambela phambili ngamaNazi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba akhusele umlambo ukuwela Voronezh wehlise ekuqaleni iiyunithi German de ukufika abaza kuzisebenzisa. Xa iimeko zemfazwe ezidolophini Voronezh kokugqiba yotshaba wemka waya kodonga lasekhohlo aphesheya. On imiyalelo Stalin kweli Voronezh Reserve Brigade wathunyelwa ku-8, ezibandakanya Siberians. AmaJamani ikwazile ukufumana zintshula elunxwemeni ekunene, kodwa baqhubeka kwangaphambili abo bayeka umlambo, okanye mandithi nakwenzeka anyanzele. Umgca ngaphambili asuka ukusuka kwisikhululo. Otrozhka ukuya ekudibaneni. Voronezh Don. Indawo amajoni Soviet ziye kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye phantsi mveliso, saba engaqondakaliyo elungileyo. Utshaba akazange abone iiyunithi ukubana, izithuba umyalelo kwaye wayengayazi lexinene yimililo amandla ukuzithethelela. Commander in eyiNtloko izinga kwafika ukuze ukubanjwa fascists kwi Voronezh River, ukuba athathe isikhundla. ESoviet Information Bureau ingxelo ngokuziphatha impi kunokuba mbaxa. Kuye baveza umlo onzima kummandla Voronezh.

ukuziphendulela

NgoJulayi 4, 1942 amadabi abaziingwanyalala zazilwela phezu kodonga lasekunene umzi. iiyunithi aliqela amajoni Soviet, amagosa, amavolontiya, inxalenye NKVD, le gunners anti-moya wenza kumbindi wesixeko Voronezh. Ukusebenzisa njengesigqubuthelo yokwakha sixeko, bawela ebhankini ekunene kwaye atshabalalise amaNazi. Ukuwela lwaqhutywa ngenkxaso zokudubula elikhulu, nendithe ndakutywina ngomhla kodonga lasekhohlo. Fighters evela emlanjeni lwaphaphatheka, ngoko nangoko edabini nxamnye imikhosi ophezulu utshaba, abo baba nethuba indawo. Ekunene Bank waba kunokuba eweni, kwenza kube nzima ukuba intshukumo kweeyunithi. isibindi esikhulu aba bantu neziphumo yokuba ngoJulayi 6-7, umlo kwakuqhubeka ezitratweni: Pomyalovsky, Stepan Razin, Revolution Avenue, Nikitinskaya, Engels, Dzerzhinsky, Liberation Lemicimbi Yabasebenzi. Voronezh akazange mabanikezele bahlaseli, kodwa kwafuneka ukunqanda ekhubekisayo, ephethe kakhulu ilahleko ngexesha kwibhulorho. amajoni asindileyo babuyela ebhankini ngasekhohlo ngoJulayi 10, njongo yabo iphambili kukomeleza izithuba ukuzithethelela kwaye balungiselele isahlakalo esilandelayo bridgeheads. Voronezh inkululeko yaqala kunye nomhla sokuqala, kwaqhubeka iinyanga ezisixhenxe ubude.

amabala Hot emephini

Nokukhululwa Voronezh yaqhubeka, umgca kodonga lasekhohlo zokhuselo wabanqanda utshaba capturing wonke umzi. imisebenzi ekhubekisayo aziphelanga, beza ukusekelwa, yaye amajoni Soviet esekelwe kwi isixeko eso ukutshabalalisa amaNazi. Umgca phambi itshintshe izihlandlo ezininzi ngosuku, umzabalazo yayikukuba nganye ngekota, isitalato, ndlu. itanki kunye nomkhosi amaqela German ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama ukuwela umlambo Voronezh. Ukukhululwa kodonga lasekhohlo ukuziphendulela kwathetha ukoyisa lomzi, okumbophelela. iibhulorho Otrozhenskie ukunqumla Semiluksky phantsi rhoqo neziqhushumbisi, iziqhushumbisi yaye itanki nokuhlaselwa. Abavikeli nje balwa ekufeni, yabuyisela izakhiwo ezimashakeleyo phantsi umlilo ngexesha uhlaselo. Nge ngaselunxwemeni zomthetho emva kokuba lokuhlaselwa ngamaNazi amabutho Soviet, bephethe ababuleweyo, iimbacu zibe, ngelo xesha amaJamani wazama ukuba bahlasele okanye bangxame zokubaleka kwikholam. , Amajoni Soviet, eqonda ukuba kukho ixesha elide akayi kuba nako siqulathe ukumelana utshaba kuwela umlambo Voronezh ayiphumelelanga kwaye ibhulorho kaloliwe, exineke ibhulorho ukubunjwa ovuthayo. Ebusuku, lo ubude engundoqo yayiveliswa yaphetshethwa up. Voronezh inkululeko abahlaseli zamaNazi ngenxa ukuseka amadimoni, leyo ixhomekeke kwicala ohlaselayo ye nomkhosi. Bamba phantsi iindleko kwizikhundla ubomi bawo Chizhovka naphantsi Shilovo, amajoni batshabalalisa amaqela utshaba elikhulu. Le mimandla zokusingatha abakulo kwinxalenye lasekunene-yebhanki umzi, amaJamani bakwazi ukufumana zintshula phezu kwazo yaye nokumelana olomeleleyo. amajoni Chizhovka ebizwa "intlambo yokufa", kodwa lokufaka uyibambile, ndayihluthwa amaJamani sethubeni, imitya izenzo zabo kumbindi wesixeko.

Agasti, Septemba 42

ukungqubana logonyamelo esibhedlele kunye ekhampasini. District City Park kunye Institute Agricultural eyenza kunye iimbumbulu kunye oonokrwece, isiza ngasinye lomhlaba nkxu egazini wamajoni Soviet abaye balwela inkululeko Voronezh. iindawo Izithombe uzuko zomkhosi ndizigcinile yonke isikali kunye nobudlova umlo. Ubungqina kunye oqingqiweyo imini leyo Rotunda (showroom isebe uqhaqho), na isakhiwo lokusinda kuphela esibhedlele yengingqi. AmaJamani wenza wonke umzimba ngendlela emplacement enqatyisiweyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba amajoni eSoviet ukufaka into ngobuchule ebalulekileyo. Zeenkcuba yaqhubeka iinyanga, ngenxa yabo yaba nokuzinziswa umgca ngaphambili, amaJamani kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele. Nokukhululwa Voronezh, ibhanki sokunene, yathatha iintsuku 212 nobusuku. Ukulwa ukuba bayahamba mzi, namadlelo ayo, kwiindawo ubude lomlambo.

Voronezh inkululeko kubahlaseli lwamaNazi

"Operation Little uSaturn" kwacetywa ngononophelo kwaye eziqulunqwe umyalelo yiSoviet. Nakule imfazwe, ukuba udla ngokubizwa ngokuba "Stalingrad kwi-Don", oko benza iinkokeli ezibalaseleyo emkhosini: P. S. Rybalko, G. K. zhukov, Vasilevskiy A. M., K. S. Moskalenko, I. D. Chernyahovsky, F. Golikov. inyathelo ekhubekisayo Okokuqala lwenziwe bridgeheads, nto leyo ukuba yimbumba iiyunithi size sihlale izakhiwo bayawarhawula ngokupheleleyo ekulweni. Nokukhululwa Voronezh ngoJanuwari 25 yaba sisiphumo Battle of Voronezh (January 24, 1943 - Februwari 2). 60 Army phantsi umyalelo Ivan Chernyakhovsky wasithimba isixeko ce ngokupheleleyo kumaqhekeza welinye iqela lakho. inyathelo eSoviet umkhosi kwanyanzeleka amaNazi ukuba abalekele kweso sixeko, eshiya izikhundla zabo phambi ukuze zingqonge amaJamani bazama ukugcina yokulwa-ukulungele iiyunithi zomkhosi. , Iimfazwe ayakhathaza Long kwiindawo ezidolophini kakhulu inciphise inani imikhosi yaseJamani nokujongela phantsi nomoya ayo. Kwiingxelo ezivela Iindaba 26. 01. '43 wakhalisa umyalezo olandelayo: ngenxa imikhosi ekhubekisayo eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet le Voronezh kunye Bryansk fronts yaba inkululeko Voronezh January 25, 1943. Iifoto neevidiyo ngosuku ezibonisa libonwe kukwaphulwa. ekutshatyalalisweni kwesixeko ngokupheleleyo, nabemi bayo, okanye ngasekhohlo, okanye babulawa ngamaNazi. Ngomhla emanxuweni izindlu eseleyo Kwathi cwaka abantu zazingcangcazela ngenxa yesithonga izingqi zakhe.

imbubhiso

Hitler Voronezh Kwakufuneka njengesikhundla elula ukuba offensives ngakumbi empumalanga. BaseJamani wasithimba isixeko yaye, ke ngoko, ekuqaleni inxalenye ekunene-bank ukuba zifumene ukuze zonke lokusinda imigodi izakhiwo ubude. udubulo enamandla wabatshabalalisa iimyuziyam, iicawe, i Ibhotwe Vulindlela, yolawulo isakhiwo njongo. Zonke izinto ezixabisekileyo aseleyo phakathi komzi, basiwa kwi-West, kuquka lesikhumbuzo yobhedu kuPetros 1 Lenin. Housing yatshatyalaliswa 96%, imigca esiporweni kunye neentambo zombane kutshatyalaliswa, unxibelelwano zaye engasebenziyo. Iziko isixeko esinembali kunye nezakhiwo zawo somthi wayitshisa phantsi ngexesha iziqhushumbisi, izakhiwo zamatye kunye lwezitena, iivenkile mveliso ziqhekekile, enqatyisiweyo nezokhuselo. Hitler wabhala ukuba Voronezh ezisula angabikho ehlabathini, xa yokuyikhangela ayiphelelanga kuya kuthatha iminyaka 50-70, ukuba wanelisekile eziziphumo. Ebuya empini baphume ukwakha isixeko ngokoqobo lwezitena ngu ngezitena, izakhiwo ezininzi geni, leyo ezafa. Voronezh waba phakathi 15 kakhulu kutshatyalaliswa ebudeni bemfazwe Enkulu Patriotic emizini. Ngokululama kwayo umthetho ezizodwa izixhobo kunye nezinto zokwakha ziye ekhethiweyo. Voronezh ayikhange azinikela amaJamani nomonakalo, yena kuxhotyiswa nomoya kwemfazwe, Into yam ngamangcwaba ubunzima alekwe abavikeli zabo, kodwa uyaphila kwaye iyakhula.

Ixabiso ukuba ngaphambili

Division okhuselayo Voronezh, wenziwe ngexesha elinye iqela lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Bayifaka iqela elikhulu-mkhosi wotshaba, eziquka kuphela icala waseJamani, kodwa namahlakani ayo kule mfazwe. , Imikhosi Italian IsiHungarian babesoyiswa ngexesha lohlaselo ngendlela Voronezh. Emva kokoyiswa enjalo Hungary (bengazi kwada kwayimini ilahleko enkulu-scale) baphuma umfelandawonye Germany kunye imfazwe phambi empumalanga. Voronezh abavikeli zayisithelisa eMoscow kwaye zikhuselwe uthungelwano eziyimfuneko yezothutho kazwelonke kwicala esemazantsi. abavikeli lomzi awavumelekanga ukuba uHitler ukumbamba kwangelo lixa, bamrholela ngaphandle yinxalenye yeqela ukuba wayefanele ukuba sinyamalale Stalingrad. In Voronezh ulwalathiso 25 iyantlukwano isiJamani zatshatyalaliswa, ngaphezulu kwama-75 amawaka amajoni kunye namagosa yanikezela. Xa nomsebenzi zwilakhe yommandla kunye ubunzima isixeko notshabalaliso ze umphakathi ziye zakhokelela ukuba lokusekwa intshukumo yabanqolobi. Emva kokuba kukhululwe zezi yunithi wajoyina iiyunithi rhoqo nomkhosi. Liberation Day Voronezh yaba izigidi ezininzi zabantu na iholide nje kuphela, kodwa ke ukuqala umsebenzi omkhulu zokudala. Ukubuyiselwa isixeko ifuna ukuba abemi uqulukubhode ezintsha, kodwa 1945, "elingoyiswayo 'ubomi ngokupheleleyo.