Le mvukelo Hungarian ka-1965: ebangela, iziphumo

Xa ekwindla ka-1956 isiganeko kwenzeka ukuba emva kokuwa kolawulo lwamaKomanisi abizwa ngokuba kwimvukelo isiHungary, kodwa imithombo Soviet ekuthiwa counter-revolution imvukelo. Kodwa ke, enoba zikho ideologues ezithile, kwaba umzamo ngabantu isiHungary bexhobele ukubhukuqa urhulumente pro-yiSoviet kweli lizwe. Yena weza eziliqela iziganeko ezibalulekileyo Cold War, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-USSR wayekulungele ukusebenzisa amandla wamajoni ukugcina ulawulo yayo phezu amazwe Warsaw Pact.

Ukusekwa ulawulo lwamaKomanisi

Ukuze ukuqonda oonobangela kwimvukelo esenzeka ngowe-1956, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo imeko yasekhaya yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho lweli lizwe ngo-1956. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yeSibini, Hungary walwa ecaleni ngamaNazi, ngoko, ngokungqinelana articles Paris Uxolo iSivumelwano, esayinwe Amanyeneyo, eSoviet Union unelungelo lokuba aqhubeke nommandla wayo amajoni ayo de ukurhoxiswa imikhosi umsebenzi kwemingxilo ngemingxilo ukususela Austria.

Ngoko nangoko emva kwemfazwe, unyulo jikelele ziye zabanjwa eHungary, apho Independent nasakhulayo Party kunye sisininzi ebonakalayo iivoti woyisa vac wamaKomanisi - Hungarian Working yaBantu Party. Njengokuba ke oko kwazeka kamva, lo kwakuzalwa 57% xa kuthelekiswa-17%. Noko ke, ukuthembela inkxaso kweli anokuvela yelizwe imikhosi Soviet axhobileyo 1947 Vac nini, iintsongelo ihlebo bababamba namandla ngokuthuma ilungelo lokuba iqela lezopolitiko elisemthethweni kuphela.

umfundi Stalin kaThixo

ndawonye Hungarian wazama kubadlali lonke amalungu akhe iqela yiSoviet, yiyo lonto inkokeli yabo Matyas Rakosi waye edume ngelika umfundi best Stalin kaThixo. Oku "imbeko" yena wawongwa kukuba, kwilizwe ucwangcisa ubuzwilakhe yobuqu, kuzo zonke bazama ukuba bakope imodeli kaStalin yolawulo. Xa umoya emtshatweni kunazo ngamandla wenziwe kweefektri collectivization, kwaye ideology ufekethe zicinezelwa zonke iintlobo kombono. Eli lizwe lwaba umlo kunye Catholic Church.

Ebudeni bolawulo Rakosi wadala enamandla izixhobo zokhuseleko - i AVH, kwafuneka nezikhundla zayo abasebenzi 28 amawaka owanceda amawaka 40 ulwazi ... Onke amaqela abemi Hungarian abaphila phantsi kolawulo nkonzo. Njengokuba ke oko kwazeka kwixesha post-yobukomanisi, iifayile ebezivulwe nganye abemi ezigidi lizwe, apho 655 lamawaka. Zityhafile, kunye 450 lamawaka. Ukhonza amagama ezahlukeneyo entolongweni. Zazisetyenziswa yabasebenzi simahla emigodini kunye kwimigodi.

Kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, kwakunye kwezopolitiko, kwabakho imeko enzima kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa kukuba nje ally wamajoni eJamani, Hungary kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule eSoviet Union, Yugoslavia kunye nokulungiswa kakhulu eCzechoslovakia, intlawulo leyo phantse ikota bahluphekayo wahamba. Kakade ke, lo nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwimigangatho ephilayo abemi abaqhelekileyo.

nobudlelwane Brief yezopolitiko

utshintsho oluthile ebomini lizwe ngowe-1953, xa, ngenxa yokusilela ezicacileyo kukwanda kweefektri buthathaka xi yembono evela eSoviet Union, zibangelwa ukufa Stalin, abantu wamthiya Matyas Rakosi wagxothwa isithuba zentloko karhulumente. Yena indawo lelinye Communist - Imre Nagy, lweli iinguqu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ezinkulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.

Ngenxa yamanyathelo eyamkelweyo ziye zapheliswa kwaye XOLELA intshutshiso yezopolitiko owayesakuba lixhoba. umthetho Special Nagy aphelise le ndivalelwe lwabemi ukukhutshwa kwabo ngetshova kwizixeko ngezizathu zentlalo. Kwakhona, ukwakhiwa inani lamaziko amakhulu mveliso engeluncedo lwanto, amaqashiso kubo indlela ukwalathisa kuphuhliso lwamashisini ukutya kunye nokukhanya wayekwa. Ngaphaya koko, oorhulumente baye kwenza uxinzelelo kwezolimo, kunciphise iirhafu inani labemi yaye inciphise ixabiso kweemveliso.

Kut- kwekhosi kaStalin ekuqaleni yombhodamo kunye

Noko ke, nangona ukuba amanyathelo ezo yintloko omtsha karhulumente zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, nabo zaba ngunobangela ukuqhubela yomzabalazo engaphakathi-nomcimbi vac. Agxothwa isithuba zentloko karhulumente, kodwa ukuze ligcine indawo elikuyo ekhokelayo Party, Matyas Rakosi ngu oliqhophololo efihlakeleyo, kwaye kunye nenkxaso yiSoviet amaKomanisi wakwazi ukoyisa umdlali yakhe yezopolitiko. Ngenxa Imre Nagy, lowo eziqhotyoshelwe amathemba abo uninzi lwabantu abaqhelekileyo kweli lizwe, yasuswa kwi-ofisi uphum'aphele leliqela.

Isiphumo soku lwaqhutywa yi ndawonye isiHungary uqhubekeko wobunkokheli umgca karhulumente kaStalin kunye nokuqhubeka zocindezelo kwezopolitiko. Konke oku kuye kwabangela ukunganeliseki kakhulu lamanqanaba ngokubanzi uluntu. Abantu baqala ekuhleni ukuba ufuna ukubuya kumandla ka Nadia, unyulo jikelele, ngokusekelwe enye siseko yaye okubaluleke, imveliso evela kwilizwe-mkhosi Soviet. Le mfuneko sokugqibela ingakumbi ezifanelekileyo, ekubeni ukusayinwa ngoMeyi 1955, i-Warsaw Pact yaba sisiseko eSoviet Union ukugcina anokuvela yayo imikhosi e Hungary.

Le mvukelo Hungarian yaba ngenxa ukuqhubela phambili imeko yezopolitiko kweli lizwe ngo-1956. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ziziganeko yaloo nyaka ePoland, apho kwakukho open iintetho anti-yobukomanisi. Umphumo waba kukukhuliswa zengqondo ezibalulekileyo phakathi kwabafundi kunye zizifundiswa nokubhala. Phakathi-Oktobha, inxalenye ebalulekileyo ulutsha wathi yokurhoxa wayo ukusuka 'Democratic Union of Youth ", i-analogue waseSoviet Komsomol, kwaye bengena khona ngaphambili, kodwa overclocked umbutho umfundi wamaKomanisi.

Njengoko bekunjalo kwixesha elidlulileyo, ndininikile yokukhawulezisa ekuqaleni abafundi qhankqalazo. Ngo-Oktobha 22, ukuba saqulunqwa kwaye thaca kwiimfuno karhulumente zibandakanya ukuqeshwa Nagy njengoko inkulumbuso, umbutho ka kunyulo lwentando yesininzi, ukurhoxiswa amajoni Soviet elizweni kunye ukudilizwa isikhumbuzo Stalin. Izibhengezo slogans ezinjalo bakulungele ukukuthwala nxaxheba izicwangciso ngosuku umboniso kazwelonke olulandelayo.

October 23, 1956

Lo mngcelele, eyaqala e Budapest, kanye iiyure ezilishumi, watsala ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini amawaka nxaxheba. History of Hungary ngenkankulu ukhumbula nto, ngoko intando yepolitili linye. Ngeli xesha, unozakuzaku eSoviet Union, intloko elizayo iKGB, uYuri Andropov nangoko waqhagamshelana eMoscow ingxelo ngokweenkcukacha ngayo yonke into eyenzekayo kweli lizwe. Yena yaphela Ingcebiso yakhe umyalezo ukunika isiHungary amaKomanisi ebanzi, kuquka emkhosini, uncedo.

Ngu Ngokuhlwa ngaloo mini abasanda kuqeshwa uNobhala First Erno Gero VPT wathetha umgwebe demonstrators nezoyikiso ngabo lo kunomathotholo. Ukuphendula, i demonstrators indimbane bagaleleka kuhla isakhiwo, apho kwakukho a studio yosasazo. Phakathi kwabo kunye namasebe zemikhosi zokhuseleko karhulumente nibanga sixhobe, kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho babulawa kuqala wayilimaza.

Ngokuphathelele umthombo demonstrators izixhobo kumajelo eendaba eSoviet icala ukuba Wanikelwa ngaphambili kwi Hungary zii-arhente intelligence Western. Noko ke, ukususela ubungqina iziganeko-nxaxheba ibonisa ukuba sifunyenwe, okanye nje kususwa ukusekelwa wathumela ukunceda abavikeli kunomathotholo. Kwakhona, oko kwenziwe kwi-warehouses yokuzikhusela yoluntu kunye nezikhululo zamapolisa bambamba.

Kungekudala le mvukelo kwalutyhutyha lonke yeBudapest. I Army kunye neCandelo State Security akazange abe abaphikisana kakhulu, okokuqala, ngenxa yobukhulu balo amancinci - kwakukho nje amabini kwaye iwaka isiqingatha sabantu, yaye okwesibini, ngenxa yokuba abaninzi babo sympathized ngokuphandle kunye nabavukeli.

Ungeno yokuqala imikhosi Soviet e Hungary

Ukongeza, siye safumana umyalelo ukuba ukuvula umlilo abahlali, kwaye ndayihluthwa namakhono zomkhosi ukuba athathe amanyathelo kakhulu. Isiphumo ucime abaninzi lweziza ezingundoqo ngokuhlwa ngo-Oktobha 23 ezandleni zabantu; izixhobo izitora, amaphephandaba zokuprinta Station Central. Bekhumbula ingozi meko, ngomhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ndawonye ebusuku, abanqwenela ixesha, abasanda kuqeshwa Imre Nadya inkulumbuso, ngoxa bona ngokwabo wabhenela urhulumente USSR kunye nesicelo okufakwa amajoni zibe Hungary ukucinezela kwimvukelo Hungarian.

isiphumo Unyango yaba ukuqaliswa waya kummandla amajoni eli lizwe 6,500, amatanki 295 kwaye inani elikhulu nezinye izixhobo zomkhosi. Ukuphendula lo likaxakeka kusekwe iKomiti yeSizwe Hungarian wabuza ngumongameli US ekubonelelweni uncedo yomkhosi bavukeli.

igazi lokuqala

Ngentsasa yango-Oktobha 26, ngexesha rally endaweni yokubutha kufuphi isakhiwo ipalamente, ethabathela eluphahleni lwendlu wavula umlilo, eyakhokelela ekufeni wegosa eSoviet, wabuya wahlala phezu tank ngomlilo. Le umlilo ukubuya izakufunyanwa, imali ubomi zamakhulu demonstrators. Iindaba yesehlo ngokukhawuleza alizalisa lonke ilizwe Wasazisa kwabulawa abahlali kunye noonogada kunye emkhosini.

Nangona yokuba ukwenzela ukulungisa le meko kweli lizwe, urhulumente isaziso benikwa kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba yemvukelo, ngokuzithandela babeka phantsi izixhobo zawo, nokulwa ntsuku zilandelayo. Akukho ifuthe kwi imeko yangoku kunye nokutshintsha kaNobhala lokuQala Erno Gero Janos VPT Kadaroam. Kwiindawo ezininzi, inkokheli ye-arhente zeqela kunye norhulumente abaleke nje, kwaye endaweni yazo ngokuzenzekelayo kwasekwa oorhulumente basekhaya.

Ukurhoxiswa amajoni Soviet elizweni kunye ekuqaleni isiphithiphithi

Njengoko nxaxheba esi siganeko, emva kweso siganeko lilishwa kwindawo yembutho ephambi epalamente imikhosi eSoviet akazange athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ngokuchasene demonstrators. Emva ingxelo iNkulumbuso Imre Nagy ukugwebela zangaphambili iindlela 'kaStalin "yobunkokheli, kokupheliswa omkhosi wokhuselo karhulumente kunye ekuqaleni thethwano kwi ekurhoxisweni amajoni Soviet evela lizwe, abaninzi baye bacinge ukuba kwimvukelo Hungarian lifikelele iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Ukulwa kweso sixeko wayeka, okokuqala ngemihla yokugqibela cwaka. Ya ngenxa thethwano kunye nenkokheli Soviet yaba ukurhoxiswa-mkhosi, eyaqala October 30.

Kule mihla, kwiindawo ezininzi zeli lizwe baba isiyaluyalu ngokupheleleyo. ngabasemagunyeni Old zitshatyalalisiwe, kunye nabantu abatsha abadalelwanga. URhulumente, behlangana e Budapest, phantse nafuthe kwakusenzeka ntoni ezitratweni, kwaye kwabakho ukunyuka okukhulu kulwaphulo ukususela entolongweni kunye amabanjwa ezopolitiko wakhululwa izaphuli ngaphezu kwamawaka alishumi.

Ukongeza, le meko yandiswa ngumba wokuba ukuba Hungarian Revolution of 1956 kwaba atshintshwa. Oku kwabangela ukuba ukubulawa kwabantu ngamajoni, owayesakuba amalungu arhente zokhuseleko karhulumente, nkqu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu ngamaKomanisi. Ekwakheni HWP IKomiti Central enye kuphela wayebulewe phezu iinkokheli mabini iqela. Ngaloo mihla, imifanekiso imizimba engenakulungiswa yabhabha phezu amaphepha izibizo ezininzi zehlabathi. I-revolution Hungarian baqalisa ukuba iimpawu yemvukelo 'ngqiqweni kwaye asinalo ".

Phinda-ufake imikhosi exhobileyo

Le ingcinezelo elandelayo kwimvukelo amabutho yiSoviet yenziwa kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa sikhundla esithathwe ngurhulumente US. ofisi Nagy kaThixo ohlawulayo emkhosini kunye nenkxaso kwezoqoqosho, amaMelika ngexesha elibalulekileyo ashiya izibophelelo zabo, eshiya eMoscow angenelele ngokukhululekileyo kule meko. Hungarian Revolution of 1956 yaye phantse bagwetyelwe ukuba litshitshiswe xa ngo-Oktobha 31, kwintlanganiso ye Central Committee CPSU N. S. Hruschov wabiza ukwenziwa yeendlela ezinkulu ukuseka urhulumente wamaKomanisi eli lizwe.

Ngokusekelwe imiyalelo yakhe Soviet yoKhuselo UMphathiswa , Marshal G. K. zhukov wakhokela isicwangciso sophuhliso ye ngokuhlasela abaxhobileyo Hungary, ebizwa ngokuba "umsinga". Wabiza ngokuthatha inxaxheba neemeko elinesihlanu vehicles, iyantlukwano ezizimoto kunye nomkhosi, ngoncedo lwe uMkhosi waseMoyeni kunye neeyunithi emoyeni. Kuba ekuphunyezweni kwalo msebenzi, sathetha phantse zonke iinkokheli yamazwe ilungu le-Warsaw Pact.

Operation "isivunguvungu" waqalisa nesibakala sokuba nge-3 Novemba imikhosi eSoviet KGB, wabanjwa uMphathiswa kutshanje amisiweyo woKhuselo, uMajor General Hungarian Pal Maléter. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha iintetho yayibanjelwe Tokole, kufuphi Budapest. ke abangena anokuvela engundoqo ye imikhosi exhobileyo, umthetho buqu G. K. zhukov, yenziwa ngentsasa elandelayo. Isizathu esemthethweni oku isicelo kaRhulumente, elikhokelwa Janos Kadar. Ngexesha elifutshane umkhosi bababamba zonke iziza eziphambili yeBudapest. Imre Nagy, ukuba ndisindise ubomi babo, washiya isakhiwo karhulumente wazimela kule ofisi waseYugoslavia. Kamva, inkohliso sakhe asisuse ngaphandle, umngcatsha inkundla kwaye Pal Maléter ababexhonyiwe esidlangalaleni njengoko abangcatshi le lokhokho.

ingcinezelo Active le mvukelo

Iziganeko zenzeka ngoNovemba 4. Xa iziko kwekomkhulu abavukeli isiHungary wayala amabutho Soviet ukumelana lithemba. Ukucinezela zilandelayo kwibutho kunye projectiles sigade kunye umsi. inkxalabo kuphela ngovukelo uluntu nxamnye inani elikhulu ezafa waligcina ilizwi le kuqhuma isixeko sele ephakanyiswe iinqwelomoya emoyeni.

Iintsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelayo zaye zicinezelwa zonke iipokotho ekhoyo ukuxhathisa, ngoko ke isiHungary Revolution of 1956 wathatha imo yomzabalazo komhlaba ngokuchasene ulawulo lwamaKomanisi. Xa ezingafani, ayithethi ibuye kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo. Xa ilizwe sele ekugqibeleni yaqinisekisa kulawulo pro-zeSoviet baqala kwabanjwa mass nxaxheba kwimvukelo yakutshanje. History of Hungary kwakhona ukuqala ngakumbi le meko kaStalin.

Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba ngelo xesha wenziwa malunga 360 isigwebo sokufa, 25 lamawaka. Abemi baye batshutshiswa, yaye-14 amawaka. Of babo babekhonza amagama ezahlukeneyo entolongweni. Iminyaka emininzi emva "komkhusane intsimbi", ndinqumle amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu ukusuka lonke ihlabathi neHungary. USSR - inqaba iphambili ubuKomanisi - ukubukela vigilantly yonke into eyenzekayo amazwe phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.