Ntsuku Political. Amaxhoba zocindezelo yezopolitiko USSR

ingcinezelo Political - oko okhohlakeleyo yaye igazi nexesha kwimbali ezweni labo. Yena uza ngexesha xa lizwe ukhokelwa iosif Stalin. Amaxhoba zocindezelo lwezopolitiko eSoviet Union - izigidi zabantu abaye enetyala waza wagwetywa ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ukufa. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba iziphumo ezibi kakhulu ukuba babe iziganeko-imi- 1920-1950. Kuqala kwinto zonke, kule minyaka zocindezelo yezopolitiko kuchaphazela ukuthembeka yoluntu yiSoviet, ubume balo lwabantu.

Eli ngesothuso

repressions yepolitiki kwenzeka kwixesha ukususela 1937 ukuya 1938. Eli xesha ukwabizwa ngokuba 'Lunxunguphalo Enkulu ". Ngokuka Medushevsky, la manyathelo ingabizwa ezisisiseko ukusekwa isixhobo lwentlalo umbuso kaStalin. Le umphandi ukholelwa ukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo echaza nokuqonda kakuhle eli "Ukunxunguphala Enkulu", ifuthe izinto ezahlukeneyo,-sikhokelo yamaziko, imvelaphi ingcamango yakhe. Ukuchaza indima, Kakade ke, bobabo amapolisa eziphambili imfihlelo lizwe - GUGB NKVD kunye Stalin.

Iimpawu mode

kwabantu kwezopolitiko, njengokuba mbali ezininzi mihla Russian; kuba inxenye ezininzi, kungekuphela nje yephule umthetho okhoyo, kodwa uMthetho Basic --siseko. Ingakumbi, le ntswela kwaba ukudala imizimba extra-ezeeJaji ezininzi. Uphawu unako ingqalelo, kwaye inani elikhulu amaxwebhu zasayinwa Stalin ngokwakhe xa uvula iifayili. Oku kubonisa ukuba phantse yonke ingcinezelo yezopolitiko zagunyaziswa ngabo.

Ukuqinisa amandla Stalin kaThixo

ingcinezelo Political engama-30 baqalisa zande kunye ekuqaleni kweefektri collectivization abantu ezifama. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu aze azuze amandla ngayo Stalin. ingcinezelo Political wachukumisa izazinzulu. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi kubo baye enetyala kwimeko 'of the Academy of Sciences ". Ngowe-1932 ababhali abane bathunyelwa ekuthinjweni ngenxa inxaxheba kwi "izicima yaseSiberia." Amakhulu amagosa abo basebenzayo Red Army, babanjwa. Bonke kwenzeka kwimeko "Spring". Kwangaxesha nye, le ingcinezelo kwezopolitiko olwenziwa nxamnye "deviators wesizwe."

Isimo republic

I-Tatar and iCrimea Ukuzilawula Republic, amanye amagosa aphezulu babanjwa. Bavalelwa kwimeko "Sultan-Galyiv iqela counter-abalweli", apho intloko wavakaliswa Sultan-Galiev - Tatar Communist. Xa abarhwebi zabucala bagwetyelwa ukufa, nto leyo indawo nye lokuvalelwa kwi ogcino kangangeminyaka eli-10. E Belarus, kwiminyaka 30-31. Kuye kugxekwe abameli izixhobo lolawulo kwiriphabliki. Baye ityala ngokunxulumene kwimeko 'Union of Liberation ", apho zibanjwa 86 Amanani yenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko. Xa Ekuveleni komnyaka 30 yaba yinkqubo evulekileyo Ukraine. Kwimeko 'Union of Liberation weRiphabliki "wathatha indawo ngaphezu kwama-40. Xa intloko umtyholwa yaba Efremov - uSekela Mongameli AUAS. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe izityholo, "i-Union of Liberation weRiphabliki" yayijoliswe ukubhukuqa urhulumente waseSoviet ukuze babuye Ukraine ibe kwilizwe kulawulwa ndixhomekeke kwelinye lamazwe angaphandle angqonge yoohlohlesakhe. Bonke ababandakanyeka etyaleni icala. Thathela ingqalelo uvumo kunye inguquko abamangalelwa, isohlwayo sokufa ukuba indawo kwiminyaka 8-10 entolongweni. abantu abasithoba wafumana elide enemiqathango. EKharkov, kwimeko "umbutho yomkhosi Ukraine" yaqhutywa 148 nxaxheba. Ngokunxulumene nale nkqubo, wabanjwa eMoscow ngo-1934, unyaka Poloz. Wabamba isikhundla usekela-sihlalo ikhomishini yohlahlo-lwabiwo-CEC ye-USSR. Kule 20 wasebenza Poloz ngunozakuzaku Ukraine e Moscow, i-USSR Abantu Commissar wezeMali kunye noSihlalo we iKomishoni yoCwangciso State. Wagwetywa ukuvalelwa entolongweni iminyaka elishumi.

"Ukucocwa Jikelele" ye CPSU (b)

It lwaqhutywa kwiminyaka 33-34, waza waqhubeka ngoMeyi 35. Ngexesha nokucocwa umntu, kuquka amalungu 1.916.500, 18.3% iye ngaphandle. Ngokutsho ekupheleni kwenkqubo saqalisa ukuqhuba 'verification yamaxwebhu iqela. " It eyaqhubeka kwaze Disemba 35 zonyaka. Ekuhambeni kulo msebenzi, kongezwe enye 10-20 amawaka wabanjwa. "Ukufakwa kwamaxwebhu" lwaqhutywa ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuSeptemba 36 kunyaka th. Enyanisweni, ukuba kuqhubeka yaqala "ukucocwa" iminyaka 33-35. Kwindawo yokuqala, ziziswa ubulungisa abafakwanga bona kule party. kwabanjwa Incopho kwenzeka kwiminyaka 37-38. kwi USSR, amaxhoba zocindezelo kwezopolitiko kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo iye baninzi kakhulu. Ngeli xesha, oko arraigned ngaphezulu kwezigidi-1.5 abantu ukufa bagwetywa 681.692 enetyala.

Ukulingwa eMoscow

Kweli thuba ukususela 1936 ukuya 1938 wathabatha khona ingqalelo izinto ezintathu ezinkulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwakhona imisebenzi CPSU (b), ezinxulumene 20-30s kwi ekunene okanye inkcaso Trotskyist. Phesheya, ezi zinto kuthiwa 'Trials eMoscow ". Ukuvalelwa wabekwa ngentsebenziswano kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola Koloni lombutho ukugwintwa kukaStalin kunye nezinye iinkokheli Soviet, ukutshatyalaliswa waseUSSR, nokubuyiselwa inkqubo yobungxowankulu kunye nomonakalo bethwele kumacandelo awohlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Inkqubo yokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1926, ngo-Agasti. amaqela Umtyholwa "noTrotsky-Zinoviev Centre". Amabanjwa engundoqo Kamenev kunye Zinoviev. Ukongezelela kwezinye iintlawuliso, wabekwa icala lokubulawa laseKirov kunye nokucwangciswa iyelenqe nxamnye Stalin. Ityala yesibini "parallel anti-Soviet Trotskyite Centre" ochukumise abaphathi ezincinane-17 ngo-1937. ngoko ke main ummangalelwa Sokolnikov, Pyatakov kunye Radek. Ngokufa kwabantu-13 bagwetywa, yaye abanye bathunyelwa kwiinkampu sentuthumbo, apho wafela kungekudala. Inkqubo wesithathu lwaqhutywa ngo-1938, ukususela ngomhla wesi-2 ukuya kowe-13 Matshi. Yena wabekwa nxaxheba 21 "Right Trotskyite awodwa". Amabanjwa engundoqo Rykov kunye Bukharin. bamrhola i "nokuphikiswa" ngo-1928-29.

"It Tukhachevskogo"

Le nkqubo kwenzeka ngo-1937, ngo-June. Kuye kwenzeke kugxekwe liqela amagosa Red Army, kuquka Tukhachevsky. Baye kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa umbutho kokulungiselela ubhedu emkhosini. Emva kwexesha elithile, ubunzima uthe inkokheli eSoviet zaphinda kwenziwa umyalelo we-Red Army. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amahlanu amalungu ezisibhozo Special zeKomishoni yeeJaji, sanga singabamiselwe ukufa ofunyenwe "Tukhachevsky", emva koko ke wabanjwa. Oku, ingakumbi, Kashirin, Alksnis, Dybenko, Belov, Blucher.

bahlukunyezwa

Ukuze ufumane nokuvuma kusetyenziswa eziqhelekileyo enogonyamelo. Phantse bonke yi Stalin ngokobuqu. Ngethuba "nobudlelwane Khrushchev kaThixo" -ofisi eSoviet yomtshutshisi eziphicothiweyo eziliqela kwimicimbi yezopolitiko kunye neenkqubo zamaqela. Ngexesha amatyala akhe ukuguqula zaye zachongwa "kuyimfuneko" ubungqina sele ifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa sentuthumbo. kwabantu ngokungekho mthethweni, ukungcungcuthekiswa amabanjwa kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kukho ubungqina bokuba ilungu umgqatswa le Politburo Eiche e yokugocagocwa olwaludiliziwe yomqolo, kunye Blücher wafa kwimiphumo ukubethwa ngendlela. Stalin (njengoko kubonisiwe iingxelo zembali) Kucetyiswa ngamandla ukusetyenziswa ngokubethwa ukuze ufumane nokuvuma.

Umthetho "Malunga kumaxhoba repressions lezopolitiko"

It wavunywa ngo-1991, ngomhla we-18 Oktobha. Ekubeni nesingeniso saso ukusebenza, kunye no-2004 abantu abangaphezu kwe-630-ezingamawaka yesiqhelo. Amanye amabanjwa, umzekelo, abaninzi mababe kwizikhundla zobunkokheli kwi NKVD, nabantu inxaxheba okanye enxulumene ubunqolobi kwaye sizibophelele kulwaphulo mithetho uhlobo non-kwezopolitiko, zazigqalwa "hayi kuxhomekeke kwimeko yesiqhelo." Ngokubanzi, oko ingqalelo izicelo ezingaphezu kwe-970-amawaka.

memory

In Russia kunye nezinye zangaphambili nasemazweni ezi kanye eSoviet Union, ubanjwa minyaka le Day of Amaxhoba Imizamo Political. Le anesithoba Oktobha imihlangano, iminyhadala yenkcubeko neyentlalo kunye zemfundo ezahlukeneyo. Ngomhla uSuku Amaxhoba Imizamo lizwe Political ukhumbula amaxhoba ke batyakatywa, abantu wadubula, abaninzi obakhuphileyo inzuzo enkulu ezweni labo ngexesha elifanelekileyo yaye kumnika. Oku, ingakumbi, i nomxokelelwane umyalelo yomkhosi eli lizwe, yenzululwazi kunye namanani zenkcubeko. Izikolo ezininzi ukuhlela "izifundo eziphilayo" kwimbali. Kude kube kamva nje, baba iintlanganiso rhoqo ne basindileyo ubungqina ezi ziganeko, abantwana babo, kwimemori apho lahlala eli xesha lobunzima. Iziganeko ziphambili eyayibanjwe i Solovetsky Stone (Lubyanka Square) kwaye Butovo badubula kuluhlu. Irallie ngeematshi eSt Petersburg. Iziganeko ziphambili zibanjwa Emnye Square kunye Levashovskaya kuhlakulwa.