Xa kukho ivodka eRashiya? History of the nomnikelo kazwelonke

ivodka Russian uvezwa namhlanje nayiphi iivenkile ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi endilisekileyo naphi eRashiya ubuncinane 20-30 iintlobo. Nomnikelo ngumxube utywala, efunyenwe kwikholam ulwelo kunye namanzi nyulu baphathwa. Kodwa isiselo phantsi kwegama "ivodka" yaziwa sele ukususela 1386 (kwiminyaka emithandathu emva kwempi olungalibalekiyo of Kulikovo) kunye ikholam neyanamhlanje yaqanjwa isiFrentshi sele kwinkulungwane XIX.

Ngoko xa kukho ivodka eRashiya, yintoni na kwaye oko kuthenga evenkileni ngoku?

Ukuphuza ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ookhokho bethu

inkqubo Sublimation ke akusoloko kunjalo. Kodwa ke oomoya zaziwa ukususela ukuvela yokubhala. Ngubani owayehlala izizwe enkulu eMzantsi Melika kunye Afrika, ukuze ndihlaziyeke ngokwakho phezulu, watya siqalile bodwa iziqhamo elimnandi ezinye izityalo.

Yonke loo mbandela nomngundo ngemikroskopu - nagwele. Ukuba uthetha simplistically, ezi Cya zitya iswekile nokuvelisa utywala C ₂ H ₅ (OH). amagwele Wild bahlala eluswini iintlobo ezininzi zeziqhamo kunye amaqunube. Ke kaloku kwabakho ivodka eRashiya, inkqubo ibile wayesaziwa kakuhle.

iimveliso ethululwayo lenqaba ngaphandle yokubola sublimation, ngendlela ecocekileyo. Iswekile ngelo xesha nayo yayingekho, ngoko ke ukutya igwele kwakukho ubusi okanye iziqhamo amnandi. Namhlanje, Noko ke, asingabo bonke uyazi iresiphi, indlela ukupheka nokusela yobusi ngokwenene, njengoko egweleni utywala.

Kwakhona eRashiya, ubukhulu becala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, iintlobo yeziselo eziveliswa ngokusekelwe okuziinkozo imithombo - irhasi, rye. Ezi ke kvass efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, ingqolowa yantshula agaye utshwala. Njengoko kusetyenziswa amazimba imithombo, rhoqo yayo thina walungisa kweziselo ezithatyathwe Tatar - buzu.

Ceba yogqithe

Lowo weza kunye ivodka eRashiya, akazange enze revolution kwimbali iziselo ezinxilisayo. Ukukhankanywa yokuqala inkqubo neyanamhlanje, yafunyanwa ngama-mbali asusela BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala. e. I uyisebenzise, ukuba ukholelwa eyayimela, kungekhona ngenxa yokusela. bamachiza Greek wazama ukuba bayisebenzise ukupheka igolide, ukudala ngasetyeni Philosopher kaThixo.

Development neyanamhlanje afunyenwe kwi-East Samandulo XI-XII iinkulungwane. East wayesaziwa impumelelo amayeza, Esculap distillate yasetyenziswa ukulungiselela iziyobisi kunye neziyobisi (amanzi utywala kakhulu ngempumelelo ngakumbi iyachithakala into esebenzayo ezahlukeneyo, kunokuba kakhulu ngempumelelo ngakumbi ukulungiselela izicatshulwa ngezityalo). Oko kukuthi, utywala sele uqalile ukusebenzisa, ngoko kude kuphela iinjongo amayeza.

EYurophu, cognac kunye namakha

Ehlabathini phakathi neyanamhlanje kwinkulungwane XII kwaba ngokubanzi eYurophu. Ngelo xesha lokuqala wasetyenziswa, kwakunye Arabhu, ngenxa yokulungiselela amayeza kunye imifuniselo imichiza. Kodwa French baba abazilungiseleli bona ngokwabo, ukuba anikwe distillate esinye isicelo - imveliso zokuthambisa. Xa kukho ivodka eRashiya, sele ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngokupheleleyo, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa ngaphakathi Europe.

Imbali umdla ngemvelaphi yebranti - enye iziselo owayephila odume kunayo. Ababhali-mbali bathi isizathu, Isimanga, yaba ukuba ubunzima bukhawuleze.

Hormone lewayini kwesinye sezixeko French kukhokelele ekubeni amaninzi warehouses ngezikhuni olumbaxa othululwayo. iwayini emuncu, izibuko, yaye wathembisa umnini ilahleko enkulu. Kwaye ngoko kwagqitywa yogqithe zonke kuyo utywala yomdiliya.

Ke enye ingxaki, ngenxa umoya seediliya, ixesha elide ayikho ezithengisekayo, walala ilityalwe iminyaka eliqela nemigqomo emterebhintini.

Ulwelo itsalwa imiphanda kamva, ukunyanzela kunye nezakhiwo zawo. Ukongeza incasa engaqhelekanga kunye ngevumba, oko, ngokungafaniyo iwayini, kwaba kuyenzeka ukugcina ixesha lokungavinjwa elide yaye ihanjiswa nayiphi ebangeni.

Ngubani wafundisa "drive 'Russian

Akwaziwa ncam apho unyaka kwabakho ivodka eRashiya, kodwa walondoloza yemihla ubungqina bokuba distillate yokuqala, oko kukuthi - umoya seediliya, kulizisela nguDmitry Donskoy isipho abarhwebi ngamaRoma. Isiphelo elandelayo sesona sipho ayaziwa, kunjalo, ukusasazeka othululwayo kweli xesha abazange bayifumane.

Re eyabarhwebi, nebiziswa ngabathengisi eRashiya sele yintlama enkulu utywala, oko ebudeni bolawulo Basil II Dark ngo-1429. Kunika umdla ukuba okwesihlandlo sesibini, xa kwakukho ivodka eRashiya, ayizange ukuba uyakholiswa nabalawulayo. Ngaphezu koko, nomnikelo iye yamkelwa eziyingozi yaye akuvumelekanga ukuba bafakiwe kungena ubulawuli eMoscow.

Xa ivodka kwaba ethululwayo Russian

Uphuhliso imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa yevodka kumhlaba eMoscow lidla ezinxulumene ne igama Ioanna Vasilevicha Groznogo. Ziziphi Ngenkulungwane kwakukho ivodka kwimveliso Russia uqobo? kakhulu ukuba ixesha - ekupheleni XV - ekuqaleni of XVI eminyaka. Naye, nangona ukuvalwa, ngokucotha bayiqhuba amafa abantu, namatshawe neemonki ku nezigodlo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uYohane IV wayalela ukuba ukuseka gosudarevy distilleries apho ivodka eziveliswa kwaye athengiswe. Ekuqaleni ukusela ezabelwe zenziwe kuphela ukuba oprichnina yasebukhosini kunye yabatoli. Noko ke, uyazi iinzuzo evela kwintengiso yotywala, abangcangcazelisi wayalela ukusekwa zentselo yeklasi nganye.

imveliso zasekhaya iziselo ezinxilisayo, kuquka iimveliso Ukubila ezinxilisayo, akuvumelekile ngokungqongqo. Kwaye ukungamthobeli iqashiso okhaliphileyo Ivana Groznogo wayengekho.

Yintoni i "ivodka Russian" yokwenene

Njengoko kucacile ukusuka esibalisayo, imbali yevodka eRashiya, le ivodka - ke ibali ukuvela nyulu ingqolowa ivodka, lowo waze eziqhutywa apha kwaye apho ezilalini. Yaba nomnikelo kunye ivodka yemveli Russian.

Iswekile ngelo xesha ayaziwa, ngoko 'ukutya' ukuba igwele ingaba mnandi okanye iziqhamo (umvumbo eliphakathi angezozityebi kangaka) okanye imithombo - ziyantshuliswa woma iinkozo kunye naye nje impangele kwiminyaka elungileyo konke kulungile.

Grain saa ngokulinganayo wayigubungela ngelaphu elifumileyo. Emva kwethuba kwakukho ehluma, umbona wazuza ngolangazelelo. Le nkcazelo koko komiswa ezandleni oveni triturated kunye ohluzwe. Ngaloo ndlela iinkozo ze nyulu ukusuka ikhaba iingcanjana. Oku kwalandelwa kwilitye lokuguba.

Endaweni yesonka engenagwele kusetyenziswa amaqunube enegwele. Ngokubanzi, phakathi kweemveliso ezinkulu wathabatha nje inxalenye sele ukusebenza ngumash, aze ongeze afreshi.

Ngemoto ivodka, okanye "isonka newayini", ubuso-phantsi. benokufunyanwa Le ndlela kwimveliso. Ngoko ke, xa kungekho niyalazi, nisele ngathi.

ivodka Russian kule lifa

Abanye nomnikelo ivodka Russian ngokuphosakeleyo ingqalelo likumgangatho Ubumandi rough ephantsi. Kodwa ke imbali ukuvela yevodka eRashiya iyafana kwimbali cognac. Ekuqaleni, xa izinto ekrwada Yek yomdiliya kwenziwa go mnye, babedla ngokusela yonke imveliso ngaphandle obushushu elawulwayo. umgangatho othululwayo kwayona bhetele ngakumbi utywala ezimbi.

Ngowe XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane, le abaqeshisi Russian enze isiselo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kunalowo wenza distillery ukumkani lunamandla. Siphawula ukuvela yevodka eRashiya nyulu ngamalahle kuveliswa kumatshini kunye coil.

Driving baqala ukwenza kabini, kwaye le nkqubo iqalile ukukhetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa tiko kuphela, icocekile zombini ubumdaka imethyl ( "intloko"), kwaye ukusukela oyile fusel enzima ( "nemisila").

Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana wadlulisela infusions iiresiphi kwi imifuno ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye xa ingqalelo into yokuba ngaloo mihla ayesaziwa iimpawu zezityalo ingcono kakhulu ngoku (ukuba abantu bayazi xa ingca ukuqokelela, ukugcina indlela), oko kuthathwa ukuba umphumo waba efanelekileyo.

Ladies walungisa esikhethekileyo ivodka "ababhinqileyo". Amagama kule sisele kakhulu: Spotykach, utshwala, ratafii. Ratafii wenza zonke iintlobo zeziqhamo kunye amaqunube. I ophakamileyo Chic yayikukuba kwi cordials ndlu:

• apricot;
• cranberry,
• cherry;
• blueberry.

Kwaye njalo kwi kuyo yonke alfabhethi kwileta "I". Nantsi i kusela yevodka yethu.

ivodka Russian - enye amaxhoba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi

imveliso ivodka yengqolowa - oko eqolo. Ekuqaleni kumhlathi neyanamhlanje ngenkulungwane XIX oko yasungulwa eFransi. Ukususela naziphi na izinto ekrwada inegwele (sugar beet, iitapile peremorozhennaya) afumana i ethyl utywala sentlambululo kakhulu. Sebenzisa i engenisayo utywala enye ayizange ukuba ungayisebenzisa njengendlela technical.

ERashiya, izixhobo yaqala ukuvela kwi 1860s. Notywala waqala zingasetyenziswa nangoko ukwenzela ukulungiselela iziselo ezinxilisayo, ngoxa ngokwamaqela amancinci kwaye xa umfuniselo.

Kwafika ke leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Empini exhobele umkhosi Russian amawaka amaninzi. Imveliso ivodka kuba ngaphambili ezilikhulu iigrem isonka ekunqabe ukuba nekukudlala ngemali kakhulu, kwaye ke ikholam neyanamhlanje waba isiqabu mali yokumkani. KwiBolsheviks wathabatha amandla, ayizange iguquke nto. Kwaye kutheni mali yoncedo enjalo!

Vodka and Mendeleev

Sisoloko sisiva ngayo iintsomi, apho kwakukho ivodka eRashiya. Uninzi lwezi ezingenangqondo enxulumene igama sisazinzulu Russian omkhulu Dmitri Mendeleev. Umzekelo, izibonelelo ezininzi ingafumaneka data "zembali 'ukuba Mendeleev:

• Yena ebelinxila;
• urhulumente wayalela kwafunyaniswa ukuba yevodka kufuneka ube namandla ka-40%;
• kanye njengokugxadazela kwenxila kangangokuba ephupheni kwakhe yakhe ngamaxesha athile itheyibhile lweziqalelo.

ngokwenene nguDmitry Ivanovich kunento yokwenza ne-40%, kodwa utywala, eli nani awungeni ndawo. Kule xi sisombululo utywala kunye namanzi wafika kwii iphezulu sobabini ezo molekyuli.

Ngokuphathelele bonke abanye - akukho ngaphezu kokuba sentsomi owavela rhoqo ngaphandle ummandla Russia, ezifana "kwiilali Potemkin" okanye imidaniso onxilileyo IsiRashiya ukuya ikhodiyani kunye weebhere zasendle.