Kwabaninzi kuthi, ihlabathi lezilwanyana zasendulo limelelwa yimfuyo yeedinosaur okanye, kwiimeko ezinzima, iimmoth. Enyanisweni, kuninzi kakhulu kwaye imnandi. Iplanethi yethu yayinabantu abayizigidi zezidalwa, ininzi yazo eyanyamalala ngonaphakade ebusweni bomhlaba, ishiya imemori yethu kuphela ihlala ikhona, iimboyi ezithandwayo, imidwebo yabantu basendulo okanye akukho nto yashiywe nhlobo. Kodwa ngamnye wabo wayekhonza njengezitena zobukumkani obukhulu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-flora nezilwanyana.
Izilwanyana ezintle
Izilwanyana zasendulo zaqala ukuhlala kwazo ngeendlela ezincinci ezincinci ngaphambi kokubonakala komntu onengqiqo. Ngoko isayensi esemthethweni ithi. Engabonakaliyo, ngokusekelwe kumakhulu eempahla ezifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, ikholelwa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba kufike impucuko yethu kwakukho abanye, akukho ngaphantsi kweyona nto. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngoko-ke aphile abantu kuphela, kodwa kunye nezilwanyana. Oko babenjalo, akunakwenzeka ukucacisa. Into ekhoyo eseleyo kuthethwa kwimiqulu emininzi kunayo yonke kunye neengcinga zeentlobo malunga nazo zonke iintlobo zeedragons, elves, izilo ezintle, ama-unicorns. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imyuziyam kuphela ehlabathini apho imibukiso yinyani, njengoko kubalwe ngabasebenzi bayo, iindawo zokuhlala ezinqamlekileyo, izilwanyana kunye nezinye izidalwa ezingaqhelekanga. Kukho phakathi kwazo iziqhekeza zeentonga, iintlanzi, iintlanzi ezinamaqabunga aphindwe kabini kunye nezinye izilo, ezikhishwe ngabathandi be-archeologists ezivela ekujuleni komhlaba.
Kwenzeka njani konke
Inzululwazi esemthethweni ye-paleontology inamathele kwimfundiso yokuba ubomi buvela kwixesha le-Precambrian. Eli lixesha elimangalisayo kakhulu, elibalelwa kwi-90% yokuphila kwezinto zonke eziphilayo. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-5 bhiliyoni, ukususela ekuqaleni kokusekwa kweMhlaba ukuya eCambria. Ekuqaleni kwiplanethi yethu kwakungekho moya, akukho manzi, akukho nto, kungabi nemibhoshongwane.
Ubunzima kwaye engapheliyo, wagijima ngokukhawuleza ekujikelezeni kwayo. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuthi iKatarhei. Iibhiliyoni ezi-4 ezidlulileyo zatshintshwa nguArachaea, okwakubhalwe ngumbonakalo wemoya, nangona kunjalo, ngokukodwa ngaphandle kwe-oxygen. Ngelo xesha, kwavela iilwandle zokuqala, ezazisisombululo se-asidi-ityuwa. Kwiimeko ezibuhlungu, ubomi baqala. Isilwanyana esidlulileyo kakhulu seMhlaba siyi-cyanobacteria. Bahlala kwiikholoni, benza iifilimu okanye amatye ahlambulukileyo kwi-substrate. Imemori yazo - i-stromatolites yokubala.
Ukuqhubeka nophuhliso lobomi
I-Archaean yahlala iminyaka eyi-1.5 billion. I-Cyanobacteria yazalisa umoya nge-oksijini kwaye yanikezela ukubonakala kweentlobo zeentlobo zezilwanyana ezincinci, ngenxa yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo esinayo iifomiti zamaminerali.
Phantse i-540 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo iCambrian yaqala, ihlala iminyaka engama-55-56 yezigidi. Ixesha lakhe lokuqala li-Paleozoic. Igama lesiGrike lithetha "ubomi basendulo" ("paleozoic"). E-Paleozoi, yokuqala kunye kuphela
Izwekazi laseGondwana. Imozulu yayimfudumala, kufuphi ne-subtropical, eyona nto yayilungele ukuphuhliswa kobomi. Emva koko kwakukho emanzini. Abameli balo babengekho nje kuphela, kodwa nazo zonke iinkqubo ze-algae, i-polyps, i-corals, i-hydra, iipongue zasendulo kunye nezinye izinto. Ezi zilwanyana zasendulo zancincila ngokunyanisekileyo bonke abo babumba ama-stromatolites. Ngelo xesha, baqala ukuphuhlisa umhlaba.
Izityalo zasendulo
Kukholelwa ukuba owokuqala "umhlaba" kwisityalo. Ekuqaleni, lawa yayingu-algae yamanzi angatye aqhubela phambili. I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ithathwa njengezityalo zokuqala emhlabeni. Batshintshwa i-psilophytes. Babengenaso ingcambu, kodwa sele sele ikhona izicubu ezithwala amanzi kunye nezondlo ngokusebenzisa iiseli. Emva koko kwafika ama-horsetails, ama-mosses kunye nama-fern. Ngobukhulu, ezi zityalo zaziziimpawu ezinkulu, ezinokuphakama kwezindlu ezili-10. Emahlathini abo kwakubuhlungu kwaye buninzi. I-gymnosperms yokuqala ayizange ivela kwi-ferns, kodwa ivela kwi-fern-efana neyayisisiseko, i-bark, ingundoqo kunye nesithsaba. Ngexesha lokuqhawulwa kweentaba ze-gymnosperms zaphela. IiAngiosperms zavela kwiCretaceous period. Bakhulula kakhulu ookhokho - i-gymnosperms, ukuguqula ubuso beeplanethi kwaye babe yiqela elilawulayo.
Ukuphuma kwelanga lokuqala nokuqala kwelanga
Ukubonakala kwezityalo emhlabeni kubangele ukuvela nokuphuhliswa kwezinambuzane. Izilwanyana zasendulo zelizwe zi-arachnids, omele ummeli wesibhakabhaka. Kamva kubonakala izinambuzane ezinamaphiko, kunye nama-amphibians. Ekupheleni kwee-Paleozoic reptilians zilawulwa kumhlaba, obunemilinganiselo emangalisayo. Phakathi kwazo ziimitha ezi-mitha ezide zamaperaeazaurs, i-pelicosaurs ezakhulayo zibe ngamamitha ama-6.5, i-terapsids. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lwaluyinkalo eninzi kakhulu, eyayinamaqela kunye nabameli abancinci, kunye neziqhwala. Phantse iminyaka engama-252 yezigidi ezedlule, inhlekelele yemvelo yenzeke emhlabeni wonke, okubangelwa ukunyamalala ngokupheleleyo kwe-70% yazo zonke izilwanyana zasemhlabeni, i-96% yoluntu olwandle kunye nama-83% ezinambuzane. Kwenzeke kwixesha le-Perm. Zaphela ngePaleozoic kwaye zaqala ngeMesozoic. Kwaphela iminyaka eyi-185-186 yezigidi. KwiMesozoic yi-Triassic, i-Jurassic ne-Cretaceous. Izilwanyana zasendle kunye nezityalo ezasinda kuloo ntlekele zaqhubeka zikhula. Ukususela kwisiqingatha sesibini se-Triassic kuze kube sekupheleni kweMesozoic, izikhundla eziphambili zazihlala zizidinosaurs.
Nkosi yeDinosaurs
Ezi zihlambuluke zibalwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane zeentlobo, izidumbu zenyama zasendulo zinceda ukuseka nokuzifunda. I-dinosaur yokuqala ibonwa ngokuba yi-stryker, ubude bayo bomzimba obungaphantsi kwemitha, kwaye ubunzima bu malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30. Kamva, kwavela i-erorazaurus, eoraptor, plesiosaurus, tyrannosaurus nabanye. Bayiqonda kakuhle umhlaba, ulwandle lwasemhlabeni, lunyuka emoyeni. Ininzi edumileyo yepangolin ehambahambayo yi-pterodactyl. Kwakukho iintlobo ezininzi, ukusuka kwiintsana ubukhulu beentdlunkulu ukuya kwiziqhwaba ezinamaphiko ezi-12-13 zamitha. Badla iintlanzi, iinambuzane kunye nabanye abantu. Ngowe-1964, ngexesha lokucubungula, izidumbu zesidalwa esibizwa ngokuba yiDeinonych zafunyanwa. Kwakuyi-dinosaur yokuqala yegazi. Kuthiwa wayekhokho weentaka, kuba wayenentsiba.
Iidorasaurs ziyamangalisa izilwanyana zasendulo. Abaninzi babecinga ukuba banobuwula kwaye bebuqili, kodwa bebengakwazi nje ukubeka amaqanda, kodwa nokuba bahlale ngaphandle, banakekele abantwana babo, bakhusele baze bafundise abantwana babo. Kwaye abaculi be-pelicosaurs babengabazali bokuqala bezilwanyana zokuqala.
Ubukumkani bamaMfuyo
Phantse iminyaka engama-65 yezigidi ezedlulileyo, ekupheleni kweMesozoic, enye intlekele eyingozi yenzeke, ngenxa yoko yonke i-dinosaurs yafa. Kwakhona, ezininzi iintlobo zeellusks, izilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo kunye nezityalo ziye zaphela. Kwaye kwakhona ukufa kwabathile kwabangela ukuvela kunye nophuhliso lwabanye. Izilwanyana ezifudumalayo zinexesha elide liye laziqhelanisa kwaye zancinciza zonke izinto zendalo. Kwenzeke kwiCainozoic, eyathatha isikhundla seMesozoic. Kwixesha lakhe laseQuaternary, eqhubekayo ngoku, kwavela indoda. Izilwanyana zasendulo Izinto ezasinda kwiintlekele zemvelo zabhujiswa ngabantu basekuqaleni kwintloko yabantu kunye nendoda enengqiqo ekudlulileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngonyaka we-1500, zonke iintaka ze-moa zabulawa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 le-dodo, i-dodo, iholide, iihobe ezilahlekayo zaphela . Ngekhulu le-18, inkabi yokugqibela yabulawa . Ngomnyaka we-19, i-quagga yokugqibela efana ne-zebra yafa, kwaye nge-20 intsimi yaseTasmanian yafa. Kwaye le nto yincinci yincwadana ekhangayo.
Iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga
Zonke ezi zizilwanyana zachithelwa ngabakratshi. Nangona kunjalo, baninzi abantu abalungileyo kwihlabathi abanomdla wokulondoloza iintlobo ezikhoyo kwiMhlaba kunye nokwenza iindwendwe ngenjongo yokufumanisa ezintsha. Abathandekayo bakholelwa ukuba akukho zonke izidalwa zasendulo eziye zafa. Kukho ne-science-cryptozoology, ejongene neentlobo ezingaqhelekanga zeentlobo. Eyona edume kakhulu kubo yi-plesiosaur kaLoch Ness ne-Puerto Rican Chupacabra. Abakhohlisi abakholelwa ekukholeni kwabo, kodwa kungekudala akukho mntu ukholelwa ekubeni kukho i-okapi, i-pygmy hippopamamuses, intlanzi, intlanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezafunyanwa kwii-18-20 zeenkulungwane. Njengokuba kuqinisekiswa ukuba izinto ezitsha zifumene phambili, abantu bafumana amathambo angavamile okanye iziqwenga zemizimba yezidalwa ezingaziwa ezilindele inkcazo kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo.