Yintoni iphondo kwaye yintoni inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwamaphondo?

Okwangoku, bambalwa abantu abanokuthi yintoni na iphondo, kuba ulwahlulo lomhlaba luhluke. Oku kuthethwa ngamaxesha olawulo lwaseRashiya, i-RSFSR kunye ne-USSR.

Iinqununu eziphezulu zezolawulo-zentlukwano zommandla zibhekwa njengegubernias. Baye baqala ukususela ngo-1708 ukuya ku-1929 ngenxa yesakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwe-absolutist state. Ezi ngingqi zilawulwa ngabalawuli.

Ukutolika kwekota

Ukuze uphendule umbuzo woluphi uphondo, masibuyele kwi-etymology yegama. Igama elithi "iphondo" livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi "gubernator", oku kuthetha "umlawuli". NgoDisemba 29, 1708 UPeter Omkhulu wakhupha ummiselo malunga nokwahlukana koburhulumente kwiinqununu ezintsha zokuphatha-iphondo. Kuze kube lo nyaka, ubukhosi baseRashiya bunobubanzi bee-166. Ngaloo ndlela, amaphondo asibhozo awakhiwa.

Ngasentla sele sichazile ukuba igama elithi "gubernia" lithetha ntoni. Emva koko, cinga ngembali yembali yokuvela kwamacandelo amashishini ommandla ngokubanzi ngokubanzi.

Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kukaPetros

Ukudalwa kwamaphondo kwenziwe ngokuhambelana nommiselo wenkosi. Ukuqulunqwa kokuqala kwakulandelayo:

1. Iphondo laseMoscow: ummandla wesizwe samhlanje saseMoscow, iinxalenye ezinkulu zeTula, iVladimir, iKaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo, iRyazan.
2. Kwiphondo lase-Ingermanland (iminyaka emibini kamva yabizwa kwakhona iSt. Petersburg). Ekubunjweni kwayo kwakungummandla wanamhlanje weLeningrad, i-Novgorod, iTver, i-Pskov, i-Arkhangelsk, i-West Vologda, iindawo zaseYaroslavl kunye no-Karelia.
3. Arkhangelsk gubernia, equka iArkhangelsk, iMurom, iindawo zaseVologda, inxalenye yeKostroma, Karelia neKomi.
4. Kwiphondo laseKiev - iMalorossia, i-Belgorod neSevsky, inxalenye ye-Oryol, eBelgorod, eBryansk, eTula, Kaluga, naseKursk.
5. Isifunda saseSmolensk sasiquka indawo yangoku yeSmolensk, inxalenye yeengingqi zaseBryansk, eTver, Kaluga naseTula.
6. Kwiphondo laseKazan - isithili seVolga kunye neBashkiria, iVolga-Vyatka, inxalenye yeTambov, iPenza, Perm, iIvanovo kunye neKostroma, inxalenye esenyakatho yeDagestan neKalmykia.
7. I-Azov ifaka inxalenye yeTula, iOrel, iRyazan, iKursk, iBelgorod, yonke iVoronezh, iRostov, iTambov, inxalenye yeeKharkov, iLugansk, iDonetsk kunye nePenza.
8. Kwiphondo laseSiberia - iSiberia, uninzi lwee-Urals, kwingingqi yaseKrov kunye nenxalenye yeKhablikhi yaseKomi.

Okuthakazelisayo, ekupheleni kwe-1719 amaphondo ayeba lishumi elinanye. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiprovinsi zaseNizhny Novgorod, iAstrakhan kunye neRiga zabiwe. KwiNtloko yeeyunithi zaye yiGavana-Jikelele, kwaye isabelo ngasinye samaphondo sasiqhutywa yi-Landrat.

Ulwahlulo lwesibini lwezolawulo lwamaphondo (Ulungiso lwesibini lukaPeter Omkhulu)

Inguqu yesibini yenzeka ngo-1719, ngoMeyi 29. Kwinqanaba lawo amaphondo ahlukaniswe ngamaphondo aholwa yi-voivode, kwaye amaphondo, ngokwawo, ahlulwe kwizithili kunye nabalawuli be-commstars commissars. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakukho amaphondo angama-47 akha ingxenye yamaphondo angama-9, ngaphandle kweRevel (ngoku iTallinn) kunye ne-Astrakhan (abazange bahlukane zibe yiindawo). Amaxwebhu aloo xesha achazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba liphi iphondo, kwaye liphi na amagunya awenzayo.

Ukuguqulwa koLawulo lwesithathu

Ziziphi iiphondo kwixesha elizayo? Ngenkqubela yesithathu yokulawula, izithili zazisuswa kwaye iibalo zaphinde zaphinda zaphinda zenziwe. Ngenxa yoko, kwavela amabala angama-250 ekwakheni amaphondo angama-14. Yakha iBelgorod neNovogorod gubernias, iinqununu zakhokelwa yienkokheli ze-azizd.

Konke okufanayo, ubukhosi bendawo baxinzelele kumandla we-tsarist, ukuze bazive bengabamakhosi bamazwe. Isakhiwo solawulo sagcina sisisigxina ixesha elide, kwaye ukuba iiyunithi ezintsha zavela, ngoko ngeendleko zemimandla efumanekayo. Ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha 1775, umbuso waseRashiya wawuquka amaphondo angama-23, amaphondo angama-62, amabandla angama-276.

Ukuguqulwa kweCatherine Catherine

Isimiselo sikaCatherine ngoNovemba 7, 1775, satsho ukuba kwakudingeka ukuhlukanisa imimandla yolawulo karhulumente. Ukudalwa kwamaphondo kuyeka, kwaye inani labo liyehlile, amaphondo asuswe kwaye umgaqo wokwakhiwa kwamabhunga utshintshile. Into ebalulekileyo kukuba i-county kufuneka ibe ngabantu abangama-20 ukuya ku-30, kwaye kwiphondo-malunga nama-300-400 amawaka.

Kwakhona injongo yokuguqulwa kwaba kukuqiniswa kwamandla emva kokuhlasela kukaEmelian Pugachev. Abalawuli kunye noorhulumente bathunyelwe kumphathi weshutshisi, ophethwe ngumtshutshisi-jikelele, kunye ne-Senate.

Ekupheleni kokulawula kukaCatherine II , amaphondo ama-48, i-2 gubernias, i-1 oblast kunye neendawo zeDonskoy Kazakov ziyingxenye yaseRashiya. Igosa-jikelele liqeshwe i-empress, iinqununu zalawulwa ngabaphathi bamapolisa. Kuze kube ngu-1796, ukudalwa kweerhuluneli ezintsha kubangelwa ukuhlonyelwa kwemimandla.

Kwangexesha elide umbuzo weliphi iphondo kwaye kutheni lenziwe lingavelwanga phakathi kwabantu. Ukubonakala kweeyunithi ezintsha zolawulo kwahlala kungabonakali.

Ukuguqulwa kukaPawulos noAlexander I

Ukubunjwa kwamaphondo ngexesha lokulawula kukaPawulos ndangenxa yokutshintshwa kwamagama olawulo lweendawo. Ngethuba lokulungiswa ngo-1776 kwakukho ukwandiswa: ukulawula ngokusemthethweni kwaba ngamaphondo, kwimimandla apho kwakukho amathuba okuhlaselwa okanye ukuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe, igosa-jikelele lihlala phantsi.

Inkqubo yolawulo yamaphondo phantsi kokulawula kukaAlexander I ayitshintshi, kodwa kwithuba elisusela ngo-1801 ukuya ku-1802 iindawo eziphelisweyo zabuyiselwa.

Makhe siqwalasele ukuba yeyiphi na amaphondo aseli xesha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukwahlukana kwamacandelo emimandla kumaqela amabini: kwiNgxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia kukho i-gubernia inhlangano ehleliyo (equkethe ama-51 gubernias), ngoxa i-outskirts inkqubo yerhuluneli jikelele-ulawulo (i-3 gubernias kuphela). Kwezinye iindawo - iKuban, Ural, iZabaikalsk, uDon, iTersk - abalawuli babekanye kunye namanans of Cossack. Ngo-1816, kwakukho iirhuluneli ezili-12, ezinokubunjwa kwamaphondo ama-3-5.

Ukusuka kweli phondo ukuya kummandla

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, iindawo ezingama-20 zenziwe - ezi ziyunithi zolawulo ezifana namaphondo. Igama elithi "ummandla", ngokungafani neli "phondo" lwamazwe aphesheya, ngokuqinisekileyo liSlavonic elidala, kwaye lithetha ukuba "lilandelwe" (ilifa).

Imimandla yafumaneka kwimimandla eyahlukana namanye amazwe, babengenayo i-Duma yabo kwaye yaphulwa kwamanye amalungelo, alawulwa ngabalawuli bezempi kunye nxalenye yengqungquthela enkulu. I-apparatus ye-self-government yendawo yayilula kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwirhuluneli ngokwabo kwanda.

Umphathi-jikelele wekota-eRussia - A.D. UMenshikov - wathatha isikhundla ngo-1703.

Ukubunjwa kolawulo ngo-1914

Ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhulu lemashumi mabini, izixhobo zephondo zazinamandla okulawulwa kwendawo. Ukususela ngo-1907 ukuya ku-1910, ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwe- Stolypin, iBhunga le-Nobility Union ladalwa.

URhulumente oNgezelelweyo ugcine amaqela ephondo, aphethwe yi-commissars yephondo, kunye nee-counties - ngawase-county. Ngelo xesha, inkqubo yeeSoviet yakhiwa ngokuchasene noRhulumente wexesha eliqhelekileyo.

Ixesha lamaSoviet

Ulwahlulo lwangaphambili lwephondo lwaluqhubeka ixesha elithile emva kokuguqulwa ngo-Oktobha 1917, kodwa lwasekwa yikomiti yolawulo. Ikomidi elilawulayo, elikhethwe kwintlanganiso yephondo yamaSoviet.

Ekupheleni kwe-1918 kwakukho amaphondo angama-78 kwiphondo, kwaye ukuya ku-1920, i-25 yawo yajoyina i-Finland, iPoland ne-Baltic. Ukususela ngo-1920 ukuya ku-1923. Iiyunithi ezintsha zokuzimela zibonakala kwintsimi ye-RSFSR-iphondo elitsha lwakhiwa minyaka yonke.

Ukubunjwa kwatshintshwa rhoqo, kodwa ngenxa yokuguqulwa kowe-1929, amaphondo ekugqibeleni ayanyamalala, imimandla kunye nemimandla yabonakala, kwaye nazo zaquka izithili, izithili, amabhunga asezidolophini, esiya kuzigcina namhlanje.

Ekugqibeleni

Kwinqaku esiyibhale ukuba yimaphi amaphondo ayenziwa kwintsimi yaseRashiya. Ukongezelela, sihlolisise iingcamango eziphambili kunye nembali yokuvela kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo okulawula indawo.