Iokhokho zasendulo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlobene. Ukuguquka kwehashe

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, enye yezilwanyana ezibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwalabo abaye basekhaya bahamba ngehashe. Ngaphandle kwayo, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ezininzi iziganeko ezivela kwimbali yethu kwimpucuko: ukufuduka kwezizwe, ukulwa okukhulu kunye nokulwa kwamazwe onke ... Kakade, ukuhlaliswa kwesi silwanyana kwakungekho kwiminyaka embalwa, kwaye ookhokho basendulo behashe basinika "inguqulelo" yanamhlanje inzala yabo .

Ngendlela, babengubani, abo bobawo? Ukuba phantse wonke umntu uyazi malunga namahashe, ngoko esi sihloko asingaziwa. Ukuze silungise le ntlukwano engeyiyo, siyilungise le nqaku.

UHirakotery, iminyaka eyi-54-38 yezigidi edlulileyo

Eli xesha li-Eocene. Ngaloo xesha, ilungu elidala lomndeni wamahashe lahamba kunye noMhlaba. Phantse indawo yonke yomhlaba ihlanganiswe namahlathi atyhulayo, abemi abaninzi abaye bafaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo. Izilwanyana ngelo xesha zazikho, kodwa zikhetha ukuba zincinci kwaye ziziphathe ngokuthula njengoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye indawo yokukhusela ishiye kuphela ukuqala kobusuku.

Ookhokho basendulo bebhashe, i-girakoterii, bekunjalo nje izilwanyana ezinamahloni. Ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka kuthathelwe ukuba izazinzulu zanamhlanje zikhokho zamahashe ezi zilwanyana zibhekwa nje kuphela. Okokuqala, ibhekisela kwintsapho yasendulo yasePalaeotheria, eyanikela ookhokho nje ngamahhashi anamhlanje kuphela, kodwa ne-bronteroty ende engapheliyo. Okwesibini, lesi silwanyana sasinama-cmenti angama-20 ekuhleni, kwaye kwakungenamaqhezu emilenzeni. Ngamafutshane, wayenomdla ongaqhelekanga weekati kunamahashe.

Kwaye kwakufanelekile: ookhokho abadala bebhashe bafana neyabo inzala kuphela kuba babeyintombi. Kodwa! Bondla kuphela amaqabunga amancinci amancinci, kuba utshani kwiindawo ezikude kumhlaba wehlabathi. Kuzo zonke ezinye izizathu, bebonke abemi behlathi, abangazange babe nekhosi kwi-steppe. Yona yindlela yokuqhaqhafaza - oyisekho endala kunabo bonke behashe.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugxininisa kwakhona ukuba wayengenayo nayiphi na impawu yoluhlobo lwangoku. Kwinqanaba elithile, i-girakotheria inokuqwalaselwa njengabo okhokho benani elikhulu lezilwanyana, eninzi esingabaziyo ngaphambili. Khawucinge nje: ekuqaleni kwePleistocene, izilwanyana ezimbalwa ezihlambulukileyo zibalwa ngaphezu kweengu-200, kwaye oku (kula maxesha) kwakukude nomda!

Kwimeko efanayo kwagqalwa kunye nama-equinohaire. Namhlanje kukho iintlobo ezili-10 kwihlabathi, ngeli xesha, ukuba inani labo lingaba likhulu leentlobo zeentlobo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-subspecies!

IMesogippus, iminyaka eyi-40-32 yezigidi edlulileyo

Esi silwanyana sinokujongwa njengento efana nehashe. Xa kubunzima, i-mesohippus sele ikhulile ibe yi-60 cm, kwaye emilenzeni yakhe yayineminwe emithathu nje, eliphakathi lide lide kakhulu kwaye likhulu kunezinye ezimbini.

Kodwa kuphela ukuba ukhangele isakhiwo sekhanga kunye namazinyo, kuvela ukuba phambi kwethu - isilwanyana esiqhelekileyo , sisondla ngokucatshulwa ngamahlamvu kunye namahlamvu amancinci. Akayidingi ingca ngokukodwa. Izinguqu ezibalulekileyo ekubonakala kwazo zidibene neemeko ezihlala zitshintshileyo: ukuba i-hirakotri yayihlala emahlathini azinzileyo kunye nokhuselo, i-mesohippus sele isele ihambele kwihlathi elincinane.

Izikhala zikhulu kakhulu, inani leentshaba liye landa. Ngako oko, aba okhokho bamandulo baqhutyelwa ukuba baphumelele, ukwenzela ukuba bangabikho njengento yokubhabisa itafile yomnye umntu. Ngombulelo, bathe baqala ukuba ne-atrophy iminwe eminwe, eye yathintela ukunyakaza okukhawulezayo emhlabeni, inkqubo yokugaya yaba yinyani kwaye yandisa ubude bayo, kwaye amazinyo aqina kwaye amfutshane.

Asinakulibala malunga neentlobo ze-bronotothers ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ezizizilwanyana ezinkulu kakhulu eziye zahlala emhlabeni. Ngokungafani na "amahashe" aloo xesha, ezi zilwanyana zinjengeenkwenkwezi zanamhlanje kwixesha elide kwaye, ngokudlulayo kweeminyaka-ntsuku, zaba zikhulu kwaye zininzi. Ngendlela, babenentonga eentloko zabo, kodwa, ngokungafani nama-rhinoceros (kwiphondo le- rhinoceros livela kwesikhumba), yayisithambo.

Ekupheleni kwe-Oligocene kwimeko yemozulu, utshintsho aluzange lube mnandi kakhulu kubemi behlabathi: lwaba lukhuni, amahlathi anamaqabunga amancinci abe ncinane. I-giant and gluttonous bronotia yafa nje yindlala, kodwa imbali yamahashe ngelo xesha yayiqala nje. Baye baqala ngokungafaniyo, amatsha amatsha aguqukayo. Enyanisweni, abaninzi babo bafa, kodwa ezinye zazinikela kwizilwanyana ezazisinda kwizigidi zeminyaka.

IMyoippus, iminyaka engama-36-24 yezigidi edlulileyo

I-Mesogippuses yafa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye i-myogippus yatshintsha. Ngelo xesha, ngokokuqala ngqa, izikhala ezivulekileyo kakhulu zavela (njengama-prairies anamhlanje), kodwa ngelo xesha iifama ezinkulu zagcinwa, ezi zizisebenzisayo ngokupheleleyo. Ngenye yezilwanyana ezidliwayo, eziye zathi zimbini ezihlukeneyo ezihlukeneyo, ihlathi kunye neentaba. Kancinci, i-subspecies yehlathi yafudukela kwimimandla yaseNyakatho Melika, apho i-anteromist yavela khona. Kodwa okwenene amahashe amandulo aloo xesha ahlukahlukeneyo.

Uhlobo oluphambili oluvela kwi-mesohippus kwakungekho kuphela iminwe kodwa amazinyo ayomelezwa kwi-myogippus. Baqina ngakumbi kwaye banzima. Isixhobo esihle sokugaya ixabiso elincinci lentsha. Ngendlela, kwakukho ukulungelelanisa ukutya ukutya okunzima kunye nokunganelanga okwenzela ookhokho bamahhashi inkonzo enhle ekuqaleni kwe-snap ebushushu behlabathi. Iintlobo ezithandayo iqabunga elincinci kunye namagatsha amancinci emithi yafa ngamanani amaninzi.

Ankhitheriya, "inzala". 24-5 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo

Ngoko ngubani owayengumhlobo ofanayo ukusuka ehlathini "inguqulelo" ye-myogippus? Uninzi lwazo zonke, lalifana ne-mesohippus, eyayibonakala iphelelwe yinto yokuphela kwayo: i-naga yayo yayineeminwe emithathu, yondliwa ngamasebe kunye namahlamvu. Njengoko unokuqiqa, ukuguquka kwehashe kwimeko yakhe iphelile: ukhokho walezi zilwanyana kwifom yangomhla, akazange akwenze.

I-Paragipus, i-24-17 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo

Ngokubanzi, i-paraghippus yayiyikhumbuza kakhulu loo mahashe anamhlanje, okhokho bakhe. Kwi "arsenal" yakhe kwakukho imilenze entsha kunye namazinyo. Ngokuchanekileyo, abazange baninzi ngokutsha, kuphuculwe kakhulu. Lesi silwanyana saqalisa ukuqala ukusebenza kuyo yonke indawo yonyawo, oko kukuthi kwiminwe yayo emfutshane, eneenkomfa.

Inyaniso kukuba emahlathini aseMiocene yaba yincinci, kodwa inani lee-steppes ezigqityiweyo zityalo ezinxilisayo zanda ngokukhawuleza. Ngako oko, kwakungekho nendawo yokuhlala kuyo yonke indawo, ngoko ke ookhokho bamahashe kwafuneka aqhube ngakumbi.

Nantsi kubalulekile ukwenza ukunyanzelisa. Imbali yamahashe iyazibona iimeko ezininzi malunga nendlela abahamba ngayo ngelo xesha bahamba ngenye indlela. Kuthe malunga ne tapipi. Baye kude nabo (amahashe) ookhokho, abakhetha ukuhamba kunye nehlathi lokubuyela, kunye nokungahambisani neemeko ezinzima zama-steppes.

Merikhippus, iminyaka eyi-17-11 yezigidi edlulileyo

UMerikhippus ngeendlela ezininzi wayefana neparaghippus. Kwamahlombe le "ihashe elinesibini" sele lifikile kwimitha, kwaye ezinyaweni zakhe zazinamaqhekeza. Amazinyo ale silwanyana ayefanelekile ukuba adle utshani, kodwa angabi ngamahlamvu, njengezihlobo zawo ezininzi.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngaloo mihla ihlathi laqala ukuhlaziywa kancane kancane. Ngokwemfundiso, uMerikhippus wayengaphinda abe ngumhlali wehlathi, ehamba ngokulula ukuvuna amahlamvu. Kuphela emahlathini kwakukho i-myogippuses kunye ne-anchyteres, kwaye ngoko ke indawo yokutya yayiphethwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ookhokho bamahhashi kunye nezilwanyana ezihlobene nabo babehlala besesigxina sezinto eziphilayo, kuba besetyenziselwa ukutya okufanayo.

Kungenzeka ukuba kwimeko yokubuyela ngokugcwele kwamahlathi kwiplanethi yethu, namhlanje kuya kuba yinzala ye-Anchitis kunye nabanye abemi behlathi, kodwa imozulu yaqhubeka ikhula ngamandla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwakunjani, kodwa kwiintlanga, apho okhokhokazi bekare bekadala bevela khona, ngokuqinisekileyo akukho mntu ubuyisele (ngezinye iimeko ngaphandle kwalo mgaqo esathetha ngasentla).

Hipparion, iminyaka eyi-15-2 yezigidi edlulileyo

Ezi zilwanyana zibalwa malunga neentsholongwane ezingama-20, kwaye zazingabokuqala ukuba ziqwalaselwe njengeihashe ezinyani, ngaphandle kokuzigcina ezikhethekileyo. Uninzi lwabo bonke babebukeka njengamahashe anamhlanje, babe malunga nobukhulu obufanayo. Ngeenyawo zabo zahlala ziyiminwe yesithathu neyesine, kodwa kuphela kwindlela yokwenza iindawo ezikhohlakeleyo. Aba ngaba okhokho beenkozo. Ezi ngamahashe zinokuthi zithathwe ngokufanelekileyo ngempumelelo kwimbonakalo yezinto eziphilayo.

Ezi zityalo zahlala phantse kuwo wonke umhlaba. Imfihlelo eyintloko ye-paleontologists yizona zizathu zokuphela kwazo. Kwakuyimpumelelo ephezulu kakhulu, ichaneke ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko zokuhlala kwayo. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa (kwaye zikholelwa) ukuba isebe eliphambili lezilwanyana ezingenangqiqo lizithe ngqo ezi zilwanyana, ngelixa i-horse yezinto ezenzeke ngayo yayisesekondari. Ngokomgaqo, akukho zizathu ezicacileyo ezivunyelweneyo malunga nezizathu zokuphela kwazo kuze kube namhlanje. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwe kuzo zonke iinguqu ezifanayo zemozulu.

Pliogippus, iminyaka eyi-12-5 yezigidi edlulileyo

Kwaye ngoku siza kuqwalasela isebe eliphelileyo lokufa ekuphuhlisweni kwentsapho-pliogippus. Kwaphela ixesha elide kwakukholelwa ukuba nguye oyinyaniso, okhokho babo bonke amahashe anamhlanje. Kodwa kamva i-paleontologists kunye neengcali zezinto eziphilayo babecinga ukuba isakhiwo sekhanga lakhe sasihluke kakhulu kwihashe.

Nangona kunjalo, bekungekho mpazamo ethile: emva koko, le nkomo yayiyinzala ngqo kaMerikhippus, njengoko kwakunjalo ngama-hypparions. Kungenzeka ukuba, iipliogippuses zazinjani uhlobo lwenguqu phakathi kwehlathi kunye nabameli beentsapho. Ngexesha apho imozulu yayingqinelana kwaye ilula, ihamba ngokulula kunye nomntu wonke, kodwa ke ukupholisa kwaqhubeka, kwaye olu hlobo alukwazanga ukuma ukhuphiswano kunye neentsapho zazo ezikhethekileyo.

Mhlawumbi, kwakukho ngaloo mihla (malunga nezigidi ezi-2 kwiminyaka edlulileyo) ukuba ootata bethu "basendle" kunye namahashe asendle bahlangana kuqala. Kucingeka ukuba le ntlanganiso yayisisigxina kuphela. Ngaloo minyaka, iAustralopitheki yayihlala kwihlabathi, kwaye kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba banomdla wokukhwela amahashe.

5 million - 8,000 kwiminyaka edlulileyo

Ngaba ucinga ukuba ekuqaleni kweehayile zanamhlanje zisePleistocene zasinda ngokupheleleyo "amadoda amadala" ebusweni bee-hypparions kunye ne-astrogippus? Akunjalo. Ngaloo xesha, kwakukho iindiza ezingaphezulu kunye neentsimbi ezinamabala angenawo amaqabane amahashe ayengazange abe nolwalamano oluhle kakhulu, ekubeni basebenzisa isiseko sokutya esifanayo.

Ukongezelela, ngelo xesha eMzantsi Melika, iifom zexesha elidala kunye nezobudala zazingalondolozwayo, eziye kwezinye iindawo zazide zifile. Kodwa ke kwakuyixesha le-Pleistocene, kwaye elinye ixesha leqabunga lafika emhlabeni. Zininzi iintlobo ezibonakalayo (njenge-elasmotheria), ezinokuthi zibekho kuphela kwiimeko ezinzima zelo mozulu. Oososayensi namhlanje bayavuma ukuba ukuphela kwezilwanyana ezinjalo akubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, kodwa kubangelwa izizathu zendalo.

Kodwa emva koko, sichaza imbali yokubonakala kwamahashe. Kwenzeka njani konke oku? Inyaniso kukuba ngenxa yokupholisa okubukhali, iindidi ezindala (ierikhippus) ekugqibeleni zafa ngokuqinisekileyo, ngoko ke ookhokho bala mahashe "banenkululeko epheleleyo yokuthatha isenzo", baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokuzeleyo kwaye bafake izikhala ezintsha.

Iiminyaka ezigidi ezine ezidlulileyo - iintsuku zethu

Kakade, zonke iintlobo ze-archaic azizange ziphele ngexesha elilodwa. Ngoko ke, i-pliogippus yalala naneminyaka emihlanu kuphela edlulileyo, ngoko kwimbali yengxelo yokuba bahlala malunga nezolo.

Ukususela nangona i-Australopithecus yabonakala kungekudala kunezigidi ezi-3 zeminyaka edlulileyo, abantu ekuphelisweni kwabo abayikusola. Okokuqala, iplanethi yaba nzima. Okwesibini, izilwanyana zase-artiodactyl zavela kwindawo , indlela yokutya yokutya eyayininzi ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngendlela, isizathu sokupheliswa kwamammoth amaninzi kukutya okufanayo, kungekhona indoda eneentambo zakhe zokuqala. Ukungabikho kokutya kwenza amahashe amandulo "aqhube" kwaye aphinda, kwaye ezininzi zeentlobo zawo zaphela nje.

Amahhashi ngaloo mihla sele sele efumene ukubukeka kwangoku kunye neempawu zobunjani bendawo yangaphakathi. Imozulu yanda ngakumbi kwaye iyancipha, ngoko ke yaqala ukuhlala kwiindawo ezinkulu. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kweehashe kulandele indlela ye-atrophy yezinto eziseleyo zeminwe yesithathu neyesine, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwendlela yokuxhamla. Namhlanje ukuguqulwa kwezi ntlobo akuzange kumise, kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu ngempembelelo kwinkqubo yomntu.

Indlela yokwazi indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo ukubukeka kwamahashe ukuba besaphila kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye neendlela zehlabathi, apho umntu engabonakali khona!