Isikhathi Soviet: iminyaka, imbali. Umfanekiso wexesha lamaSoviet

Ixesha lamaSoviet lilandelelana ixesha elivela ekufikeni kwamandla eBolsheviks ngowe-1917 kwada kwawa ukuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991. Kwamashumi eminyaka, urhulumente wamisela inkqubo yentlalo-ntlalo kwaye ngelixa elifanayo, kwenziwa umzamo wokuseka ubukhomishini. Kwimimandla yamazwe ngamazwe, i-USSR yahokelwa yinkampu yentlalo yamazwe abuye athatha inkqubo ekwakhiweni kobuKomanisi.

Iminyaka yokuqala yokuqala yamandla aseSoviet

Ukufika kwamandla eBolsheviks kunye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezinto ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye neenkcubeko zoluntu zatshintshe ngokupheleleyo ubuso bobukhosi baseRashiya baseYurophu. Okubizwa ngokuba ngumlawuli wobuqhetseba be-proletariat kwaholela ekulawuleni ngokupheleleyo kweqela elinye, izigqibo ezingazange zithintele.

Izwe livelise ukuveliswa kwemveliso kunye nokuvinjelwa kwipropati enkulu yabucala. Ngexesha elifanayo, ngexesha lamaSoviet ngo-1920, inkqubo entsha yezoqoqosho (NEP) yenziwa , eyabangela ukuvuselelwa ngokuthe ngqo kworhwebo kunye nemveliso. Ifoto yeSoviet-ye-1920s iyona mthombo obalaseleyo kwimbali yexesha eliphantsi kokuhlaziywa, njengoko kubonisa ukuba utshintsho olunzulu olwenziwe kuluntu ukususela ekupheleni kolawulo lwaseRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, eli xesha alizange lihlale ixesha elide: ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi iqela libeka ikhosi yokuphambili kwezoqoqosho.

Ekuqaleni kobukho balo, urhulumente wayeqwalasele kakhulu ingcamango. Iiprogram zemfundo yeqela zijolise ekubunjweni komntu omtsha kwixesha lamaSoviet. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide ukuya kuma-1930, ke, linokuthathwa njengengxeshana yenkqubela, ukususela ngoko inkululeko ihlale kuluntu: umzekelo, iingxoxo zesayensi, ubugcisa kunye neencwadi zavunyelwa.

I-Epoch yeStalinism

Ukususela ngowe-1930, inkqubo yolawulo lwamaqhinga yagqitywa kwelizwe. Ubuqhetseba buntu, umgaqo opheleleyo weQumrhu lamaKomanisi, ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokukhuphisana, iinjongo zezenhlalakahle zizinto eziphambili zexesha. Kwimihlaba yezopolitiko, ukulawulwa komntu ngamnye kukaStalin kwasungulwa, igunya lakhe lingenakuphikiswa, kwaye izigqibo zazingekho phantsi kwengxoxo okanye ngaphezulu.

Kwizoqoqosho, kukho kwakhona utshintsho olusisiseko lwaba uphawu lwezithonjana kwixesha lamaSoviet. Iminyaka yokukhupha nokuqhutyelwa kwezinto yabakhokelela ekudalweni kwe-USSR yemveliso yamashishini amakhulu, ukuphuhliswa okukhawulezileyo okuye kwacaca ngokuyinqobe kwiNtshontsho enkulu yePatriotic kwaye kwazisa ilizwe kwizinga legunya eliphambili lehlabathi. Iifoto zeSoviet-zama-1930 zibonisa impumelelo ekuveleni ishishini elinzima kweli lizwe. Kodwa ngelo xesha, ezolimo, idolophana kunye nedolophana bebuthathaka kwaye bafuna ukuguqulwa okukhulu.

ISoviet Union ngo-1950-1960

Emva kokufa kukaStal ngo-1953, isidingo sokuguquka kuzo zonke iindawo zomphakathi saba sobala. Isikhathi saseSoviet kule minyaka elishumi singena kwisayensi yembali ebizwa ngokuthi "Thaw". KwiNgqungquthela yamaTytieth Party ngoFebruwari 1956, ubuqu bobuqili bukaStalin bebunqunywe , kwaye oku kubonakalisa ukuguqulwa okukhulu.

Ukubuyiselwa okubanzi kwenzelwe abo babandezeleka ngexesha lobunzima bokunyanzeliswa. Amandla angena amandla ekulawuleni uqoqosho. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1957 iinkonzo zorhwebo zatshatyalaliswa kwaye amasebe emimandla yendawo yokulawula imveliso yamiselwa endaweni yoko. Amabhunga oqoqosho lwelizwe kunye neekomiti zombuso zolawulo lwezo shishino zaqala ukusebenza ngokusebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukulungiswa kwexesha kwanikezela i-short-term effect kwaye kwandula kwandisa ingxabano yokulawula.

Kwizolimo, urhulumente uthathe amanyathelo amanyathelo okwandisa umkhiqizo walo (ukuxhamla kwetyala kwiifama ezihlangeneyo, ukuxhaswa kwezimali, ukuphuhliswa komhlaba ontombi). Ngelo xesha, ukuhlanjululwa kwe-MTS, ukuhlwayelwa kweefama ezingenakulungelelaniswa, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweefama ezihlangeneyo kuye kwabachaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwelali. Ixesha lamaSoviet lika-1950 - isiqingatha sokuqala sama-1960 sasiyixesha lokuphucula ubomi boluntu baseSoviet, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo lityhila inani leengxaki ezintsha.

USSR kwiminyaka ye-1970-1980

IBhodi yeLI UBrzhnev yaphawulwa ngamatshintsho amatsha kwimigangatho yezolimo kunye noshishino loqoqosho. Abasemagunyeni baphinde babuyela kumgaqo wecandelo lolawulo lwezorhwebo, nangona kunjalo, benza iinguqu ezithile kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Amashishini adluliselwe kwi-self-financing, umsebenzi wabo wezoqoqosho wawuhlolwe ngoku kungengokugqithisileyo kodwa ngokuthengisa. Lo mqathango wukunyusa umdla wabakhiqizi abaqinileyo ekunyuseni nasekuphuculeni imveliso.

Kwakhona, ukusuka kwiimali ezivela kwingeniso yabucala, iimali zokukhuthaza i-economic zenziwe. Ukongezelela, izixhobo zokuthengisa ngokubanzi zenziwa. Nangona kunjalo, olu lungiso aluzange luchaphazele izinto ezisemgangathweni zoqoqosho lwe-USSR kwaye ngoko ke lunike kuphela umphumo wesikhashana. Izwe laqhubeka likhona ngeendleko zeendlela eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kwaye zixhaswe emva kwezinto zesayensi kunye nezobugcisa ezivela kumazwe athuthukileyo aseNtshona Yurophu naseMerika.

Urhulumente ngo-1980-1990

Ngexesha leminyaka ye-perestroika, kwenziwa umzamo omkhulu wokuguqula uqoqosho lweSoviet Union. Ngowe-1985, urhulumente wathatha ikhosi yokukhawulezisa uphuhliso loqoqosho. Ugxininiso oluphambili lwenziwa lugqithiso lwenzululwazi nokuphuculwa kobugcisa. Injongo yokuguqulwa kwakukufezekisa umgangatho wehlabathi loqoqosho. Okuphambili - ukuphuculwa kobunjineli basekhaya, apho kutyalwe khona imali enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, inzame yokuguqula uqoqosho ngomyalelo kunye nemilinganiselo yolawulo yahluleka.

Uninzi lweenguqulelo lwezopolitiko lwenziwa, ngokukodwa, urhulumente wawususa umyalelo weqela, wazisa inkqubo ephakamileyo yamandla omthetho kweli lizwe. IBhunga eliPhezulu libe yiphalamende esebenza ngokusisigxina, isikhundla somongameli we-USSR samkelwe, inkululeko yentando yesininzi yamenyezelwa. Ngelo xesha, urhulumente wazisa umgaqo we-glasnost, oko kukuthi, ukuvuleka nokufikeleleka kolwazi. Nangona kunjalo, inzame yokuguqula inkqubo elawulwayo yolawulo kunye neyomyalelo yaphela ekungaphumeleli kwaye yakhokelela kwingxaki enkulu ebantwini, eyona sizathu sokuwa kweSoviet Union.

Ixesha lamaSoviet kwimbali yekhaya kunye nehlabathi

Ixesha elivela ngo-1917-1991 liphela lixesha elingengenxa kuphela yeRashiya, kodwa ihlabathi lonke. Ilizwe lethu liye lafumana ingxubusho yangaphakathi nangaphandle, kwaye nangona le nto yaba yinye yamandla aphezulu kwixesha lamaSoviet. Imbali yale minyaka eminyaka yathintela indlela yezopolitiko yeYurophu kuphela, apho inkampu yentlalo yoluntu yenziwa phantsi kobunkokheli be-USSR, kodwa nakwiziganeko kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngoko akumangalisi ukuba le meko yamaSoviet inomdla kubaphenyi basekhaya nabangaphandle.