I-Hammurabi Code: imithetho eyisiseko, inkcazo nembali. Ikhowudi yeMithetho kaMambo Hammurabi

Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, uluntu luye lwafuna ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabemi bayo, amalungelo abo kunye noxanduva lwabo, isimo sezenhlalakahle kunye nesimo. Ikhowudi yemithetho endala kunazo zonke i-Code Hammurabi, ihlanganiswe kwiminyaka eyi-4 eyadlulayo. Olu xwebhu lomthetho, olungenalo iifanekiso kwixesha elidlulileyo, luchukumisa abaphandi.

Ukufunyanwa okuyingqayizivele

Ikhowudi yomthetho kaMammurabi yafunyanwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwintsimi ye-Iran yanamhlanje.

Ngomnyaka we-1901 iqela labavubukuli baseFransi, phantsi kobunkokheli bakaJacques de Morgan, baqhube i-Susa. Ngaloo mihla yaseMesopotamiya yakudala yayingummandla kaElam - umxhasi weBhabhiloni lasendulo.

Le thumela yafumana iinqanawa ezintathu zekholomu ye-basalt ngokuphakama kweemitha ezingaphezu kwama-2. Xa bexhunyiwe, kwacaca ukuba oku kuyilona ekhethekileyo. Kuphezulu kwesola kwakuwumfanekiso wenkosi okanye umbusi othetha noothixo uShamash, owayephethe into efanayo nomqulu. Ngaphantsi kohlobo kunye nasemva kwe-stele kwakukho imiqondiso yeempuniform.

Mhlawumbi, ama-Elamu anjengeemfazwe kwelinye lamarhafa abo athatha ihabheli eBhabheli aze alethwa kuElam. Abahlaseli, baninzi, kwaye bawaphula, emva kokuqhawula imigca yokuqala yokubhalisa.

Ikholomu ye-basalt yathunyelwa eLouvre, apho kubhalwe khona umbhalo kunye nokuguqulelwa nguprofesa we-Asriyology J.-V. Sheil. Le ya yikhowudi yekosi yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi, eneenkcukacha zeemithetho. Kamva, amanqaku atshabalalisiwe abuye abuyiselwe kwiirekhodi kwiiphilisi zodongwe, kubandakanywa kwilayibrari kaAsbanibanipal, efumaneka eNineve yasendulo.

EBhabhiloni iminyaka engama-18 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu

Ukuqoqwa kwemithetho kaMammurabi ingabizwa ngokuba yinto ephakamileyo yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo weemveli zasendulo. Yadalwa ngolo suku lwebukumkani baseBabiloni kwiklasi yeshumi elinesibhozo BC. E. Kwakuyimpembelelo yezo zihlandlo ngegunya elinamandla, nangona lilinganiselwe, ubukhosi. Kucingwa ukuba ngumkhonzi wobukumkani obukhulu, ukumkani wabusa ngokubambisana nabafundisi, kwaye izenzo zakhe, kunye nokuziphatha kwanoma yimuphi ummi waseBhabhiloni, yayilawulwa yimithetho. Oku kubonisa ikhowudi yeHammurabi, enamaphepha alo anikezelwe amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi yabemi.

Isiseko soqoqosho lweBhabhiloni lasendulo kwakuyizolimo, kwaye umsebenzi womlawuli wawuwukulawula imeko yemimandla, ingakumbi kuba ininzi yomhlaba yayingowombuso.

Inkqubo ephuhlisiweyo yee-bureaucats ivumelekile ukuxazulula ngempumelelo iingxaki ezinzima kakhulu zokulawulwa karhulumente, kwaye umkhosi omileyo awukhuseli kuphela imida yangaphandle, kodwa kunye nokulawulwa kwangaphakathi kunye negunya le-tsar.

UHambibi - umlawuli kunye nomlawuli welizwe

Ukuza kumandla esemncinci, uHambibi wazibonakalisa njengomququzeleli obalaseleyo, umlawuli kunye nediplomat. Ngethuba leminyaka engaphezu kwemashumi amathathu karhulumente, waqulunqa ngokucacileyo imisebenzi emithathu eyintloko.

• Ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe aseMesopotamiya angaphathangayo kwaye anenzondelelo phantsi kwegunya lawo.
• Ukuphuhliswa kwezolimo ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo enamandla yokunkcenkceshela.
• Ukusekwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho efanelekileyo, ekhoyo kwi-Code of Hammurabi.

Kwaye kufuneka sikhokhele umlawuli kulo mlawuli obalaseleyo; akazange aphumelele ngokukhawuleza nemisebenzi ebekwayo, kodwa wabizwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngekhowudi yakhe.

I-Code Hammurabi. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Ukuqwalasela imigca yokuqala yombhalo we-cuneiform, injongo ephambili yokudala ikhowudi kukuseka ubulungisa bendawo yonke. Umgcini-mgcini oyintloko wale ndawo kunye nemvelaphi yazo zonke iintsikelelo kwakukho ukumkani.

Inxalenye ephambili yekhowudi yimihlathi yemithetho, kukho eziliqela ezilikhulu kwi-arch. Nangona isikhalazo kubonkulunkulu kwisingeniso, amanqaku ngokwawo awanxulumene neenkalo zonqulo ebomini babantu belo xesha, kodwa zixhalabela kuphela imiba yomthetho.

Ekugqibeleni kwaloo mbhalo, i-tsar ilubala iinkonzo zakhe kwilizwe kunye noothixo ngendlela ekhohlisayo ngelo xesha kwaye ibiza oothixo ukuba abajezise iintloko zalabo abaphula umthetho.

Iimpawu zekhowudi kaKumkani Hammurabi zinganikwa zombini kwimbono yezomthetho neyembali.

Isiphumo somsebenzi wezomthetho kaHambibi

Njengomqulu wezomthetho, ikhowudi kaKumkani Hammurabi yimiqathango yemigaqo elawula ukuziphatha kwabemi baseburhulumenteni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo: ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, intsapho, indlu, njl. Oko kukuthi, amanqaku ekhowudi abhekisela kumthetho wobugebengu nomthetho, Nangona eBhabhiloni YaseBhabhiloni, ezi ngcamango zazingekho.

Imimiselo yekhowudi yemithetho isekelwe ngokusisiseko kumthetho wesintu, izithethe zamandulo nemithetho yakudala yaseSomeriya. Kodwa uHammurabi wongezelela ikhowudi nombono wakhe wobudlelwane bomthetho.

Umbhalo ogcweleyo we-cuneiform, ogqitywe kwi-stele, abaphandi bahlule kwiimimiselo okanye amanqaku anokuqulunqwa ngesihloko:

• Amanqaku aphathelene nobudlelwane bepropati: amalungelo okulifa, uxanduva lwezoqoqosho kwi-tsar nakwimeko;
• Umthetho wentsapho;
• Amanqaku aphathelene nezophulo-mthetho: ukubulala, ukuzinyula, ukusela.

Nangona kunjalo, "inxalenye" yokuqala yekhowudi ichaza amanyathelo okujoliswe ekuthintela ukungabikho komthetho kwiinkundla, kunye nemithetho elawula ukuziphatha kwabagwebi. Oku kwahlula imigaqo kaHammurabi evela kwamanye ama-forensics endulo.

Umthetho wePropati

Amanqaku aphathelene nale ndawo ahlose ukukhusela amalungelo epropati, ngokubhekiselele kwipropati yommandla kunye nepropati ye-tsar. Umlawuli wayenelungelo elikhethekileyo lokulahla lonke ilizwe kwiphondo, kwaye uluntu luhlawule irhafu yokusetyenziswa komhlaba kwi-treasury.

Ukulawulwa kwamalungelo okuhlala, kuquka abo bafumana inkonzo, kwaye iimeko zokuqeshisa impahla kwikhowudi zinikwe ingqwalasela enkulu. Imigaqo yokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zokunkcenkceshela kunye nesohlwayo somonakalo obangelwe kubo kuchazwe. Ikhowudi iphinde ifumaneke isohlwayo se-intengiso engalunganga, incedwa kwisigqila esingabalekayo, ukuphazamisa impahla yomnye umntu, njl.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Code yaHammurabi iqulethe amanqaku amaninzi ayenyuka phambili. Ngokomzekelo, kuyo ixesha lokugqithiswa kwetyala lilinganiselwe kwiminyaka emithathu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubukhulu beetyala.

Umthetho wentsapho

Ulwalamano lwentsapho, njengolu hlobo luvela kwikhowudi, lwaba nomlingiswa wesizwe: umfazi kunye nabantwana banyanzelekile ukuthobela umninindlu, ngokomthetho umntu unokuba nabafazi abaningana aze athathe abantwana bamakhoboka. Umfazi kunye nabantwana bakhe ngokwenene bepropati yomntu. Ubawo unako ukususa oonyana belifa.

Nangona kunjalo, lona wesifazane wayenalolo lungelo. Ukuba umyeni wamphatha ngenyameko, ngaphandle kobungqina obetyala lokukhwabanisa, umfazi wayenelungelo lokubuyela kubazali bakhe, ethatha idolo. Unokuba ngumnikazi wepropati kwaye kwezinye iziganeko zenza amacandelo.

Ngexesha lomtshato, isivumelwano somtshato sagqiba, esichaza amalungelo omfazi, kuquka ipropati.

Ukuhlwaywa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiselele kubomi kunye nempilo yabemi

Izigwebo zecala lolwaphulo-mthetho oluchazwe kwikhowudi zibuhlungu - isijeziso esiqhelekileyo sisigwebo sokufa. Kwaye amaninzi amacandelo omthetho wobugebengu ancike kumgaqo we-talion owasasazwa kumaxesha amandulo , ngokwesigwebo esifanele sifane (elinganayo) nolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe.

Oku kunengqiqo, ukusuka kwimbono yokuqonda kwendoda yasendulo, umgaqo wawusoloko ungeniswa kwinto yokungazi. Ngoko ke, kwelinye lamanqaku ekhowudi kubhaliwe ukuba ukuba umakhi wakha indlu ephosakeleyo kwaye ngenxa yokuwa kwakhe unyana we umninindlu wafa, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukubulala umntwana womakhi.

Ngamanye amaxesha isihlwayo se-corporal singathatyathwa yintlawulo, ingakumbi ukuba yayikulimaza ikhoboka.

Abagwebi abakhethekileyo boMbutho weBhabhiloni lasendulo babengayazi, kunye nokuhlalisana kobudlelwane phakathi kwabemi kunye nokuzimisela kwesigwebo sezophulo-mthetho ezibandakanya amagosa olawulo kunye nabantu abaphakamileyo besixeko. Ijaji eliphakamileyo, elinesigqibo esingazange siphikisana, yayingumkani ngokwakhe.

Ngexesha likaHammurabi kwakukho neenkundla zetempile, kodwa abazange badlale indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo kwaye bafunga nje phambi kwesithoko sobuThixo ethempelini.

Imithetho kaHammurabi njengombhalo wembali

I-Hammurabi Code ngumthombo oyingqayizivele wokufunda nje kuphela imbali yomthetho, kodwa kunye nobomi bezopolitiko, ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nenkcubeko yemveli yabantu ababehlala kwintsimi yaseMesopotamia iminyaka eyi-2 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.

Izinto ezininzi zobomi eBhabhiloni lasendulo zaziwa kuphela ngenxa yolu qoqo lwemithetho. Ngaloo ndlela, kwi-Code Hammurabi, iimbali-mlando ziye zafunda ukuba, ngaphezu kwendawo yamaziko angamahhala kunye nabasebenzi abangenamalungelo, kwakukho "i-mushkenums" kuluntu lwaseBhabhiloni. Laba bantu baswelekileyo be-disenfranchised, abakhonza i-tsar okanye urhulumente, ngokomzekelo, ekwakhiweni kwemijelo.

Izolimo kunye nezopolitiko zasekhaya, ubugcisa kunye nempilo, inkqubo yezemfundo kunye nentsapho-ubudlelwane bomtshato ziboniswa kumgaqo we-Hammurabi wemithetho.