Iimpawu eziphambili ze-capitalism

Imiqondiso yayo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni oku okanye into ebonakalayo yobomi bentlalo. Ubuninzi-mali yinkqubo yobudlelwane bezoqoqosho olusekelwe kumgaqo wabucala, oshishino, kunye nenzuzo. Ngangoko kuyimfuneko yokwenza ukugcinwa kokuba ingqiqo enikwe igama liphela lendlela efanelekileyo kwiimeko zonke zehlabathi akukho ndlela enjalo kwimeko ecocekileyo.

Imvelaphi yombono

Ukuhlalutya iimpawu zophuhliso loqoqosho kumazwe kumbono wembali unceda iimpawu zayo. Ubuninzi-mali lixesha eliye lisetyenziswe ngokususela kwinqanaba lesibini le-19 leminyaka. Yayisetyenziswe okokuqala eFransi, kwaye abalobi baseJamani nabesiNgesi bayifakela ekusasazeni kwenzululwazi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba okokuqala kwakunentsingiselo engalunganga. Oososayensi, abalobi bafaka eli gama isimo sengqondo esingathandekiyo ekulawuleni kwezemali, okuye kwaphawulwa kumazwe aseYurophu athuthukileyo phakathi kweli nkulungwane. Le ngcamango yayisetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo ngabameli bezentlalo (uMarx, uLenin nabanye).

Iingcamango zemarike kunye nokulwa kweeklasi

Iimpawu zokuphuhliswa koqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo zincedwa yimpawu zabo. Ubuninzi be-capitalism yinkqubo esekelwe ekusebenzeni kwamahhala kwimarike, ekhonza njengenkundla yokujongana nabasebenzi kunye nabanikazi. Eyokuqala ithambekele ekuthengiseni amandla abo, okwesibini - ukuyithengela ixabiso elincinci. Ukongezelela, yile marike yimeko esemgangathweni yokurhweba, ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka ukucinga ukuba khona kwendlela yobomi bentloko. Inkalo yesibini ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo yinkxalabo yeendlela zokuvelisa ezandleni zamacandelo aphezulu kunye nokulondolozwa kwabasebenzi kubasebenzi.

Phakathi kwala maqela kukho umzabalazo wokwenza umsebenzi nomvuzo. Oku kukhokelela kumzabalazo weklasini, apho kwiindawo ezininzi kukhokelela ekuhlaziyeni. Nangona kunjalo, uqeqesho lubonisa ukuba indlela yongxowa-mali iyamkeleka kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngokuqhelekileyo kwamazwe, ngoko ke, ukususela ekuqaleni kokuvela kwayo, isasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele, ithatha phantse zonke iindawo zobomi bentlalo, kuquka nezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko. Iinkcukacha ezikhankanyiweyo ngasentla zenkqubo zikhethwe ngumsosayensi owaziwayo uMarx, ozinikele enye yeyona ndlela eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu.

Ingcamango yokuziphatha kwamaProthestani

Ukukunceda ukuqonda izizathu zokuvela kwale ntsha kwimbali yaseNtshona Yurophu ngendlela eya ngayo imiqondiso yayo. Ubuninzi bobuhlanga akuyona nje indlela ekhethekileyo yokuququzelela imveliso, kodwa kunye nendlela ethile yokulungiselela uluntu. Yiloo ndlela isazi senzululwazi waseJalimane kunye nososayensi-nkcubeko we-Weber bahlolisise le nqanaba lembali yezoqoqosho.

Ngokungafani noMarx, wayekholelwa ukuba le nkqubo inemvelo kuphela kumazwe aseNtshona Yurophu. Ngokombono wakhe, kwavela kuloo ndawo apho iProstestanti yasungulwa khona, eyayiqhutyelwa kuluntu inkolelo yokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, inqanaba eliphezulu lentlangano yentlalo, kunye nomnqweno wenzuzo kunye neengeniso. Wachaza le miqondiso elandelayo yokuphuhliswa kwengxowa-mali: ukhuphiswano lwabakhiqizi, ubukho bemakethe eguquguqukayo, ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwemali kwimisebenzi yezoshishino, umnqweno wokufumana inzuzo enkulu. Kwaye ukuba uMarx wayekholelwa ukuba le ndlela ayithinteli nje kuphela kodwa iqinisekisa imigqaliselo yamazwe, ngoko-ke u-Weber wachasene nale mibini yezentlalo, nangona wavuma ukuba bahlangene ngokuthe ngqo.

Malunga nezinto ezintsha

Iimpawu eziphambili ze-capitalism zaba yinto yophando yesazinzulu esaziwayo nakwi-sociologist Schumpeter. Wazikhethela ezi zilandelayo iinkalo zenkqubo: i-market elula, ukurhweba kunye nokulawulwa kwepropati yangasese. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuchasene nalaba babhali, uqoqosho lucacise into ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yongxowa-mali njengokufakwa kwezinto ezintsha. Ngokombono wakhe, ukuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha ezenza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezoqoqosho kumazwe.

Ngexesha elifanayo, i-Schumpeter ibandakanyeke ngokubaluleka kakhulu ekubolekiseni, okunika osomashishini ithuba lokuzisa ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla kwaye ngokwandisa ukwenziwa kwemveliso. Inzululwazi yikholelwa ukuba ngale ndlela yayiqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luhlala uluntu kunye nenkululeko yabemi, kodwa ikusasa le nkqubo yabonakala ekukhanyeni kokungathembeki, ekukholelwa ukuba emva kwexesha kuya kuphuma.

Ukuvela kwemveliso

Enye yezinto eziphambili ezifunekayo zokutshintshwa kwimodi yemveliso ye-feudal ukuya kwimodi ye-capitalist yayikushiya kwinkqubo yamandulo yoluntu kunye nokutshintshwa kwesahlulo sabasebenzi. Kulo tshintsho olubalulekileyo kufuneka sifune impendulo kumbuzo othi kutheni ukubonakala kwezinto ezenziwe ngokugqithisileyo kuthathwa njengophawu lokuzalwa kwengxowa-mali.

Emva koko, imeko esemgangathweni yokuhlala kunye nokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kweemarike kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwabasebenzi abaqashiweyo. Ngekhulu le-14 leminyaka, kwizixeko ezininzi zaseYurophu, abakhiqizi bayekela i-set set of learners and started to attract their workshops abantu abazodwa kule ndawo okanye kwezobugcisa. Yile ndlela i-market market yabasebenzi ngayo, leyo, ngokwemiqathango kaMarx, iyona nto ibonakalisa indlela yobomi bentloko.

Iintlobo zamashishini

Emazweni aseNtshona Yurophu, kukho iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuvelisa, okubonisa ukuphuhliswa okukhawulezayo nokuveliswa kwendlela entsha yokuvelisa. Uhlalutyo lweengxaki ezicatshangelwayo (kutheni ukuvela kwezinto ezenziwe ngokugqithisileyo kuthathwa njengophawu lokuzalwa kwe-capitalism) kwenza kube lula ukuqonda iindlela zophuhliso loqoqosho. Abanikazi bamashishini ahlakazekile banikezela izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa abasebenzi basekhaya, ngoko sele sele beqhutywe ngolu hlobo, kwafika kumcuphi ochwephesha, emva kokuba enze intsimbi, wanikela loo nto kwi-manufakturistu elandelayo. Ngoko umsebenzi wenziwa ngabaninzi bezisebenzi abadlulileyo bevelisa iimpahla kunye nekhonkco. Kwiziko eliphambili, abantu basebenze kwigumbi elinye, beseteknoloji. Ezi ntlobo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini zibonakalisa izinga eliphezulu lokuphuhliswa kwemveliso-malikazi kwilizwekazikazi.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezesayensi

Iimpawu zokuvela kwe-capitalist zidibene neenkcukacha zobume boqoqosho lwaseYurophu, apho utshintsho kwizorhwebo lwaqala ekuqaleni, ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwezixeko kunye nokwakhiwa kweemarike. Impembelelo entsha ekuphuhlisweni kwendlela yokubambisa ingxowa-mali yoluhlu lwangoku kungeniswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha. Oku kwazisa umnotho kwizinga elitsha ngokusisiseko. Ukusetyenziswa koomatshini kumafektri avumela oosomashishini ukuba banyuse umthamo wokuthengisa kwemveliso. Intuthuko kwintsimi yenzululwazi iye yabangela ukuba ukudaliswa kwemveliso ehlawulekileyo kuye kwabiza, kuba esikhundleni sabasebenzi, amashishini asetyenziswa ngokushishino.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kukuveliswa kweenjini, umbane kunye nokwakhiwa koololiwe. Ukufumanisa nokuphuhliswa kweentlawulo zemaminerali ezintsha kukhokelela ekuphuhliseni okukhawulezayo kweshishini elinzima kunye ne-metallurgy. Olu tshintsho lushintshe ngokupheleleyo ukubonakala kwendawo yasezidolophini kumazwe aseNtshona Yurophu, kwakunye neRashiya, apho, emva kokupheliswa kwe-serfdom, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo loshishino lwaqala. Ngoko ke, iimpawu ze-capitalist kwi-19th century zazimiselwa ngokuqaliswa kwempumelelo yezesayensi kwimveliso.

Ukuvela kwamandla

Ngethuba lokuqala lophuhliso lwentando-mali, imibutho yokuvelisa yayingabalulekanga kwaye iphakathi ngobukhulu. Isilinganiso semveliso yabo yayingabanzi, kwaye ngoko ishishini lingaqhuba kuphela ishishini labo. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 inkqubo yangena kwisigaba esitsha sophuhliso. Umthamo wemveliso uye wenyuka ngokukhawuleza, iifriji zandisiwe, ezikhokelela ekubeni kufuneke ukudibanisa imizamo yabashishini. Ngokwe siseko saloo nto, kunokwenzeka ukukrazula iimpawu zengxowa-mali yobukhosi: ukuxinwa kwemveliso, ukunciphisa inani lamashishini, ukuvela kwamashishini amakhulu, amashishini amakhulu.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka indima ebalulekileyo eyadlaliswa yoshishino elomeleleyo: ukwakha umatshini, ukusetyenziswa kwesimbi, ukuveliswa kweoli kunye nabanye. Njengomthetho, ukwandiswa kwenzeke kwisiseko soshishino elinye, apho kukho imibutho efana neenqwelo kunye neentlangano. Ingcamango yokuqala kufuneka iqondwe njengesivumelwano seqela elithile elizimeleyo, elivumelana nemali yeempahla, iimarike zentengiso kunye nekota. Ithenda lesibini lithetha i-degree ephezulu ye-monopolization, apho iifemu, ngelixa zigcina ukuzimela komthetho kunye noqoqosho, ziququzelele i-ofisi enye ukuthengisa iimveliso zazo.

Iifom ezinkulu zamaShishini

Iimpawu zokuxhaswa kweengxowa-mali zenza ukuba kube lula ukuqonda iimpawu zesigaba esitsha ekuphuhliseni le nkqubo. Ifom ephezulu yeyona mibutho yamashishini, amafektri kunye neefisi zikholo kunye nokukhathazeka. Imibutho yokuqala ibandakanyekanga ukuthengiswa kuphela, kodwa nayo imveliso, kwaye iphinde ingenise kulawulo oludibeneyo, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo ligcina ukuzimela kwemali. Iingxowa zenziwa kwiinkampani enye kwaye zihlala zihlala kwindawo ekhokelayo. Ukukhathazeka kuthathwa njengoluhlobo oluqulunqwayo lombutho. Ziyakhelwe kumashishini anxulumene kunye neemali ezihlangeneyo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwengxowa-mali kubonelela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ngokuchaseneyo neefom apha ngasentla. Iimpawu zengxowa-mali ekhulwini lama-20 zifakazela ukuphuhliswa kwale nkqubo ngokungena kwayo kwinqanaba elitsha, uphuhliso lwayo, olwenza ukuba izazinzulu zikhulume ngokuqala kwesigaba se-imperialism, esibonakaliswe ukuhlanganiswa kweebhanki kunye nemveliso.