Ingxaki woMntu zefilosofi kunye nokuqonda umongo walo kumacala ahlukeneyo bulumko

Ukuba ke ihlabathi engaphakathi labantu abathatha zenzululwazi ezininzi, kodwa injongo, indawo kunye nohlobo bulumko ucinga kuphela ehlabathini. Sinokuthi ingxaki woMntu bulumko yenye yeengxaki yayo engundoqo. Elide kuba kukho iingcaciso ezininzi sokubandakanyeka oonyana babantu. Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo ngokuqhula wathetha "a biped ngaphandle ngeentsiba", lo gama-Aristotle uthe wavakalisa kufanele kakhulu kwaye ngamafuphi - le ndoda politikon zoon, oko kukuthi, isilwanyana obengo, nto leyo abangakwaziyo ukuphila ngaphandle eendaba loluntu. Kule Renaissance, Pico della Mirandola , lakhe "Intetho kwi undoqo womntu," wathi akukho ngenxa yabantu kwindawo ethile ehlabathini kunye imida ecacileyo - ukuba ngobukhulu zabo wokunyuka kunezithunywa zezulu, kwaye imikhuba ukuba liwele ngezantsi iidemon. Ekugqibeleni, sobulumko French ngezokuzimela Sartre kuthiwa "ubukho, olungaphambi Undoqo" zabantu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abantu bazalwa njengequmrhu zebhayoloji, uze ube nengqiqo.

ifilosofi Man simanga ivela njenge ukuba iimpawu ezithile. Umntu uhlobo "yeprojekthi", naye ngokwakhe kudala. Ngoko ke, oko unako nje kuphela umsebenzi kodwa "self-indalo", oko kukuthi, utshintsho ngokwawo, kunye nokuzeyisa nolwazi. Noko ke, ubomi kunye nemisebenzi yabantu azimisele kwaye umda yi kwexesha, oko kukuthi ikrele Damocles ijinga phezu kwabo. Man kudala bona ngokwabo kuphela, kodwa "indalo yesibini", amasiko, ukuze Heidegger esitsho, "kabini ke umntu." Ukongeza, uthi sobulumko enye, yi "ukuba, leyo ucinga ukuba Genesis." Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, lo mntu inyanzela ihlabathi lonke jikelele imilinganiselo yakhe. Nkqu Protagoras wathi umntu Nomlinganiso zonke izinto iphela, kunye zobulumko ukusuka Parmenides ukuya Hegel wazama ukuchonga ukuba nokucinga.

Ingxaki indoda bulumko wafakwa nayo ngokwemiqathango kobudlelwane phakathi sekuba - oko kukuthi, ihlabathi engaphakathi emntwini, kwaye macrocosm - ihlabathi ezingqongileyo. E ಬಿಂದು uphawu, bakudala yaseTshayina Greek bulumko indoda kuqondwa njengenxalenye Cosmos, i "umyalelo" lixesha kuphela zendalo. Noko ke, wamandulo pre-Socratics ezifana uDiogenes of neApoloni, Heraclitus, kunye Anaximenes yaye yabamba imbono eyahlukileyo,-ebizwa ngokuba 'paralellizma "ngemithamo kunye macrocosm, malunga indoda ngumfanekiso okanye uphawu lwe macrocosm. Ukususela kule postulate sele uqalile ukuphuhlisa yokufundwa yendalo, indoda ezinganyibiliki emajukujukwini (umntu iqulathe kuphela izakhi kunye izinto).

Ingxaki woMntu bulumko kunye iinzame zokusombulula loo Wabanyathelisa yokuba indawo kunye nohlobo baqalisa ukuqonda anthropomorphic, njengendawo yokuhlala kunye nomzimba ongowoMoya. Le ngcamango ezivakaliswa mythologems ezininzi mandulo khozimologi.Sonke "World pracheloveka" (Purusha wamaNdiya Vedas, Ymir kwi yaseScandinavia "Edda" Pan gu-bulumko yaseTshayina, uAdam Kadmon kwi yamaYuda Kabbalah). Kule kwavela uhlobo umzimba womntu, unalo "umphefumlo cosmic" (ngaloo ekuvunyelwene Heraclitus, Anaximander, uPlato, amaStoyike), yaye olu hlobo idla ngokunxulunyaniswa uhlobo bobungcwele immanent. Ulwazi kwilizwe lo mbono, ngokufuthi isebenza self-lwazi. NeoPlatonists Space ixutywe ishawa nengqondo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho umzimba womntu kunye nomphefumlo (okanye, ngaphezulu kanye, umzimba, umphefumlo kunye nomoya) idale enye yintswela olwahlula ingxaki woMntu bulumko. Ngokutsho kwimboniselo enye, umphefumlo nomzimba - ezi iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo umongo efanayo (abalandeli Aristotle kaThixo), ndiwavuze enye - ukuba zizinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo (abalandeli zikaPlato). Xa imfundiso ekufuduselweni lwemiphefumlo (bulumko eqhelekileyo Indian, Chinese, yaseYiputa ngenxalenye ngesiGrike) womda phakathi izinto eziphilileyo ziphatheka kakhulu, kodwa ke kuphela yobuntu lokuzabalazela "inkululeko" kwidyokhwe isondo yobukho.

Ingxaki umntu kwimbali bulumko wabonwa neentsingiselo. Vedanta ಬಿಂದು uphawu eli mntu ubiza atman, xa ngaphakathi isiqulatho twatse umgaqo wayo nguThixo - i Brahmin. Kuba Aristotle, umntu - isidalwa kunye umphefumlo kunye namandla ubomi ekuhlaleni. ifilosofi christian okhethwe umntu ngenxa indawo ekhethekileyo - ukuba i "umfanekiso kunye ngokufana kaThixo", ngelo xesha ngenxa lokuwa olusabufolokhwe. Kule Renaissance, pathetically wavakalisa Inkululeko yabantu. rationalism yaseYurophu namhlanje wenze lubonakaliswa isilogeni of Descartes ukuba yokucinga - umqondiso ikhona. Yawona yenkulungwane XVIII - Lamettrie Franklin - ezichongiweyo lokuqonda koluntu kunye indlela okanye "isilwanyana, ukudala indlela kwimveliso." intanda-German classical bendiqonda ophilileyo ukuthembeka kwabantu (ngakumbi, Hegel wathi umntu - kwinqanaba ekuphuhlisweni ingcamango Absolute), kunye Marxism uzama ukuba ahlanganise zendalo kunye nentlalo umntu ngoncedo eziphathekayo dialectical. Noko ke, ngo-bulumko kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini esilawulwa personalism, nto leyo akugxininisi kwi "umongo" Mntundini, kunye nokwahluka kwalo, ukuba nentsusa kwento kunye somntu.